1.

Lighting Systems

Lighting systems are the part of the design process that generally requires the greatest amount of time to develop. The factors which decide the optimum lighting design are, Application and nature of the visual task Area Reflectance factors Wall, Ceiling, Floor Furniture arrangement and color Architectural criteria Electrical requirements voltage, frequency, degree of protection Arrangement of luminaries uniformly or fit into architectural requirements Emergency and non-emergency lighting Cost effectiveness

Light measures Luminous Flux (Lumens): The total quantity of light emitted per second in all directions by a light source. Luminance intensity (Candela): The light power emitted by a light source over a unit of solid angle. Illuminance (Lux): The total Luminous flux incident on a surface over a unit area. Luminance (Cd/Sqm): The Luminous intensity per unit area travelling in a given direction. Color-rendering index (CRI)

The ability of a light source to render color of surfaces accurately can be conveniently quantified by the color-rendering index. Color rendering describes how well the light renders colors in objects.

Table 2.1: CRI requirement for various applications CRI CRI>90 80<CRI<90 60<CRI<80 40<CRI<60 20<CRI<40 Applications Accurate color rendering is required Good color rendering is required Moderate color rendering is required Color rendering is of little significance Color rendering is not important

Selection of lamps Selection of which type of light best suits our application needs attention. Because there are several factors to be considered, when choosing the most suitable light. The major concerns are, Lamp lumens Efficacy Color rendering index Starting time Aesthetic appearance Lamp life

Following table describes the available lights and their characteristics. Table 2.2: Comparison of types of lamps
Lamp Efficacy Colour Rendering Colour Index Temperature Lamp Life

Incandescent lamps

12 lumens/Watt

>90

Warm (2500K-2700K)

1-2000 hours

Tungsten halogen lamps

18 lumens/Watt

>90

Warm 3200K)

(3000K- 2-4000 hours

Fluorescent lamps

80 lumens/Watt

40-80

Any

7-15000 hours

Compact lamps (CFL)

Fluorescent 60 lumens/Watt

80-90

Warm, Intermediate

7-10000 hours up to 24000

High Pressure Sodium 50

90 60-80

Warm

(HPS)

lumens/Watt

hours,

Low (LPS)

Pressure

Sodium 100

200 40

Yellow (2200K)

up to 16000 hours

lumens/Watt

Luminaires Due to the problem of glare it is not customary to use naked bulbs for interior lighting. Lights are placed in enclosures to redirect and diffuse the light that is emitted. These enclosures are called luminaires. There is more variety in luminaries than there is in light bulbs. The following functions are performed by the luminaire Connection of lamp electricity supply to lamp. Contains control circuitry for lamp Heat dissipation from lamp (almost all lamps emit more heat energy than light). Reflection and redirection of light to work areas Techniques to eliminate glare diffusion and baffles. Protecting the lamp from the environment (e.g. outdoors) Providing a decorative appearance.

The light distribution of the lamp is controlled by the luminaire.

Design procedure Lighting design of an installation is carried out by the electrical design engineer to meet the specified requirements according to the standards by using most suited method for energy saving. The following figure shows the parameters of a typical space.

Length Figure 2.1: parameters of a typical space The design steps are described as below. Step 1: Decide the required illuminance on work plane, the type of lamp and luminaire. A preliminary assessment must be made of the type of lighting required, a decision most often made as a function of both aesthetics and economics. The illuminance levels are selected according to standards. Common types of applications and required lighting levels are indicated in the table below. Table 2.3: Table of recommended lux levels Application Homes and hotels Activity Reading areas Writing areas Dining areas Kitchen Illuminance (lux) 300 500 150-200 300

Bedrooms Reception hall Common areas Corridors Stairs Schools and educational Entrance halls Assembly halls Lecture halls Blackboards Libraries Reading rooms Laboratories Corridors Reception Shops and stores Circulation areas Exhibition areas Health care premises Wards general lighting Wards Examinations Wards night circulation Examination rooms general Examination and inspection Intensive care Dental examinations General lighting Illumination of oral cavity Surround lighting Medical consultants room General lighting Specific lighting Offices Office lighting Typing and computer areas

100-300 300 150 150 100 100 500 500-750 500 500 500-750 100-150 200 200 500 100 300 5 500 1000 300

establishments

500 8000 1000

500 750 500 500

Drafting and design rooms Meeting rooms Electricity industry Production plants Repair workshops Bakeries , kitchens Clothes production Food processing Cutting and sewing Check and inspection Ironing Factory

750-1000 500 500 500 300 750 1000 500

Fitting and metal working 300 shops

Printing houses and binderies

Printing presses Typesetting Engineering Colour production printing

500 750 1000 and 1500

Step-2: Collect the room data given below 1. Room dimensions

Length Width Floor area

2. Surface reflectance Ceiling Wall Floor

Table 2.4: Typical reflectance values Ceiling Air conditioned office Light industrial Heavy industrial 0.7 0.5 0.3 Wall 0.5 0.3 0.2 Floor 0.2 0.1 0.1

3. Height to working plane from floor

4.

Luminaire mounting height

Step-3: Calculate room index:

Step 4: Calculating the Utilization factor Utilization factor is defined as the percent of rated bare-lamp lumens that exit the luminaire and reach the work plane. It accounts for light directly from the luminaire as well as light reflected off the room surfaces. Manufacturers will supply each luminaire with its own table derived from a photometric test report. Using tables available from manufacturers, it is possible to determine the utilization factor for different light fittings if the reflectance of both the walls and ceiling is known, the room index has been determined and the type of luminaire is known. Step-5: To calculate the number of fittings required, use the following formula:

N= Number of fittings E= required lux level A= area of room F=total lumens from all the lamps in a fitting UF=utilization factor

MF=maintenance factor Table 2.5: Typical maintenance factors Air conditioned office Clean industrial Dirty industrial 0.8 0.7 0.6

Step 6: Space the luminaires to achieve desired uniformity. The luminaire closer to a wall should be one half of spacing or less.

Energy saving methods of lighting Use natural day lighting

The utility of using natural day lighting instead of electric lighting during the day is well known, but is being increasingly ignored especially in modern air-conditioned office spaces and commercial establishments like hotels, shopping plazas etc. De lamping to reduce number of lights

De-lamping is an effective method to reduce lighting energy consumption. In some industries, reducing the mounting height of lamps, providing efficient luminaires and then de-lamping has ensured that the illuminance is hardly affected. Task lighting

Task Lighting implies providing the required good illuminance only in the actual small area where the task is being performed, while the general illuminance of the shop floor or office is kept at a lower level.