University of Hail Collage of Engineering Electrical Engineering Department

Senior Year Project

Dynamic Simulation of Hail Electrical Network

Prepared By : Ali Salem Salamah Alzaid Faculty Advisor :Dr Ibrahim Rida

June 9, 2013

PREFACE

For 16 weeks of hard working, this senior project has been done. Many experiences and skills have been gained through this course. This course provided ability to understand the electrical networks simulation where it focused on advanced software programs that allow user to simulate, study, analyze, estimate, and even to suggest plans for future . instructor interested in basics and a development of the student and improvement of his

performance beginning of understanding passing through reading and researching, ending with conclusion and forecasting results . Working on high level software programs like power System Simulator for Engineers (PSS/E) is interesting especially it is a new program in electrical engineering department and it is a good chance to learn about it. In addition, electricity companies use this program to simulate networks and it is good go there with a sufficient background about this program.

ACKNOWLEDGMET I would like to thank all those who have helped me during this course period. I would also like to express my deep thanks to my instructor for his helping and giving me the knowledge in a simple way, and advising me until last moment of this semester, in addition to his active and helpful comments and advices in my work, I appreciate that.

Table of Contents
CONTENT PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENT Table of Content List of Figures Abbreviations 1. Introduction 2. Objectives 3. What is PSS/E program 4. Power flow 4.1. power flow solutions 5. power system stability 5.1. Faults and stability 5.2. Voltage stability 5.3. Frequency stability 6. Dynamic of power system 6.1. Excitation control system 6.1.1. IEEE type Excitation control system 6.2. Governor 6.2.1. GAST type Gas- turbine governor 7. Hail region electrical network 8. Procedure of simulating an electrical network in PSS/E 9. Simulation of Hail region electrical network in PSS/E 10. Fault case in power system 11. Conclusion 12. Some faced problems 13. Suggestions 14. References PAGE 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 15 16 19 20 24 24 25 25

List of figures
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Figure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Content Synchrony machine's excitation subsystems Block diagram of the IEEE dynamic model Speed governor basic scheme Open system gas turbine Block diagram of the GAST dynamic model Hail region electrical network Building a new case study in PSS/E Bus data sheet Selecting dynamic model Power flow solution methods Hail region electrical network in PSS/E Voltage of different generators in the network during a fault of 300 ms Voltage of different generators in the network during a fault of 500 ms Active power of different generators in the network during a fault of 300 ms Active power of different generators in the network during a fault of 500 ms Angles of different generators in the network during a fault of 300 ms Angles of different generators in the network during a fault of 500 ms

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Table 1 . abbreviations KV CE PSS/E DC Km Kilo-volt Control Excitation Power system simulator for Engineers Direct control Kilo-meter HZ MVA AC EHV P.U Hertz Mega-Volt-Ampere Alternate Current Extra high Voltage Per unit

1. Introduction
Power system is a network of electrical components used to supply, transmit and use electric power. An example of an electric power system is the network that supplies a region's homes and industry with power for sizable regions, this power is known as the grid and can be broadly divided into the generators that supply the power, the transmission system that carries the power from the generating to the load and the distribution system that feeds the power to nearby homes and industries. Smaller power systems are also found in industry, hospitals, commercial building and homes. The majority of these rely upon three-phase AC power the standard for large scale power transmission and distribution across the modern world .

2. Objectives
The main objectives of this project learn how to use the PSS/E program with its applications and tools and become familiar with the actual electrical networks like Hail Region Electrical Network. In addition to learning how to simulate the network in the program and know the required input data for each part of the network for studying effects of faults and emergency cases on the network and find the proper solutions.

3. What is PSS/E program

PSS/E is an integrated, interactive program for simulation, analyzing, and optimizing power system performance. It provides the user with the most advanced methods of analysis of many technical areas such as power flow, balanced or unbalanced fault analysis, and dynamic simulation.

4. Power Flow
It is important to be able to calculate the electrical parameters in a network like voltages and currents. This is essential not only in order to design the different power system components such generators, lines, transformers, protection elementsetc so that these can withstand the stresses they are exposed to during steady state operation without any risk for damages . The power flow studies, known as load flow is an important part in power system analysis for planning, economic scheduling and control. It is to determine the voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus in addition to determine the P and Q in each line. Four quantities at each bus; tow of them are either specified or unknown, those are: amplitude of voltage |V|, phase angle , active power Q. buses are classified as: I. Slack bus or swing bus; it is reference bus, where |V| and are specified . II. Load bus , P and Q are specified (P-Q buses), |V| and are unknown. III. Regulated bus or generator bus or voltage-controlled bus, where P and |V| are specified (P-V buses), and and Q are unknown.

