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Fast switching
First packet will be process switched chances are big that there will be more packets going to the same destination. So, most recent destinations are entered in the cache The router wont have to look at the routing table, combining ip with mac, for the subsequent packets. Had some fallbacks, didnt support per packet load sharing (requires multiple cache entries).
Topology-driven switching
Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) Eliminates the first packet problem Prebuilds the cache by making a copy of the routing table and creating the FIB Forwarding Information Moves all routes into the cache. Also creates an adjacency table that premaps all next hops. The mac addresses are also added to this table by consulting the arp cache. Adds the feature of per packet load sharing.
DATA
PR
IP
MAC
MPLS
What is Multi Protocol Label Switching?
CEF is the fundamental switching path for MPLS. Without CEF, MPLS forwarding does not occur. MPLS forwarding relies heavily on the IP routing table and the CEF architecture. Therefore, MPLS VPN relies on CEF because MPLS VPN depends on MPLS for successful operation.
MPLS is a switching mechanism that assigns labels, or numbers, to packets and then uses those labels to forward packets. The labels are assigned at the edge of the MPLS network, and forwarding inside the MPLS network is based solely on labels. The content of the label may vary
Destination network Level of Quality of Service
The Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) is often used to establish MPLS and handle the labels. Tag Distribution Protocol (TDP) is a Cisco proprietary protocol managing the same thing. Its forwarding decisions is based on layer 2 labels.
The Label
DATA PR IP L2
LABEL
EXP
BS
TTL
32 bits
MPLS Example
Exchanging routes Assigning labels Sharing labels Building tables
MPLS DOMAIN
Z LFIB
Action Next hop Y
20.0.0.0 /8 Router A
MPLS DOMAIN
Router X
20.0.0.0 =35
20.0.0.0 =25
20.0.0.0 = 45
Router Z
Router B
Tables
Routing Table
Network 20.0.0.0 15.0.0.0 16.0.0.0 Next Hop Y H O
EDGE LSR
LSR
LSR
EDGE LSR
LSR forwarding packets Edge LSR primarily labels packets or removes them
Edge LSR
MPLS Terminology
MPLS, Multiprotocol Label Switching LDP (Label Distribution Protocol) LSR (Label Switching Router) LSP (Label Switch Path)
Y LFIB
Next hop Z
Action Pop
15.0.0.0 = 20
20
<-15.0.0.0 = pop
15.0.0.0
MPLS VPNS
Point-to-Point Circuits between customer sites Virtual Links Layer 1, 2 Becomes expensive to buy virtual circuits for many sites
Peer-to-Peer VPNs
Service Provider becoming a part of your network Managing routing between parts of the organization
Bringing our tables into their
ISP
VPN-IPv4
A VPN-IPv4 address is a 12-byte quantity composed of an 8-byte Route Distinguisher (RD) followed by a 4-byte IPv4 address prefix.
(length)
1 2
10.0.0.0 10.0.0.0
BGP/MPLS VPN can use up to three different types of BGP extended community attributes
The route target attribute identifies a collection of sites (VRFs) to which a PE router distributes routes. A PE router uses this attribute to constrain the import of remote routes into its VRFs. The VPN-of-origin attribute The site-of-origin attribute
Customer
EIGRP
PE
MPBGP MPLS
P PE
Customer
Recommended reading
Metro Ethernet by Sam Halabi