INDEX-I S.

NO
1 2 3 4A 4B 5A

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

STUDY OF UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM. STUDY OF BASIC UNIX COMMANDS. STUDY OF VI EDITORS. CALCULATING THE GROSS SALARY OF AN EMPLOYEE. FINDING THE AREA OF A CIRCLE. TO IMPLEMENT THE CONCEPT OF TWO-WAY BRANCHING USING IF STATEMENT. TO IMPLEMENT THE CONCEPT OF MULTI-WAY BRANCHING USING IFELIF STATEMENT. TO IMPLEMENT THE CONCEPT OF MULTI-WAY BRANCHING USING CASE STATEMENT. TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO PRINT N NATURAL NUMBERS. TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO PRINT FIRST N FIBONACCI SERIES. TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO PRINT THE MULTIPLICATION TABLE USING UNTIL LOOP.

PAGE NO
1 8 14 21 23 25

5B

27

5C

29

6A 6B 6C

31 33 35

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I N D E X - II S.NO
6D

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO PRINT THE

PAGE NO
37

6E 7

SUM USING FOR LOOP. TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO CALCULATE THE FACTORIAL. PROGRAM TO FIND INVERSE OF THE GIVEN NUMBER AND FIBONACCI SERIES UP TO NEEDED LEVEL USING FUNCTIONS. PROGRAM FOR THE ILLUSTRATION OF POINTERS EXPRESSIONS. PROGRAM FOR DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION, REALLOCATION AND DELETING. PROGRAM TO CREATE FILE, TO STORE INFORMATION IN THE FILE AND TO SHOW THE INFORMATION IN THE FILE BY USING FILE HANDLING FUNCTIONS.

39 41

8 9

44 46

10

49

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EX NO: 1 STUDY OF UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM AIM: To study about unix operating system.
WHAT IS UNIX

UNIX is an operating system which was developed first in the 1960s and has under constant development ever since by operating system we mean the suite of programs which make the computer work. It is a stable, multi-user, multi-tasking operating system for servers, desktops and laptops. UNIX operating system also have graphical user interface (GUI) similar to Microsoft windows operating system which provides an easy to environment. However knowledge of unix is required for operations which are not covered by graphical program or for when there is no windows interface available. TYPES OF UNIX There are many different versions of unix, although they share the common similarities. The most popular varieties of unix are Sun Solaris, GNU/Linux and Macos X. THE UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM The Unix Operating system is made up of three parts 1. The Kernel 2. The Shell 3. The Programs THE KERNEL The Kernel of Unix is the hub of the operating system. It allocates time and memory to programs and handles the file store and communication in response to system calls. . ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 1 OF 51 As an illustration of the way that the shell and the kernel work together, suppose a user types rm myfile (which has the effect of removing the file myfile). The shell scratches the filestore for the file containing the program rm. And then requests the kernel, through system calls to rm myfile finished running, the shell then returns

the unix prompt % to the user, indicating execute the program rm on myfile. When the process that it is waiting for future commands. THE SHELL The shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel. When user login, the login program checks the username and password, and then starts another program called the shell. The shell is a command line interpreter (CLI). It interprets the commands the user types in an arranges for them to be carried out. The commands are themselves programs. When they terminate, the shell gives the user another prompt (% on our system). By typing part of the name of a command, filename and directory and pressing the [tab] key, the shell will complete the rest of them automatically. If shell finds more than one name beginning with those letters you have typed, it will beep, prompting to type a few more letters before pressing the tab key again. The shell keeps the list of the commands you have typed in, if you need to repeat a command, use the cursor key to scroll up and down the list or type history for a list of previous commands. Different users may use different shells. Initially, your system administrator will supply a default shell, which can be overridden or changed. . ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 2 OF 51

The most commonly available shells are:

Bourne shell (sh) C shell (csh) Korn shell (ksh)

TC Shell (tcsh) Bourne Again Shell (bash) shell also includes its own programming language.

Each

Command files, called "shell scripts" are used to accomplish a series of tasks. Utilities :UNIX provides several hundred utility programs, often referred to as commands. Accomplish universal functions

editing file maintenance printing sorting programming support online info

Modular: single functions can be grouped to perform more complex tasks.

The Bourne shell is one of the oldest shells and is the most
efficient for background work. However it provides few facilities for interactive users. . ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 3 OF 51

The C shell provides sophisticated interactive capabilities lacking

in the Bourne shell. Features of this shell include a command history buffer, command aliases and file name

completion.

