www.art-en.

com

http://saaid.net/Doat/hasn/index.htm

www.art-en.com

1997 : 2006 1427 - :

www.art-en.com

www.art-en.com

www.art-en.com

www.art-en.com

www.art-en.com

www.art-en.com

www.art-en.com

www.art-en.com

10

www.art-en.com

11

www.art-en.com

12

www.art-en.com

13

www.art-en.com

14

www.art-en.com

15

www.art-en.com

16

www.art-en.com

17

www.art-en.com

18

www.art-en.com

19

www.art-en.com

20

www.art-en.com

21

www.art-en.com

Forster Orr

Edwards

22

www.art-en.com

Goodspeed

23

www.art-en.com

Prochazka

24

www.art-en.com

25

www.art-en.com

Transfer Strategy

Newmark

Catford source language "SL" target language "TL"

TL

Halliday SL

26

www.art-en.com

Pinchuch Kelly

text

SL TL Translation is simply the attempt to replace a textual material in the Source Language (SL) by an equivalent textual material in the Target Language (TL). Widdowson

27

www.art-en.com

SL TL

Transfer Strategy SL SL Rethink TL

SL TL

28

www.art-en.com

Sport Sport Rethink Writer Writer Rethink Bank

29

www.art-en.com

Bank Land along the side of a river Rethink Book

Book To Reserve Rethink

intergovernmental committee draft The seven-state inter-governmental committee has discussed the draft resolution. I move the adoption of the following resolution. move adoption

30

www.art-en.com

This is particularly true for the human element. Behavior and awareness of affiliation thus his individual interest is suited with the common interest are considered main determinate of productivity differentials between various communities.

31

www.art-en.com

analysis SL synthesis TL

32

www.art-en.com

Translator's Role

well-versed

33

www.art-en.com

Justin O'Brien

34

www.art-en.com

Nabocov

literary taste

35

www.art-en.com

reading Bilingual

speaking

monolingual skills listening writing Speaker

Competent Translator

36

www.art-en.com

SL TL Assumption Not any bilingual speaker is a competent translator.

37

www.art-en.com

Kinds of Translation
Jakobson

intralingual translation

interlingual translation

intersemiotic translation

38

www.art-en.com

interlingual translation Written Translation

Oral Interpretation

At-Sight Interpreting

39

www.art-en.com

SL TL Consecutive Interpreting

Simultaneous Interpreting

SL TL

40

www.art-en.com

concentration

quick response relaxation consistence vocabulary self-confidence

41

www.art-en.com

Levels of Language Analysis

This table is out of place. table

Lexical Meaning

linguistic technical meaning meaning interpretation commentator

42

www.art-en.com

Textual Meaning

pure pure language pure man pure mathematics pure sciences pure water pure gold pure Egyptian pure angels

43

www.art-en.com

contain to contain a crisis to contain an enemy to contain feelings to contain involvement to contain acts harsh harsh language harsh words harsh clothes harsh man

far-reaching broad-minded wide-spread knowledgeable patient forbearance merciful

44

www.art-en.com

to lower pause / muffle to devalue currency to moderate interest rate to curtail government spending to curb inflation

Contextual Meaning

The football world cup will be held at USA in coming June. From Arabic Nahmad Press

45

www.art-en.com

Modern Farming The Minister of Agriculture stated that he would keep before him the raising of the standard of agriculture in the country, and that he would spare no effort to place, as far as possible, the most recent innovations achieved by modern science within reach of the farmers, through the employment of mechanical aids, with one aim in view and that was the facilitating and building up of an up-to-date well-organized agriculture.

agriculture farming

46

www.art-en.com

farmers said stated mentioned

country

results outcomes innovations

in view

47

www.art-en.com

up-to-date

redundancy

Suggestive Meaning On seeing the ghost, they stood motionless. motionless

48

www.art-en.com

Snow White The girl is as fair as Snow White. The girl is as white as snow.

49

www.art-en.com

Translation Techniques

Translation Equivalent Formal Correspondent

Transliteration intifada jihad technology democracy Arabicization Translation Equivalent candid camera contact lenses

50

www.art-en.com

haste makes waste still water runs deep Formal Correspondent to float currency the first lady to launder money cold war the premier black market

The door of the class

51

www.art-en.com

She got seriously ill last night.

52

www.art-en.com

53

www.art-en.com

Functional Shift

"Functional Shift is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL". SL nouns adverbs content words adjectives verbs

He admires her greatly.

54

www.art-en.com

The situation has deteriorated very sharply.

The decision was made for the good management of the company. The conference recommended the early implementation and speedy operation of the project.

The conference reviewed the achieved progress (progress achieved) in the projects being implemented.

55

www.art-en.com

The President recommended that a committee should be formed for handling that matter.

I should like to make a slight reference that the University has lavishly given out insignificant prizes to all graduates. Brutal as he is, sometimes he betrays signs of unequalled delicacy.

the achievements of the past decades The lady in black Mubarak of Egypt

stress

56

www.art-en.com

His statement is a completely There is absolutely no truth in his statement word order

false

57

www.art-en.com

Language Deviation

"A linguistic deviation is the deviation from the expected norms of the language".

