CAD is the use of computer technology to aid in the design and especially the drafting (technical drawing and

engineering drawing) of a part or product, including entire buildings. It is both a visual (or drawing) and symbol-based method of communication whose conventions are particular to a specific technical field. Computer Aided Design involves creation, modification, analysis and optimization of a new component using a computer. It has three major elements called CAD Hardware, CAD Software and user. Here ability of the user along with computer gives an optimum CAD system. CAD is generally used for creating 3D models and also to generate 2D drawings of physical components. A CAD system is an Interactive Computer Graphics System (ICG) system and is a combination of software and hardware. The hardware consists of central processing unit (CPU), a graphics display terminal, input devices, output devices. The software consists of computer programs which gives suitable instructions to the system and create the necessary display/outputs. Today many companies use CAD software to generate 3D models, surface models, 2D drawings etc. The main reasons for the use of CAD system includes [1]: When compared to conventional methods CAD is faster and accurate. There will be no repetition of designing or drawing of any component under CAD system. Once the component has been made it can be used for all future works. Modification of a model is very easy. Hence it helps the designer to easily improve the model for future requirements. The CAD system eliminates design error and hence it brings in accuracy in the design product, thereby resulting in a quality product. CAD system provides high quality engineering drawings with better documentation and fewer errors. This helps to read and implement the design successfully into production. CAD system provides a large database for manufacturing activities. The potential benefits to companies moving to 3D CAD technology are extensive and meaningful to the bottom line, more profit for the company. Some of these benefits are: Concurrent engineering (CE) - Engineering and manufacturing process are enabled simultaneously from shared 3D CAD data. Higher quality - Due to increased efficiency resulting from the ability to explore a greater number of design iterations during product development. Lower unit costs - Due to reduced development and prototype expenses. Rapid prototyping (RP) - 3D CAD models can be used to produce prototypes from Stereo lithography and other RP technologies. Personnel development - 3D CAD technology provides a challenging environment for employees. Personnel advancement - A variety of positions regarding the management and supervision of 3D CAD become available to advance employee careers. Identify and eliminate inefficiencies - 3D CAD develops opportunities for the elimination of inherent inefficiencies in existing workflows and/or practices. Increased workload capacity - Efficient use of 3D CAD allows the production of more work while maintaining current staff levels.

 Greater feedback and control of production operations - 3D CAD enables NC tool paths to be generated, updated, and verified automatically with little human intervention. Improved overall communications - 3D CAD enables a shift from the traditional paper based design and manufacturing system to a electronic paperless one. Increased accuracy of MRP data - 3D CAD data files can be easily linked and managed by MRP software.
Increased design flexibility - 3D CAD offers a more robust set of tools and methods to modify designs. Increased design data integrity - With a single 3D CAD model supporting all downstream processes, changes are reflected quickly and accurately.

CAM is the use of computer-based software tools that assist engineers and machinists in manufacturing or prototyping product components. CAM is a programming tool that allows you to manufacture physical models using computer-aided design (CAD) programs. Computer-aided manufacturing CAM is the use of computer-based software tools that assist engineers and machinists in manufacturing or prototyping product components. CAM is a programming tool that allows you to manufacture physical models using computer-aided design (CAD) programs. CAM creates real life versions of components designed within a software package. CAM was first used in 1971 for car body design and tooling. Traditionally, CAM has been considered as an NC programming tool wherein 3D models of components generated in CAD software are used to generate CNC code to drive numerical controlled machine tools. Although this remains the most common CAM function, CAM functions have expanded to integrate CAM more fully with CAD/CAM/CAE PLM solutions. As with other Computer-Aided technologies, CAM does not eliminate the need for skilled professionals such as Manufacturing Engineers and NC Programmers. CAM, in fact, both leverage the value of the most skilled manufacturing professionals through advanced productivity tools, while building the skills of new professionals through visualization, simulation and optimization tools. CAM is software for programming CNC machine tools. Like machine tools, CAM ranges from very simple to very complex. Its used in metals-oriented systems, as well as to drive machinery for woodworking, printed circuit boards, composite materials, and systems for assembly and packaging. In addition to the ubiquitous 3-axis millingmachine CAM, there are the following types: 2-axis, for basic turning and grinding plus punching, drilling, riveting, flamecutting, shearing, electrical discharge machining (EDM), and cutoffs. 2-1/2-axis engraving. 3-1/2-axis milling for tools and prototypes. 4-axis turning for dissimilar operations on one part at the same time. 5-axis profiling and laser machining for surfaces curved in two or more directions (saddles or potato chips), helixes, fillets and splines. 6-axis robotics. In addition to X, Y and Z, robot wrists have roll, pitch and yaw for welding, spray-painting, material handling etc.

 7-, 9- and even 11-axis machining, so components can be produced in a single setupturned, milled and drilled simultaneouslyor formed sequentially by bending. Detailed CAM Benefits Safeguard design intent by eliminating all redrawing of geometry. Making CAM functionality available from within solid-modeling systems ensures that even the subtlest engineering change will not be overlooked. Programmers no longer have to search for them and changes are easily implemented in quick CAM revisions. Eliminate errors that cause rework or scrap by verifying CNC toolpaths. NC visualization is the best technique yet. Error-free tool paths are assured and test cuts can be skipped, worry-free. Slash delivery times and simplify operations by minimizing machine-to-machine transfers and setups. Job simulation addresses ways to minimize setups and transfers between machines. Prequalified tooling, fixturing and work pieces help get rid of the need for incoming inspectionand unpleasant surprises on the loading dock. Integrate inspection and quality assurance. Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) helps avoid potential disputes. When disputes do occur, the data is on hand in CAM to resolve them equitably. Generate accurate time estimates and avoid collisions by simulating processes. Get the best from skilled workers by increasing their productivity. Capturing best practicesand enforcing their reusegoes a long way toward stamping out process variations, which are still the greatest source of manufacturing error. Evaluate workarounds for avoiding production bottlenecks and optimize key equipment. This means delivery promises can be relied on by everyone CAPP Computer-aided process planning uses computer systems to plan the entire manufacturing process from raw material to fully finished product. There are two approaches in CAPP, they are Variant approach & Generative approach. CNC Computer Numerical Control is the use of computer systems to create coded information that automatically controls the machine operation. Integration of CAD/CAPP/CAM/CNC

PART-C

Rendered model of the seating system Curvature Analysis (Porcupine Curvature Analysis)

This analysis is used to analyse the curvature of curves, or surface boundaries. Select Porcupine curvature analysis from shape analysis toolbar in freestyle workbench. Select the surface where analysis has to be done. The analysis will be performed on all the boundaries of the surface. The curvature comb will be created automatically on the selected surface. The curvature graph is also displayed in this analysis. By analyzing the curvature comb and the curvature graph, the curvature of the curves can be analyzed. Figure 3.7 shows the curvature comb and the curvature graph which are created during Porcupine Curvature Analysis Figure

Analysis using Cutting Planes: Here Analysis is done using parallel cutting planes. The intersection of planes with the surfaces is represented by the curves on the surfaces. In Figure 3.8 the resulting curves at various places where the planes intersect are shown clearly. Hence from this analysis the evenness of the surfaces over the entire length can be verified.