The C shell has a syntax which resembles the C

programming language. The C shell is the default shell for interactive work on many UNIX systems. It will be covered in this document, although most of the basic commands given here are relatively standard across all the main shells.

The Korn shell was written by David Korn from AT&T and in it he
attempted to merge the preferred features of both the Bourne and C shells as well as adding some additional features. Unfortunately the Korn shell was not available for free, as other UNIX shells were, so many users and companies did not chose to use of it.

The Bash shell was based on the Bourne shell (Bourne again
shell) and as with Korn it attempted to combine the best features of the other shells which were available at the time. This shell however was available for free. Bash was initially adopted for LINUX although several varieties of LINUX now exist e.g. RedHat, SuSE and Debian-GNU.

FILES AND PROCESS Everything in unix is either a file or a process. A process is an executing program identified by a unique PID (Process Identifier). . ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 4 OF 51 A file is collection of datas. They are created by users using text editors, running, compilers etc. Examples of files Document

 The text of a program written in some high level language. All files are grouped together in the directory structure. The file system is arranged in a hierarchical structure, like inverted tree. The top of the hierarchy is traditionally called root (written [/] slash) FEATURES OF UNIX 1. Multitasking Multitasking is the capability of the operating system to perform various tasks simultaneously. I.e. A single user can run multiple programs (tasks) concurrently. 2. Multi-user Capability Multi-user capability of UNIX allows several users to use the same computer to perform their tasks. Several terminals (keyboards and monitors) are connected to a single powerful computer (Unix server) and each user can work with their terminals. 3. Security Unix allows sharing of data. Every user must have a login name and a password. So, accessing another users data is impossible without permission. I.e. Invalid users cannot access data.

. ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 5 OF 51 4. Portability UNIX is portable because it is written in a high level language. So, UNIX can be run on different computers.

5. Communication UNIX supports the fallowing communications o Between the different terminals connected to the UNIX server. o Between the users of one computer to the users of another computer located elsewhere in the network. 6. Programming facility UNIX is highly programmable, the UNIX shell programming language has all necessary ingredients like conditional and control structure (Loops) and variables, that establish it as a programming language in its own right. ADVANTAGES OF UNIX UNIX is a very stable operating system. UNIX supports the Multi-User feature. UNIX is a Multitasking operating system. UNIX can be loaded to any type of computer hardware. UNIX is optimized for program development. UNIX has rich set of small commands and utilities that do specific tasks. UNIX has a powerful unified file system, everything in a file; data, program and all physical devices. . ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 6 OF 51

UNIX has the ability to string commands and utilities together in unlimited ways to accomplish more complicated tasks.

UNIX

allows

only

authorized

users

to

modify

files

and

directories. UNIX allows only System Administrators to make changes in System Configuration files.

RESULT: Thus study of unix operating system was completed.

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EX NO: 2

STUDY OF BASIC UNIX COMMANDS

AIM:
To study about basic UNIX commands in UNIX GENERAL COMMANDS NO 1 2 COMMAND SYNTAX Date Date Cal cal MM YYYY VARIANCE/OPTIONS _ Cal cal YYYY cal MM YYYY 3 4 5 6 Man Who who am i Finger man command name Who who am i finger user DESCRIPTION Displays the current date and time Displays the calendar of the current month Displays the calendar of the whole year specified Displays the calendar of the specified month and year Displays the manual pages of the command name specified. Displays information about people who are presently logged in Displays information about oneself Displays information about the specified user

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FILE MANAGEMENT COMMANDS

. ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 NO COMMAND SYNTAX 7 Cat cat > filename VARIANCE/ OPTIONS cat > filename DESCRIPTION

8 9

Rm Mv

rm filename mv filename destination

10

Cp

cp source destination

11

More

more file

Creates a file with the specified name cat filename Displays the specified file in the console cat file1 Copies the file2filen > specified files to filez filez cat >> filename Appends contents to the specified file removes the specified file mv filename Moves the file to destination the destination mv filename Renames the file newname with the new name Renaming can be done while moving within the same directory or different directory Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. More is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time for lengthy files. PAGE NO: 9 OF 51 Same as more except that