58

www.art-en.com

How to steal a bank? to steal

to rob

How to rob a bank?

59

www.art-en.com

60

www.art-en.com

! : Translation: An Art or a Science?!

Cleary

Cleary Savory

Savory

61

www.art-en.com

faithfulness

Nida

Dil Nida

Dil

Nida actual process scientific study comparative linguistics Nida

62

www.art-en.com

semantics Nida

McGuire normative theory McGuire Nida

Newmark

Newmark Newmark Law of Translation

63

www.art-en.com

Leipzig Newmark

Nida

McGuire

Nida

64

www.art-en.com

65

www.art-en.com

Rules of Translation

"It is impossible to obtain unexceptionably exhaustively determined translational rules".

and

"The translator may add to or delete from the translated text with sound discretion".

He played a prominent role and exerted a highly appreciated effort.

66

www.art-en.com

exerted played

Among other people, Abu Bakr was the most ascetic and the most modest; the noblest in manners, the plainest in apparel, and the most frugal in food.

The good attribute, highly appreciated qualities and noble merits you do possess presage a bright future. do you possess

heavy rain and clouds clouds rain heavy

67

www.art-en.com

"Literal Translation is sometimes a valid and legitimate method WHEN syntactic relations are also EXPLICIT thematic relations". It is threefold disgrace for a man to be in misery for want of food.

My friend was stung by a bee yesterday.

Tom is in a dire need of that medicine whenever he gets nervous..

68

www.art-en.com

This is Ali

He was here

Meaning-bound

"Translation Unit: The pedagogically easiest to handle translation is the sentence, because it reveals a selfcontained network of the often complicated inter-play of lexis and syntax. The sentence is a syntactically structured,

69

www.art-en.com

communicatively controlled, context-sensitive combination of linguistic signs that are formally marked off from other sentences of the same text by means of punctuation marks".

70

www.art-en.com

The following measures have profoundly shaken French institutions in a way that has not been known in local government for a century: what has remained of government supervision has been abolished; control of procedural legality has been reorganized and regional audit offices established; executive power has been transferred to the chairman of deliberative assemblies; regions with full powers have been created; powers of economic intervention have been extended to regional and local authorities; powers previously exercised by the State have

71

www.art-en.com

been transferred in complete stages to the various types of authorities; corresponding State resources have been transferred to these authorities; specific local characteristics have been introduced into legislation; a territorial civil service has been created and previous devaluation regulations have been adapted to the new relations between the State and the local authorities.

o o Untranslatability occurs when it is impossible to build functionally relevant features of the situation into the contextual meaning of the TL text. Broadly speaking, this falls into two inter-related categories: o Cases where the difficulty is linguistic, o Cases where the difficulty is cultural.

72

www.art-en.com

Denys Davies

The headmaster's lower jaw dropped in astonishment and Tureifi escaped punishment. punishment jaw lower escape

Haneen is a man blessed of God God

and that Haneen was a holy man who would not frequent the company of someone unless he had perceived in him a glimmering of spiritual light.

73

www.art-en.com

holy light

good spiritual

Le Gassick

On other occasions she had said that a real madness overcame her daughter when she got very angry and she nicknamed her tempers the "Khamsin", after the vicious and unpredictable summer winds.

and she called her the "Khamsin", after the known winds

74

www.art-en.com

75

www.art-en.com

76

www.art-en.com

77

www.art-en.com

78

www.art-en.com

SL TL semantic equivalent

79

www.art-en.com

My father is a teacher

Everything is translatable and nothing is

80

www.art-en.com

-1 Selecting Proper Meaning

privatization affixes suffixes prefixes

Islamization

81

www.art-en.com

seaside holiday maker the complicated nature of long experience great love to brief mention astonishment

section record authority agency - organization

Dozens of people were killed.

82

www.art-en.com

dozen

Several plots are assigned to private investors in new cities. plot

Sleeping policemen help reduce car accidents. sleeping policemen

serpent snake home house

83

www.art-en.com

84

www.art-en.com

-2 Cultural or Environmental Differences

untranslatability TL boy friend

SL girl friend

pork porridge kimono sari pullover dinner-jacket

85

www.art-en.com

transliteration iddat the period during which a divorced or widowed woman cannot be married (according to Islam).

Denys Davies And Hajj Abdul Samad said: I'll divorce my wife if Zein hasn't got himself married and a real proper marriage it is too.

