CARBON AND HYDROGEN STORAGE

Plants for a cleaner tomorrow

2050

2045
2035 2040
By JAMSHAID MINHAS

Contents
Executive Summary................................................................................................................................. 2 Carbon capture and storage ................................................................................................................... 3 Hydrogen production and storage .......................................................................................................... 7 References ........................................................................................................................................ 10

List of Figures
Figure 1 Worldwide CO2 emission ................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2 CO2 geological storage options ......................................................................................... 4 Figure 3 Total CCS investment 201050 by region ($ billion) ................................................... 5 Figure 4 The net cost of employing CCS within U.S ....................................................................... 6 Figure 5 H2 onboard storage system ............................................................................................... 7 Figure 6 Hydrogen energy ................................................................................................................. 8 Figure 7 Hydrogen system cost ........................................................................................................ 8 Figure 8 Comparison of volumetric, gravimetric energy capacity, and costs of various storage options. ................................................................................................................................... 9

CARBON AND HYDROGEN STORAGE

BY JAMSHAID MINHAS

Executive Summary
Majority of the worlds climate scientists agree that climate change is occurring because of increase in CO2 emission from the use of fossil fuels in electricity production. According to an estimate, the energy demand could increase by 45% until 2030. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) can capture approximately 90% of the carbon produced in electricity generation, transport and then store it securely and permanently in deep geological formations rather than releasing it to the atmosphere. This captured CO2 is also used in enhanced oil and natural gas recovery. Investment of over $2.5-3 trillion is required from 2010 to 2050, which is about 6% of the overall investment needed to achieve a 50% reduction in GHG emissions by 2050. At present commercial power plants and industrial facilities are not interested to invest in CCS because it reduces efficiency, adds cost and lowers energy output. There is a need to provide funds for near-term demonstration projects and additional financial incentives for CCS in the medium to long-term. The demand of hydrogen is rising as the worlds oil consumption increased by growing industrialization. Many companies are working on the development of on-board hydrogen storage for a driving range of greater than 500 km while meeting packaging, cost, safety, and performance requirements. Automakers have successfully produced some prototype vehicles traveling greater than 500 km on a single fill. Estimates tell that by the year 2040, approximately 150 Mt of hydrogen will be required annually. To produce this hydrogen from natural gas, approximately 0.43 million m3 of natural gas per year would be required, which would cost roughly 1 trillion dollars. Critical factors in hydrogen economy are transportation and on-board storage, to store one gge hydrogen tank would be more than 3000-fold the volume of the gasoline tank.

CARBON AND HYDROGEN STORAGE

BY JAMSHAID MINHAS

Carbon capture and storage

From 2000 to 2010 CO2 concentration increased from 368 ppm (parts per million) to 388 ppm, the highest level in the past 650,000 years. This emission will increase by 130% by 2050, which could lead to a temperature increase of 4 7C.

Significant solutions to reduce this CO2 emission are high energy efficiency, renewable energy, low carbon fuels and carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS). About 69% of all CO2 emission and 60% of all greenhouse gas emission are energy related. One tonne of coal produces 2.4 tonne CO2 that occupies 550 m3 space. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a technology developed to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) gas from the exhausts of power stations and from other industrial sources. Captured CO2 is compressed and transported through pipelines or tankers and trucks to injection wells and then injected into deep geological reservoirs where it can be stored permanently.

World CO2 emission by sector in 2010

6%

22%

10%

20%

42%

Residential Other Electricity & Heat Industry Transport Figure 1 Worldwide CO2 emission

Naturally, 1,752 Gt CO2 can be stored in the unvegetated regions and 2,385 Gt in forested areas. The value of carbon storage in the tropical and boreal forests reach a maximum of 400 metric tons per hectare. Many storage projects are working to store 1 Mt of CO2 per year worldwide.

CARBON AND HYDROGEN STORAGE

BY JAMSHAID MINHAS

Figure 2 CO2 geological storage options

Initial assessments show that deep saline formations, depleted natural gas reservoirs, depleted oil reservoirs and deep unmineral coal seams are ideal storage options and have an overall 10,460 Gt CO2 storage capacity. Which can meet storage needs for at least a century and in many regions, the storage capacity is in the right places to meet current and future demand from nearby CO2 source. CO2 is injected into declining oil fields for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) to increase the amount of oil recovered or to prevent toxic acid gases being released to the atmosphere. At present, nearly 250,000 barrels extra oil produced per day by more than 100 CO2-EOR projects worldwide. Researchers are also working to develop processes to utilize CO2 in the production of organic carbonate commodity chemicals and precast concrete products. By developing a CO2-consuming inorganic binder and reducing both the energy required to make concrete and the resultant emissions, this research could facilitate the sequestration of large amounts of CO2 in construction materials.