ISSUE: B 12

REV: 00 Page page file

more requires spacebar to be pressed for every page whereas page requires return key to be pressed 13 Ls Ls -l shows about permission, owner, size etc -a shows all files including hidden files -R displays the contents of subdirectories -r reverses the order of files displayed ls ~ List the contents of your home directory ls / List the contents of your root directory . ls ../ List the contents of the parent directory. ls */ List the contents of all sub directories. ls -d */ Only list the directories in the current directory. . ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 10 OF 51

14 15

File Wc

file filename wc filename

16 17 18

Head Tail Sort

head n filename tail n filename sort filename -r sort in reverse order -f sort ignoring case -n sort numerically -b ignore leading blanks -F for fixed grep -E for extended grep -c print the count of matching lines -i ignore case for matching -h prefix each matching line with line number

Displays the type of the specified file Print the number of lines, words, characters and bytes in the file. Display the first n lines from the file Display the last n lines from the file Sorts the lines in the text files and displays them in the console

19

Grep

grep pattern filename

Grep searches the named input FILEs for lines containing a match to the given PATTERN.

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20

Chmod

chmod filename users + permissions file/directory

+ for adding permission - for removing permission u stands for owner g stands for group o stands for others

chmod changes the permissions of each given file according to the mode specified

DIRECTORY MANAGEMENT COMMANDS

NO 21 22 23 COMMAND Mkdir Rmdir Mv SYNTAX Mkdir dirname Rmdir dirname mv dirname destination VARIANCE/OPTIONS DESCRIPTION Creates a directory with the specified name. Deletes the specified directory if not empty Move the directory and all its contents to the destination. If a name is specified in the destination, the directory will be renamed. Shows the current directory cd cd ~ cd .. cd Moves to the home directory Moves to the parent directory Moves to the previous directory . ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 12 OF 51

24 25

Pwd Cd

Pwd

RESULT: Thus basic UNIX commands in UNIX was studied.

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EX:NO:3

VI EDITOR

AIM: To Study of Basic vi Commands

What is VI?
The default editor that comes with the UNIX operating system is called vi (visual editor). [Alternate editors for UNIX environments include Pico and emacs, a product of GNU.] The UNIX vi editor is a full screen editor and has two modes of operation: 1. Command mode commands which cause action to be taken on the file, and 2. Insert mode in which entered text is inserted into the file. In the command mode, every character typed is a command that does something to the text file being edited; a character typed in the command mode may even cause the vi editor to enter the insert mode. In the insert mode, every character typed is added to the text in the file; pressing the <Esc> (Escape) key turns off the Insert mode. The most basic and useful commands are marked with an asterisk (* or star) in the tables below. NOTE: Both UNIX and vi are case-sensitive. Be sure not to use a capital letter in place of a lowercase letter; the results will not be what you expect.

To Get Into and Out Of VI

To Start vi To use vi on a file, type in vi filename. If the file named filename exists, then the first page (or screen) of the file will be displayed; if the file does not exist, then an empty file and screen are created into which you may enter text. edit filename starting at line 1 * vi filename
vi -r filename

Recover filename that was being edited when system crashed

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To Exit vi Usually the new or modified file is saved when you leave vi. However, it is also possible to quit vi without saving the file. Note: The cursor moves to bottom of screen whenever a colon (:) is typed. This type of command is completed by hitting the <Return> (or <Enter>) key. * :x<Return> quit vi, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation
:wq<Return> :q<Return>

quit vi, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation quit (or exit) vi

* :q!<Return> quit vi even though latest changes have not been saved for this vi call

Moving the Cursor

Unlike many of the PC and MacIntosh editors, the mouse does not move the cursor within the vi editor screen (or window). You must use the key commands listed below. On some UNIX platforms, the arrow keys may be used as well; however, since vi was designed with the Qwerty keyboard (containing no arrow keys) in mind, the arrow keys sometimes produce strange effects in vi and should be avoided. If you go back and forth between a PC environment and a UNIX environment, you may find that this dissimilarity in methods for cursor movement is the most frustrating difference between the two. In the table below, the symbol ^ before a letter means that the <Ctrl> key should be held down while the letter key is pressed.