The power flow analysis in PSS/E provide access to the different steady-state analysis techniques. Included are the power flow solutions for both AC and DC network analysis, data access and listing, network design, and other manipulation tools. Methods are available for checking network conditions and exporting results. Analysis methods provided in the power flow menu include Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson and other.

4.1 Power flow solutions

There are two main methods of power flow solution which are: Gauss-Seidel method : This method is known as the method of successive displacement. It solves for the bus voltages needed to satisfy the bus boundary conditions contained in the working case.

Newton-Raphson method: This is the most widely used method for solving nonlinear algebraic equations. It is successive approximation procedure based on an initial estimate of the unknowns. The Newton-Raphson iterative algorithm solve for bus voltages needed to satisfy the bus boundary conditions contained in the working case. Newton's method is mathematically better than Gauss-Seidel. It is founded to be more efficient for large power systems. The number of iteration required to obtain a solution is independent of the network size.

5. Power system stability

Power system stability is the ability of the system to give an initial operating condition, to region a normal state of equilibrium after being exposed to distribute. Stability is a condition of equilibrium between apposing forces; instability results when a disturbance leads to a continuous imbalance between the apposing forces. The power system is a highly nonlinear system that operates in a constant changing environment. Loads generator outputs, and key operating parameters are in a contentious changing. When they exposed to transient disturbance, the stability of the system depends on the nature of the disturbance itself as well as initial operating condition. The disturbance may be small or large. Small disturbance in the form of load changes occur continually, and the system adjusts to changing conditions. The system must be able to operate satisfactory under these conditions and successfully meet the load demand. It must be able to survive several disturbance of hard nature, such as short-circuit on a transmission line or loss of synchronism in large generators. The response of the power system to a disturbance may involve much of the equipment. for example, a fault on a critical element followed by its isolation by protective relays will cause variations in power flows, networks bus voltages, and machine rotor speeds; the voltage variations will actuate both generator and transmission network voltage regulators; the generators speed variations will actuate prime mover generators; and the voltage and frequency variations will affect the system loads to varying degrees depending on their individual characteristics.

Atypical modern power system is thus a very high-order multivariable process whose dynamic performance is influenced by a wide array of devices with different response rates and characteristics. Hence, instability in a power system may occur in many different ways depending on the topology, operating mode, and the type of the disturbance.

5.1 Faults and stability

Electrical faults in a network can be stored according to their location into several types. Some of them occur in buses, other on lines, or machines (generators or motors). The effects of faults are not only damaging of equipment and interrupting of supply to local loads, but it also may severely affect the stability of operation of the whole system. A delay in the disconnection of faults to a time exceeding the critical clearing time may cause generators go out of the available generation which may result in a cascade disconnection of other power plants and the system may be forced to a complete blackout. To predict the performance of a system during different fault and across its stability limits, computer based numerical dynamic simulation is usually preformed.

5.2 Voltage stability

Voltage stability is concerned with the ability of power system to maintain steady voltages at all buses in the system under normal operating conditions, and after being exposed to a disturbance. Instability that may results occurs in the form of a decreasing of voltage of some buses. The possible outcome of voltage instability is loss of load in the area voltages reach very low values, or a loss of security of the power system. A deceasing in bus voltages can also be associated with rotor angles going out of step. For example, the gradual loss of synchronism of machines as rotor angles between two groups of machines approach or exceed 180 would result in very low voltages at intermediate points in the network close to the electrical center. The main factor contributing to voltage instability is usually the voltage drop that occurs when active and reactive power flow through inductive reactances associated with the transmission network , this limits the capability of transmission network for power transfer.

5.3 Frequency stability

Frequency stability is concerned with the ability of a power system to maintain steady frequency within a nominal rang following a hard system upset resulting in a significant imbalance between generation and load. It depends on the ability to restore balance between system generation and load, with minimum loss of load. Had system upsets generally result in large changing of frequency, power flows , voltage, and other system variables, and then certain processes, controls and protections that are not modeled in conventional transient stability or voltage stability studies. Generally, frequency stability problems are associated with shortage in equipment responses, poor coordination of control and protection equipment, or insufficient generation reserve. over the course of frequency instability, the characteristics times of the process and devices that are activated by the large shifts in frequency and other system variables will range from a matter of second, corresponding to the response of devices such as generator controls and protections to several minutes, corresponding to the response of devices such as prime mover energy supply systems and load voltage regulators. Although frequency stability is impacted by fast as well as slow dynamics, the overall time frame of interest extends to several minutes.

