02-Oct-10

ECE 352 Digital System Fundamentals

Week 5 Carry-Lookahead Adders Specialized Arithmetic Units Arithmetic Logic Units

This Week
Fall 2010 ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals

Read: 4.5, 9.3, CLAs Group A

Post-Demo #1 (Wednesday) Pre-Demo #2 ( (FRIDAY) )

Group B: Demo #1

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Topics
Fall 2010 ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals

Carry-Lookahead Adders Specialized Arithmetic Functions

Incrementing/decrementing Zero-fill Sign-extension Constant multiplication

Arithmetic Logic Units

W5 3

02-Oct-10

Ripple Carry Adder

Fall 2010

Easy to create
Good hierarchy Tileable structures

ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals

Small hardware Slow!

Design is limited by the delays in propagating carry through all of the bitwise additions The output bit at position m is not valid until after the carry out of the m-1 position is ready

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Faster Addition
Fall 2010 ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals

For big adders, the carry-chain is very long Separate the carry chain and sum logic Partial Full Adders
Contain only the sum part of a FA
A B half adder COUT

A B half adder

CIN
CIN half adder S

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COUT

Reassembling RCA Using PFAs

Fall 2010

Can create ripple-carry adder with PFAs

G: Generates a carry at this position P: Propagates a carry through this position

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ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals

02-Oct-10

Generate and Propagate

Fall 2010

Generate
Based on the operand values at just this bit position, will my carry-out for this position be 1 regardless of the value of my carry-in?

ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals

Propagate P t
Based on the operand values at just this bit position, do I know that my carry-out for this position will be equal to my carry-in?

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Carry Look-Ahead Adder

Fall 2010

As usual, can trade area/power for speed

Multi-level logic (ripple carry) reduces area Flattening carry logic increases speed

ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals

Worksheet:
Write the two level expressions for C1, C2, and C3 in terms of C0 and the PFA G and P outputs

Sometimes called CLA

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Carry Look-Ahead Logic

ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals Fall 2010

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02-Oct-10

Extending Carry Look-Ahead

Fall 2010

Can make wider adders

16-bit CLA adder from 4-bit CLA adders

ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals

Need to add group G and P outputs to CLA

Indicates if the g group p as a whole will generate g or propagate a carry

Use additional carry look ahead block to handle group carry signals Worksheet: Create a 16-bit CLA

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Extending Carry Look-Ahead

ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals Fall 2010

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Key to Understanding CLAs

Fall 2010 ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals

Remember what the words generate and propagate mean for the carry bits Remember how to use hierarchy in a CLA Read the CLA document posted on Learn@UW its required
Most students find it easier to understand than the book description

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02-Oct-10

Topics
Fall 2010 ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals

Carry-Lookahead Adders Specialized Arithmetic Functions

Incrementing/decrementing Zero-fill Sign-extension Constant multiplication

Arithmetic Logic Units

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Special Case: Incrementer

Fall 2010

Can simplify the logic if only adding 1

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ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals

Worksheet: Decrementer
Fall 2010 ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals

Use contraction to create a decrement-by-2 circuit from a ripple carry adder

A B C C

A B C

A B

CIN S S

CIN S

CIN

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Zero-Fill and Sign Extension

Fall 2010 ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals

Sometimes need to represent a value using additional bits

For example, add 4-bit value to an 8-bit value

If unsigned, need to zero-fill

Append 0s to most significant end of vector Example: 0101 becomes 00000101

If signed, need to sign extend

Replicate MSb for additional upper bits Example: 0101 becomes 00000101 Example: 1100 becomes 11111100

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Multiplication/Division
Fall 2010 ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals

General multipliers/dividers more complicated than we deal with in this class Can multiply by constant by performing a series of adds Powers of 2 make multiply/divide easy
Just a shift by log2 of the multiplier/divisor Example: 010102 X 410 = 1010002 Example: 011102 / 210 = 001112

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Topics
Fall 2010 ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals

Carry-Lookahead Adders Specialized Arithmetic Functions

Incrementing/decrementing Zero-fill Sign-extension Constant multiplication

Arithmetic Logic Units

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02-Oct-10

Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs)

Fall 2010

Sometimes want one structure with multiple possible functions

Add, subtract, increment, bitwise AND, etc.

ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals

Combining arithmetic and logic ALU N mode mode bits can specify up to 2N different modes for the structure
All logic computes on the operands, but use muxes to choose which logic produces output

In some cases, operations similar enough that they can share some or all logic
Use muxes to choose between inputs

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Arithmetic Logic Unit

Fall 2010 ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals

Example: Build a 4-bit ALU with the mode signals and modes listed below Mode Signals F G 0 0 0 1 1 X

O Operation ti A+B AB A& B

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Next Week
Fall 2010 ECE 352: Digital System Fu undamentals

Read: D Latch and FF, 5.4-5.5 Written HW #3 Due Th 10/7 Group A: Demo #2 Group B: Post #1, #1 Pre #2 Due W 10/6

Arithmetic Logic Units D Latches and FFs, FF Timing Intro to Sequential Circuits, Counters

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