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or <Return> move cursor down one line [or down-arrow] * k [or up-arrow] move cursor up one line *
j

or <Backspace> move cursor left one character [or left-arrow] l or <Space> * move cursor right one character [or right-arrow] * 0 (zero) move cursor to start of current line (the one with the cursor) *
h

* $

move cursor to end of current line w move cursor to beginning of next word b move cursor back to beginning of preceding word :0<Return> or 1G move cursor to first line in file :n<Return> or nG move cursor to line n
:$<Return> or G

move cursor to last line in file

Screen Manipulation
The following commands allow the vi editor screen (or window) to move up or down several lines and to be refreshed. ^f move forward one screen ^b move backward one screen ^d move down (forward) one half screen ^u move up (back) one half screen ^l redraws the screen redraws the screen, removing deleted ^r lines

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Adding, Changing, and Deleting Text

Unlike PC editors, you cannot replace or delete text by highlighting it with the mouse. Instead use the commands in the following tables. Perhaps the most important command is the one that allows you to back up and undo your last action. Unfortunately, this command acts like a toggle, undoing and redoing your most recent action. You cannot go back more than one step. * u UNDO WHATEVER YOU JUST DID; a simple toggle The main purpose of an editor is to create, add, or modify text for a file. Inserting or Adding Text The following commands allow you to insert and add text. Each of these commands puts the vi editor into insert mode; thus, the <Esc> key must be pressed to terminate the entry of text and to put the vi editor back into command mode. i insert text before cursor, until <Esc> hit *
I

insert text at beginning of current line, until <Esc> hit append text after cursor, until <Esc> hit append text to end of current line, until <Esc> hit open and put text in a new line below current line, until <Esc> hit open and put text in a new line above current line, until <Esc> hit

a A

* *

o O

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Changing Text The following commands allow you to modify text. replace single character under cursor (no <Esc> needed) replace characters, starting with current cursor position, until <Esc> hit change the current word with new text, starting with the character under cursor, until <Esc> hit change N words beginning with character under cursor, until <Esc> hit; e.g., c5w changes 5 words change (replace) the characters in the current line, until <Esc> hit change (replace) the entire current line, stopping when <Esc> is hit or cNc change (replace) the next N lines, starting with the current line, stopping when <Esc> is hit

* r
R cw cNw C cc Ncc

Deleting Text The following commands allow you to delete text. * x delete single character under cursor Nx delete N characters, starting with character under cursor dw delete the single word beginning with character under cursor delete N words beginning with character under cursor; dNw e.g., d5w deletes 5 words
D

* dd
Ndd

or dNd

delete the remainder of the line, starting with current cursor position delete entire current line delete N lines, beginning with the current line; e.g., 5dd deletes 5 lines

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Cutting and Pasting Text The following commands allow you to copy and paste text. yy copy (yank, cut) the current line into the buffer Nyy or yNy copy (yank, cut) the next N lines, including the current line, into the buffer
P

put (paste) the line(s) in the buffer into the text after the current line

Other Commands
Searching Text A common occurrence in text editing is to replace one word or phase by another. To locate instances of particular sets of characters (or strings), use the following commands. /string search forward for occurrence of string in text
?string n N

search backward for occurrence of string in text Move to next occurrence of search string Move to next occurrence of search string in opposite direction

Determining Line Numbers Being able to determine the line number of the current line or the total number of lines in the file being edited is sometimes useful. :.= Returns line number of current line at bottom of screen := Returns the total number of lines at bottom of screen provides the current line number, along with the total ^g number of lines, in the file at the bottom of the screen

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Saving and Reading FilesThese commands permit you to input and output files other
than the named file with which you are currently working.
:r filename<Return> :w<Return> :w newfile<Return> :12,35w smallfile<Return> :w! prevfile<Return>

read file named filename and insert after current line (the line with cursor) write current contents to file named in original vi call write current contents to a new file named newfile write the contents of the lines numbered 12 through 35 to a new file named smallfile write current contents over a pre-existing file named
prevfile

RESULT:

Thus the commands related to vi Editor was studied. .

ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 20 OF 51

Ex .No: 4A CALCULATING THE GROSS SALARY OF AN EMPLOYEE AIM:

To write a simple script to calculate the gross salary of an employee.

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start STEP 2 : Get the basic salary from the user STEP 3 : Calculate the Da , Hra, and gross with the needed formulas namely da=`expr $b \* 10 / 100` hra=`expr $b \* 20 / 100` gross=`expr $b + $da + $hra` STEP 4 : Print the gross salary by use of echo command STEP 5 : Stop

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PROGRAM
echo Calculating the gross salary of an employee echo Enter the Basic salary read b da=`expr $b \* 10 / 100` hra=`expr $b \* 20 / 100` gross=`expr $b + $da + $hra` echo Gross Salary=$gross`

OUTPUT
Calculating the gross salary of an employee Enter the Basic salary 10000 Gross Salary= 13000

Result:
Thus the program to find gross salary of an employee is created and executed successfully.