6. Dynamics of power systems

Every power system must be designed to guarantee that the most important two parameters will not be changed to keep the system steady. Theses two parameters are voltage and the frequency. We must fix voltage and frequency as much as possible by Governor and Exciter respectively. Dynamics of electrical are related to keeping the system steady when changes are suddenly happen. The system will try to return itself back to its normal condition by doing some actions that keep its synchronism as required. Turbines run with a speed governor which responds to changes in turbine rotational speed and operates on the steam admission valves. Thus if the network that the turbine generator feeds has
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A change in frequency, the turbine responds. If extra load comes onto the network, the frequency drops slightly, the generator slows and the turbine must follow (they are solidly locked together) so that the governor tries to keep the speed steady. The converse happens if the network suddenly loses load. When a change in the terminal voltage decreases, so the exciter will also increase the terminal voltage by adding some extra current to the system to keep the voltage steady.

6.1 Excitation control system

Excitations control (EC) systems are responsible for the regulation of the power network. These systems should maintain the machine terminal voltages between specified and workable limits. Outside these limits, particularly for long periods, these voltages

adversely affect the performance of the generator, possibly harming it. The excitation systems accomplish this regulation by controlling the generator input voltage E FD. These systems also assure the stability of the voltage. A block diagram of excitation subsystems of synchronous generators is indicated in the next figure.

Figure1. Synchronous machine's excitation subsystems

Type DC Excitation systems are the older ones, theses utilize a shaft-driven DC generator as the source of the excitation system. With the coming of power electronics they were surpassed by Type AC systems, and therefore few synchronous machines are being equipped with Type DC exciters. Nevertheless many of these systems are still in service.

6.1.1 IEEET1 type excitation control system:

As known that the excitation control (EC) systems are responsible for the voltage regulation of the power network. These systems should maintain the machine terminal voltages between specified and workable limits. There are many types of excitation model and they are different in their performance and compilation. One of most used excitation models is IEEE model. Next figure shows the respective block diagram of IEEET1.

Figure2. Block diagram of the IEEET1 dynamic model

The terminal voltage of the generator EC is the input of a voltage measurement system (or terminal voltage transducer) that acts as a filter with time constant TR . it should be noted that for some systems TR is very small and may be considered zero. The first summing point compares the reference voltage, VRF with the output of the voltage transducer VT determining the voltage error VERR. The value of VRF is constant throughout the
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Simulation and is determined on the initial conditions computation, considering that VT is with its proper value at t=0. The second summing point combines the voltages error with excitation stabilizing feedback voltage and produces the input signal for the regulator. The excitation stabilizing loop is represented by differential feedback block which corresponds to a powerful tool to stabilize a closed loop system. This loop is used to eliminate the static and to assure a fast dynamic response of the system. The voltage regulator amplifier has a gain KA and a time constant TA. These parameters are shown incorporating a non-windup limit configuration, typical of saturation or amplifier power supply limitations. These limits are imposed so that the output of the regulator cannot exceed practical limits. The output of the regulator VR is used to control the exciter. It should be noticed that excitation control systems are fast and have small time sometimes even considered zero, due to its built-in electronics. This fact must be taken into consideration when designing and implementing these models. The selection of the simulation time-step must be made with care in order correctly deal with these systems. Regarding he time constants of the model, if the time-step is too big, numerical errors may appear. The selected time-step should always be at least 4 times smaller than the smallest time constant of the dynamic model, in order to prevent numerical errors in the integration of the state variables.

6.2 Governor control systems

The frequency of a power system is a global quantity and should remain nearly constant, typically 5% of nominal frequency, for the stable operation of the network. The frequency control of the system ensures the constancy of speed of the synchronous and asynchronous motors, which is particularly important for the satisfactory performance of the generating units. The frequency regulation is closely related with the balance between production and consumption of active power. Therefore, a change in power demand at a certain point of the network is reflected throughout the system by an adjustment of frequency. Governor control
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Systems ensure that generators satisfy the changes in demand so that the active power balance is maintained. Each generation unit is provided with a speed governor, which ensures the called primary control. A basic scheme of a speed governor is shown in figure 3.

Figure3. Speed governor basic scheme

When load demand changes, the generator active power vary, leading to mismatches between mechanical and active powers, which result in variations on the speed of the machine. Governor measures the rotating speed of the unit and compares it with the reference. Based on the resultant error, the admission valves or gates will open or close in order to increase or decrease the mechanical power so that the mismatch disappears.