CARBON AND HYDROGEN STORAGE

BY JAMSHAID MINHAS

Figure 3 Total CCS investment 201050 by region ($ billion)

As of April 2010, funding and project announcements from governments and international organisations were in the range of $26.6 billion to $36.1 billion. The International Energy Agency estimates that without CCS, the costs of abating global CO2 emissions will increase by over $1.28 trillion annually. The total investment required for the base plant and the additional capture component from 2010 to 2050 is estimated around $5 trillion, representing an average rate of $125 bn invested per year. Additional investment of $1.3 trillion, $1 trillion and $650 bn is also required for CO2 capture, transport and storage through 2050.

CARBON AND HYDROGEN STORAGE

BY JAMSHAID MINHAS

Figure 4 The net cost of employing CCS within U.S

CARBON AND HYDROGEN STORAGE

BY JAMSHAID MINHAS

Hydrogen production and storage

Hydrogen is being stored at hydrogen production sites, hydrogen refueling stations, stationary power sites and onboard vehicles. It is stored in the form of compressed gas in high-pressure tanks (200-300 bar), cryogenic liquid in insulated tanks and as chemical compounds that undergo a chemical reaction to release hydrogen. Hydrogen is already widely produced and being used in stationary power and transportation markets. Approximately 10-11 million metric tonnes of hydrogen produced in the US each year is enough to power 20-30 million cars or 5-8 million homes.

Figure 5 H2 onboard storage system

Hydrogen can be produced in a number of ways depending on the type of demand, the local energy prices, and the availability of primary energy resources. Primary options for hydrogen transport are through pipelines, tube, trucks, rails, barges. Presently there is a 700 miles hydrogen transport pipeline in the United States and serve petroleum refineries and chemical plants in the Gulf Coast region. Transmission of hydrogen through pipeline offers technical and economic advantage but imply high initial capital costs, which is a major barrier for building new pipelines. To carry a mixture of natural gas and hydrogen (20% hydrogen) natural gas pipelines require only modest modifications but for delivering pure hydrogen significant modifications are needed.

CARBON AND HYDROGEN STORAGE

BY JAMSHAID MINHAS

Figure 6 Hydrogen energy

According to an analysis in 2004, the total cost of hydrogen ranged from $1.91-6.58/kg for hydrogen made from coal and shipped by pipeline and for hydrogen made on-site from electrolysis. The future target is to reduce the cost of distributed production of hydrogen from natural gas to $2.50/gge pump by 2010 and $2.00/gge by 2015. From biomass gasification, the target is $1.10/gge by 2017. Current delivery costs for pipelines for an urban market of 250,000 people is shown in Figure 7. The forecourt/refuelling site cost represents a 40% fraction of the total delivery cost for compression and storage at the refuelling site and highlights the importance of these areas for cost reduction.

Figure 7 Hydrogen system cost

CARBON AND HYDROGEN STORAGE

BY JAMSHAID MINHAS

The cost of pipeline delivery drops rapidly as market penetration increases and tends to flatten out above 25%. Hydrogen has three times more energy content compared to equivalent weight gasoline (120 MJ/kg for hydrogen versus 44 MJ/kg for gasoline). However, hydrogen has four times lower energy content when compared on a volume basis (8 MJ/L for hydrogen versus 32 MJ/L for gasoline). The well-developed technologies of high-pressure tanks and liquid H2 meet some of the criteria of storage and performance.

H2 Storage cost
3 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0 350 bar kWh/L kWh/kg $/kWh 0.8 2.1 12 700 bar 1.3 1.9 16 Liquid H2 1.6 2 6 kWh/L 18 16 14 12 8 6 4 2 Complex hydride 0.6 0.8 6 kWh/kg Chemical hydride 1.4 1.6 8 $/kWh 2010 target 1.5 2 4 2015 target 2.7 3 2 0

Volumetric & Gravimetric capacity

Figure 8 Comparison of volumetric, gravimetric energy capacity, and costs of various storage options.

CARBON AND HYDROGEN STORAGE

BY JAMSHAID MINHAS

Cost

10

References
1. Carbon dioxide capture and geological storage by GLOBAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY PROGRAM 2. Carbon Capture and Storage by Stephen A. Rackley 3. Technology Roadmap, carbon capture and storage by International Energy Agency 4. Plants for a cleaner tomorrow, carbon capture to reduce emission by The Linde Group 5. Strategic Analysis of the Global Status of Carbon Capture and Storage by Global CCS Institute 6. High-Pressure Hydrogen Storage Systems by QUANTUM Technologies 7. An overview of hydrogen production and storage systems with renewable hydrogen case studies by Timothy Lipman 8. Handbook of Hydrogen Storage: New Materials for Future Energy Storage by Michael Hirscher 9. http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/overview.html 10. http://www.ccsassociation.org/what-is-ccs/capture/ 11. http://www.linde-engineering.pk/en/process_plants/CCS/index.html

CARBON AND HYDROGEN STORAGE

BY JAMSHAID MINHAS

CARBON AND HYDROGEN STORAGE

BY JAMSHAID MINHAS