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Ex .No: 4 B

FINDING THE AREA OF A CIRCLE

AIM:
To write a simple script to find the area of a circle.

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start STEP 2 : Get the radius from the user STEP 3 : Read the radius. STEP 4 : Calculate the area by using the formula 3.142857 \* $radius \* $radius | bc STEP 5 : Stop

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PROGRAM
echo FINDING THE AREA OF THE CIRCLE
echo "Enter the radius of the circle" read radius echo "The Area of the circle is" echo 3.142857 \* $radius \* $radius | bc

OUTPUT
FINDING THE AREA OF THE CIRCLE
Enter radius of the circle 5 The Area of the circle is 78.571425

Result:
Thus the program to find radius of circle was created and executed successfully.

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Ex .No:5 A

TWO-WAY BRANCHING

AIM:
To implement the concept of two-way branching using if statement.

ALGORITHM:
STEP1 :Start STEP2 :Declare the variables and its access STEP3 :If a is greater than b then print A is Big, else STEP4 :Print B is Big STEP5 :Stop

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Program
echo Concept of two-way branching using if statement echo Finding the Biggest of two numbers echo Enter the two Numbers read a b if [ $a gt $b ] then echo A is Big else echo B is Big fi

OUTPUT
Concept of two-way branching using if statement Finding the Biggest of two numbers Enter the two Numbers 12 45 B is Big

Result:
Thus the program to find biggest of given two numbers by using if statement was created and executed successfully.

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Ex .No: 5 B MULTI-WAY BRANCHING USING IF-ELIF STATEMENT AIM:

To implement the concept of multi-way branching using if-elif statement.

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start STEP 2 : Declare the variables and its access STEP 3 : If a is greater than b and a is greater than c, then print A is Big, else STEP 4 : If b is greater than c then print B is Big, else STEP 5 : Print C is Big STEP6 :Stop

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Program
echo Concept of multi-way branching using if-elif statement echo Finding the Biggest of three numbers echo Enter the three Numbers echo a= read a echo b= read b echo c= read c if [ $a gt $b ] then if [ $a gt $c ] then echo A is Big else echo C is Big fi elif [ $b gt $c ] then echo B is Big else echo C is Big fi

OUTPUT
Concept of multi-way branching using if-elif statement Finding the Biggest of three numbers Enter the three Numbers a=14 b=23 c=10 B is Big

Result:
Thus the program to find highest number among given three numbers by using if-elif statement was developed and executed successfully. . ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 28 OF 51

Ex .No: 5C MULTI-WAY BRANCHING USING CASE STATEMENT AIM:

To implement the concept of multi-way branching using case statement.

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start STEP 2 : Initialize the number of choices STEP 3 : If the choice is present corresponding result will be displayed otherwise STEP 4 : The statement of the default will be displayed STEP 5 : Stop

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Program
echo Concept of multi-way branching using case statement clear echo 1. To know Your current Directory echo 2.Todays Date echo 3.List of Users echo Enter your choice read choice case $choice in 1) pwd;; 2) 2)date;; 3) who;; *) echo Only give inputs from 1 to 3 esac

OUTPUT
Concept of multi-way branching using case statement 1. To know Your current Directory 2.Todays Date 3.List of Users Enter your choice 2 wed march 18 08:25:20 IST 2009

Result:
Thus the program for multiway branching by using case statement was created and executed successfully. . ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 30 OF 51

Ex .No: 6 A PROGRAM TO PRINT N NATURAL NUMBERS

AIM:
To write a program to print n Natural numbers

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start STEP 2 : Get a number from the user to print n Natural numbers STEP 3 : Read the number STEP 4 : Start the while loop and write the statements of the loop within do and done STEP 5 : Echo the value of i and increment the value of i STEP 6 : End the loop STEP 7 : Stop

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PROGRAM
echo print n natural numbers echo Enter a number to get N natural numbers read n echo The first $n natural numbers are i=1 while [ $i le $n ] do echo $i i=`expr $i + 1` done

OUTPUT
print n natural numbers Enter a number to get N natural numbers 5 The first 5 natural numbers are 1 2 3 4 5

Result:
Thus the program to print n natural numbers was created by using while loop and executed successfully. . ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 32 OF 51

Ex .No: 6B SERIES.