6.2.1 GAST type Gas-turbine governor

Gas turbines have become increasingly popular mainly because of their lower greenhouse emission and higher efficiency when compared with other turbines, particularly when connected in a combined cycle setup. A gas turbine usually consists in a compressor and a combustion chamber. Next figure represents this type of operation .

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Figure4. Open system gas turbine

In an open system configuration, the working fluid (in this case air) is conducted into the compressor, where it reaches high pressures. Afterwards, the compressed fluid enters the combustion chamber together with the fuel, originates a combustion which produces high temperature exhaust products. These products expand in the turbine and are later expelled to the atmosphere. This is the process from which the mechanical energy is produced. In stability, the model of a gas turbine usually model load-frequency control temperature control and acceleration control. There are various dynamic models proposed for stability analysis. This subsection presents the GAST model, shown in next figure. This is one of the most commonly used dynamic models due to its simplicity and ability to represent the principle dynamic characteristics of industrial gas turbines driving generators connected to electric power systems.

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Figure5. Block diagram of the GAST dynamic model

In this model, speed variations are expected to be small (approximately 5%). The block diagram represented a forward path consisting in a valve controller block and the combustion chamber block with a lag time. In the diagram, the load-frequency and temperature control models are also represented. Is the exhaust gas measuring system time constant. The load-frequency control is the main control loop and consequently is active in normal operation conditions. The input of this control is the speed deviation. The temperature control serves as a protective function. As load demand increase, in normal operation conditions, load-frequency control forces the gas turbine to raise its output power. Therefore, the amount of fuel delivered to the combustion chamber is increased, rising the exhaust products temperature. If this temperature is higher than a reference the design ambient temperature of the turbine the fuel flow is halted to prevent damage to turbine. GAST model uses a simple method to set this behavior. At the first, the load limit path measures a power proportional to the turbine exhaust temperature and then compares it with the ambient temperature load limit. If the temperature of the system is higher than reference, then the temperature control output is lower than the load-frequency output, and therefore takes control of the gas turbine. This decision is made by the low Value Gate, which selects the lower value between both control models, setting the fuel flow to the combustion chamber.
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The load limit depends on the ambient temperature in which the turbine is operating. If the turbine is operating at its design ambient temperature, prompters should be set to unity. If the turbine operates at temperature higher than the design ambient temperature, the load limit should be set to a lower value.

7. Hail region electrical network

As known that Hail region is a large region and it is the most region has villages in the Saudi Arabia. That means it has many substations and long lines up to 250 km. the electrical network of Hail region has many voltages levels which are 132KV, 33KV and 13.8KV, as well as much of buses for distribution. This report will focus on the 132KV and 33KV networks. In addition to Extra High Voltage 380KV transmission line coming from Qassim region. Next figure shows a diagram for Hail electrical network.

Figure6. Hail region electrical network

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8. Procedure of simulating and electrical network in PSS/E

To make dynamic analysis for a network, the PSSE requires two main input files. Namely, a network parameters data file for load flow analysis and dynamic parameters data file. The procedure to build these two files are as follows: 1- Firstly build a new case study block the GUI menu as seen in the next two figures.

Figure7. building a new case study in PSS/E

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2- Next figure shows bus data sheet which contains all power data of network which contain whole power flow data.

Figure8. Bus data sheet

3- Selecting dynamic model such as IEEET1 excitation model and Gast governor model as seen in figure 9.

Figure9. Selecting dynamic model 17

4- The next figure shows the way of power flow solution methods, either NewtonRaphson or Gauss-Siedel model.

Figure10. Power flow solution methods

Some of the tools used to draw the network are demonstrated in table 2.

Table 2. Some tools used to draw a network

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9. Simulation of Hail region electrical network using PSS/E

Hail region network is represented by PSS/E program by drawing the network firstly and then inserting power flow data then finally inserting the dynamic data and. Hail region electrical network consist of 11 generators, they are different in their capacities and manufacturers. The Qassim region simulated by an equivalent circuit represented by a voltage source (a generator). Next figure shows Hail region electrical network in PSS/E. To allow the investigation of Hail region electrical network, the network is modeled in PSS/E using the network topology and network data as obtained from SEC. some of network parameters were estimated as given in literature. The network modeled using two types of data, one is a power flow data file which contains bus data, load data, line data, transformer data, and machine data, and anther one is for dynamic data which contains governor and excitation models.

Figure11. Hail region electrical network in PSS/E 19

10.Fault case in power system

The following case demonstrates the performance of the system following a three phase fault on the high voltage transmission system which resulted in the disconnection of an important transmission line. Several cases with different fault clearing time have been simulated. It has been found that for the given fault location and conditions, the critical clearing

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