PROGRAM TO PRINT FIRST N FIBONACCI

AIM:
To write a program to print first N Fibonacci Series.

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start STEP 2 : Get the number of terms of Fibonacci Series the user needs. STEP 3 : Read the number STEP 4 : Initialize f1=-1,f2=1 and i=1 STEP 5 :Start the while loop and write the statements of the loop within do and done STEP 6 : calculate the value of the Fibonacci Series with the needed formulas STEP 7 : End the loop STEP 8 : Stop

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PROGRAM
echo Enter the number of terms read n f1=-1 f2=1 i=1 echo The Fibonacci series upto $n terms is while [ $i -le $n ] do f3=`expr $f1 + $f2` echo $f3 f1=$f2 f2=$f3 i=`expr $i + 1` done

OUTPUT
Enter the number of terms 10 The Fibonacci series upto 10 terms is 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

Result: Thus the program to display Fibonacci series up to given terms was created by
using while loop and executed successfully. . ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 34 OF 51

Ex .No: 6C PRINT THE MULTIPLICATION TABLE USING UNTIL LOOP AIM:

To write a program to print the multiplication table using until loop.

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start STEP 2 : Get the number from the user to print its multiplication table. STEP 3 : Read the number STEP 4 :Start the until loop STEP 5 : write the necessity statements within do and done STEP 6 : End the loop STEP 7 : print the multiplication table . STEP 8 :Stop

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PROGRAM
echo Enter a number read n i=1 echo The multiplication table of $n is until [ $i gt 10 ] do pro=`expr $i \* $n` echo $n x $i=$pro
i=`expr $i + 1` done

OUTPUT
Enter a number 5 The multiplication table of 5 is 5 x 1=5 5 x 2=10 5 x 3=15 5 x 4=20 5 x 5=25 5 x 6=30 5 x 7=35 5 x 8=40 5 x 9=45 5 x 10=50

Result: Thus the program for multiplication table was developed and executed
successfully by until loop. . ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 36 OF 51

Ex .No: 6D PROGRAM TO PRINT THE SUM USING FOR LOOP. AIM:

To write a program to print the sum using for loop.

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start STEP 2 : Initialize the variable i.e sum=0 STEP 3 : Start the for loop STEP 4 : calculate the sum by using the formula sum=`expr $sum + $i` for all the elements in the for loop list STEP 5 : End the loop. STEP 6 : Print the value of the sum STEP 7 : Stop

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Program
echo Program implementing For Loop sum=0 for i in 1 2 3 4 10 do sum=`expr $sum + $i` done echo The sum is $sum

OUTPUT
Program implementing For Loop The sum is 20

Result:
Thus the program to find the sum of the numbers by using for loop was developed and executed successfully.

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Ex .No: 6E AIM:

PROGRAM TO CALCULATE THE FACTORIAL

To write a program to calculate the factorial.

ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start STEP 2 : Get the number from the user STEP 3 : Read the number STEP 4 :Initialize the variable i.e f=1 STEP 5 : Start the for loop STEP 6 : calculate the factorial STEP 7 : End the loop. STEP 8 : print the factorial of the given number. STEP 9 : Stop

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Program
echo "Factorial Program" echo "Enter the number" read a f=1 for (( i = 1; i <= ${a}; i++ )) do f=`expr $f \* $i` done echo "The factorial of $a is $f"

OUTPUT
Factorial Program Enter the number 5 The factorial of 5 is 120

Result:
Thus the program to find factorial of given number was created and executed successfully by using for loop.

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EX NO: 7

Program to find inverse of the given number and Fibonacci series

up to needed level using functions AIM: To develop the program to find inverse of the given number and Fibonacci series up to needed level using functions ALGORITHM: 1. Open the UNIX operating system. 2. Edit the command vi filename in the home directory or in the directory created by user. VI stands for visual, a full screen editor, indicates most powerful editor. File name indicates program name. 3. Now enter required header files and open main( ) function. 4. Inside main( ) function declare required variables, declare two functions. One function to find inverse of given number with return type and one argument of integer data type. 5. Another function for Fibonacci series with no return type and one argument of integer data type. 6. Assign the values to given variables at compile or runtime. 7. Call the two functions inside main ( ) function. 8. Close main ( ) function. Define two functions outside main ( ) function. 9. To save the program, press Escape button in the keyboard and enter :wq command. 10. To compile the program edit the command cc file name.c. 11. If no compile time error, to run the program edit the command ./a. out. 12. If no run time error, output of the program is displayed. . ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 41 OF 51

Program
#include<stdio.h> main( ) { int n1,n2; printf(" ENTER THE VALUE FOR N1: "); scanf("%d",&n1); printf(" INVERSE OF THE GIVEN NUMBER %d = %d",n1,inverse(n1)); n2=10; printf("\n"); printf(" FIBONACCI SERIES . . . . \n "); fibo(n2); } inverse(int n) { int a,d; d=0; while(n>1) { a=n%10; d=d*10+a; n =n/10; } return d; } fibo(int m) { int a,b,c,i; a=0;b=1; for(i=1;i<=m;i++) { if(i==1) printf("%d\t",a); else if(i==2) printf("%d\t",b); else { c=a+b; printf("%d\t",c); a=b; b=c; }}} . ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 42 OF 51

OUTPUT
ENTER THE VALUE FOR N1: 7865 INVERSE OF THE GIVEN NUMBER 7865 = 5687 FIBONACCI SERIES . . . . . 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

RESULT: Thus the program to find inverse of the given number and Fibonacci series by using functions is developed and executed successfully.

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EX NO: 8 Program for the illustration of pointers expressions.

AIM:
To develop the program for the illustration of pointers expressions.

ALGORITHM:
1. 2. Open the UNIX operating system. Edit the command vi filename in the home directory

or in the directory created by user. VI stands for visual, a full screen editor, indicates most powerful editor. File name indicates program name 3. function. 4. 5. pointers. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. displayed. Show the value of the variables and its stored Evaluate more than one expression by pointers and To save the program, press Escape button in the To compile the program edit the command cc filename.c If no compile time error, to run the program edit the If no run time error, output of the program is command ./a. out. address by pointers. show the result. keyboard and enter :wq command. Inside main ( ) function declare required variables, Give the value for the variables at compile or pointers of integer data type. runtime. After given values, assign the address of variables to the Now enter required header files and open main ( )

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Program
#include<stdio.h> main( ) { int a,b,*p1,*p2; printf(" ENTER THE VALUE FOR A,B : "); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); p1=&a; p2=&b; printf(" \n %d is stored in the address %u ",*p1,p1); printf(" \n %d is stored in the address %u ",*p2,p2); printf(" \n (*p1+*p2)*(a -*p2) = %d", (*p1+*p2)*(a-*p2)); printf(" \n (*p1+*p2)/(*p1-b) = %d",(*p1+*p2)/(*p1-b)); printf(" \n *p1*p2/a+b = %d",*p1*p2/a+b); printf("\n"); }

OUTPUT
Enter the value for a,b: 12 8 12 is stored in the address 3218466676 8 is stored in the address 3218466672 (*p1+*p2)*(a-*p2) = 80 (*p1+*p2)/(*p1-b) = 5 *p1**p2/a+b = 16

RESULT: Thus the program for the illustration of pointer expressions is developed, executed successfully

. ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 45 OF 51 EX NO: 9 Program for dynamic memory allocation, reallocation and deleting.

AIM:
To develop the program for dynamic memory allocation to store information and the reallocating dynamically the same memory to store more information .After the deleting same memory dynamically by dynamic memory allocation functions.

ALGORITHM:
1. Open the UNIX operating system. 2. Edit the command vi filename in the home directory or in the directory created by user. VI stands for visual, a full screen editor, indicates most powerful editor. File name indicates program name. 3. Now enter required header files and open main ( ) function. 4. Inside main ( ) function declare required variables, pointers and allocate a block of memory dynamically by using malloc ( ) function. 5. Check whether dynamically a block of memory allocated or not. 6. If allocated, store the information and display the information. 7. Reallocate the same memory to store more information than before by using realloc ( ) function. 8. Check whether reallocation of same memory dynamically done or not. 9. If allocated, store the new information and display it. 10. If no longer needed the stored information, release by using free ( ) function. 11. To save the program, press Escape button in the keyboard and enter :wq command. 12. To compile the program edit the command cc filename.c 13. If no compile time error, to run the program edit the command ./a. out.

14. If no run time error, output of the program is displayed . ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 46 OF 51

Program
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<string.h> main( ) { char *buffer; buffer=(char *)malloc(10*sizeof(char)); if(buffer==0) { printf(" Dynamically memory not allocated . . . \n"); exit(1); } else printf(" Dynamically memory allocated . . . \n"); strcpy(buffer,"Chennai"); printf(" Buffer contains : %s \n",buffer); buffer=realloc(buffer,50); if(buffer==0) { printf(" Reallocation failed . . . \n"); exit(1); } printf(" Buffer size modified . . .\n"); printf(" Buffer still contains: %s \n",buffer); strcpy(buffer,"Chennai is the capital of the Tamilnadu state "); printf(" Buffer now contains: %s \n",buffer); printf(" Releasing dynamically allocated memory . . . . "); free(buffer); }

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OUTPUT
Dynamically Memory Allocated Buffer contains : chennai Buffer size modified . . . Buffer still contains: chennai Buffer now contains: chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu state Releasing dynamically allocated memory . . .

RESULT:
Thus the program for dynamically memory allocation, reallocation and releasing the allocated memory dynamically is developed and executed successfully.

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EX NO: 10 Program to create file, to store information in the file and to show the information in the file by using file handling functions.

AIM:
To develop the program to create file, to store information in the file and to show the information in the file by using file handling functions.

ALGORITHM :
1. Open the UNIX operating system. 2. Edit the command vi filename in the home directory or in the directory created by user. VI stands for visual, a full screen editor, indicates most powerful editor. File name indicates program name. 3. Now enter required header files and open main ( ) function. 4. Inside main ( ) function declare required variables, file pointer. Open the file with write mode and assign to the file pointer. 5. Enter number of students information to store. 6. Through for( ) loop, read the one by one student information by using stdin keyword, represents the keyboard and write to the given file by file pointer. 7. Close the file using fclose ( ) function with file pointer as argument. 8. Again open the file with read mode and assign to the file pointer. 9. Again through same for( ) loop, read one by one student information from the file by file pointer and write to the screen by using stdout keyword, represents screen. 10. For reading use fscanf ( ) function and for writing fprintf ( ) function. 11. Close the file using fclose ( ) function with file pointer as argument. 12. To save the program, press Escape button in the keyboard and enter :wq command. 13. To compile the program edit the command cc filename.c 14. If no compile time error, to run the program edit the command ./a. out.

15. If no run time error, output of the program is displayed. . ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII GE 2155 ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 49 OF 51

Program
#include<stdio.h> main( ) { FILE *fp; char studname[15]; int n, i,em,tm,mm,sm.scm,total; float avg; fp=fopen("studentdetails","w"); printf(" ENTER NUMBER OF STUDENTS : "); scanf("%d",&n); printf(" enter student name and fallowing subject marks \n \n"); printf(" english tamil maths science socialscience \n \n"); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { printf(" %d: STUDENT DETAILS \n ",i); fscanf(stdin,"%s%d%d%d%d%d",studname,&em,&tm,&mm,&sm,&scm); fprintf(fp,"%s%d%d%d%d%d",studname,em,tm,mm,sm,scm); printf("\n"); } fclose(fp); fp=fopen("studentdetails","r"); printf(" STUDENT DETAILS STORED IN THE FILE . . . \n \n"); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { fscanf(fp,"%s%d%d%d%d %d",studname,&em,&tm,&mm,&sm,&scm); total=em+tm+mm+sm+scm; avg=total/5; fprintf(stdout,"%s\n%d\n%d\n%d\n%d\n %d\n%d\n%f",studname,em,tm,mm,sm,scm,total,avg); printf("\n"); } fclose(fp); }

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ISSUE: B

REV: 00

PAGE NO: 50 OF 51

OUTPUT
ENTER NUMBER OF STUDENTS: 2 ENTER STUDENT NAMES AND FALLOWING SUBJECT MARKS . . ENGLISH TAMIL MATHS SCIENCE SOCIALSCIENCE 1: STUDENT DETAILS Gnanasekar.P 48 78 90 76 56 2: STUDENT DETAILS Visu.L 70 89 76 65 54

STUDENT DETAILS STORED IN THE FILE . . . Gnanasekar.P 48 78 90 76 56 348 69.6 Visu.L 70 89 76 65 54 354 70.8 RESULT: Thus the program for file handling by using file handling functions is developed and executed successfully. .

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