86

www.art-en.com

His "Lila" this time was a young girl from among the Bedouin. Lila

87

www.art-en.com

88

www.art-en.com

Newmark

89

www.art-en.com

-3 Word Usage

red broken collarbone

scarlet

fractured clavicle buy purchase tip gratuity

90

www.art-en.com

neutral kids issue offspring children

INFORMAL home building poor enough dead drink clothes start / begin look into find out stop try tell use live

FORMAL abode edifice impecunious sufficient deceased beverage garments commence investigate ascertain desist endeavor notify employ dwell

91

www.art-en.com

live put up with read think open use find out give end

reside tolerate peruse deem inaugurate utilize discover furnish terminate

American

British

teenager squatter immigrant radio hot live wire to belittle to locate to advocate lengthy mass meeting cold war third degree air

92

www.art-en.com

OK to lose out to win out to check up on guess

BRITISH bank holiday petrol sweets tap pavement chemist underground receptionist

AMERICAN legal holiday gas candy faucet side walk druggist subway desk clerk

Secretary of Secretary

Foreign Secretary State Chancellor of Exchequer of the Treasury

93

www.art-en.com

Secretary State of War Secretary of War

l BRITISH signalled traveller -our BRITISH labour colour -ise BRITISH civilise naturalise -ize -ization AMERICAN signaled traveler -or AMERICAN labor color -ize AMERICAN civilize naturalize

94

www.art-en.com

-oeBRITISH mediaeval diarrhoea

-ae-

-eAMERICAN medieval diarrhea

-exion BRITISH inflexion reflexion

-ection AMERICAN inflection reflection

-re BRITISH centre metre

-er AMERICAN center meter

BRITISH tyre enquiry programme pyjamas pretence

AMERICAN tire inquiry program pajamas pretense

95

www.art-en.com

practise draught offence kerb defence grey cigarette cheque storey axe catalogue nought entrust enclose enrol fulfil

practice draft offense curb defense gray cigaret check story ax catalog naught intrust inclose enroll fulfill

96

www.art-en.com

-4 Gender
masculine

feminine

a new book a new magazine

male female woman girl mother daughter sister aunt niece queen she man boy father son brother uncle nephew king he

97

www.art-en.com

sex -ess

hostess authoress princess actress

Host Author Prince Actor doctoress teacheress

Generic Name Name of Female dog foal filly colt

Name of Male Name of Young cow

98

www.art-en.com

cub kitten calf fawn pup(py) calf -duckling cub gosling kid foal cub piglet chick -pup lamb

bear queen/cat/ pussy cow doe/hind bitch cow jennet duck vixen goose nanny mare lioness sow hen doe cow ewe

bear tom cat bull buck/stag dog bull jackass drake dog gander billy stallion lion boar rooster/ cock buck bull ram

bears cats cattle/calf deer dogs dolphin/ porpoise/ whale donkey ducks fox geese goat horses lions pig poultry/ chicken rabbit seal sheep

she

male

he

sex

99

www.art-en.com

it

female

son boy man daughter girl woman tree chair table cousin teacher doctor ram buck bull ewe sow goose dog cat bear

he she it she, he it, he it, she it, she, he

engine

boat

car gender

she hovercraft sex plane

100

www.art-en.com

she

The doctor lost his hat The doctor lost her hat The doctor went to the hospital

"Gender in English is rather the exception than the rule".

101

www.art-en.com

-5 Number

cat/cats man/men verbs The man comes . The men come . demonstratives these men / this man

singular third person He comes I come / they come etc. to be past tense I was They were

present tense plural singular

102

www.art-en.com

countables road book cat uncountables bread petrol butter

an a indefinite articles loaf (countable) bread (uncountable)

some

Cat is Butter is

Would you like some giraffe?

A petrol I like very much is Brand X.

103

www.art-en.com

a piece of a love an oil a mutton disobediences

a kind of

a a cake of soap loaf

loaf / bread soap soap cake Would you like a cake? LOAF Would you like some cake? BREAD

collectives The committee have decided England have won the World Cup.

104

www.art-en.com

The committee have decided

The committee has decided

demonstratives

pliers trousers scissors

seventy dogs

three cats one scissors

ten scissors these scissors

thirty policemen

clergy police thirty police

105

www.art-en.com

these people

committee thirty people cattle dozen a dozen eggs a gross many a lot of men are these kind of people

people

a score a lot kind of

vice chairman

106

www.art-en.com

You are industrious students

107

www.art-en.com

-6 Tense

"Tense is the correspondence (relationship) between the FORM of VERB and our own CONCEPT of TIME; past, present or future". He likes / takes present He liked / took past the the perfect auxiliaries progressive to have to be

modal auxiliaries may can will shall

will shall

108

www.art-en.com

will

I will come if you ask me She will sit for hours That will be John Oil will float on water promise threat You shall have it tomorrow The teacher shall punish me will shall

shall

I am flying to Paris tomorrow I am going to ask you a question Term starts on Monday

109

www.art-en.com

He is about to speak will shall ex-wife grandfather pluperfect fiance

Past Simple: He came yesterday. Past Progressive: He was coming yesterday. Past Perfect: He had come the day before. Past Perfect Progressive: He had been coming the day before.

reported speech sequence of tenses He said he went to London everyday. I go to London everyday.

110

www.art-en.com

went said present tense The ancient Greeks discovered that the world is round, but Romans maintained that it was flat. was is was is said

I wanted to ask you something. Could you pass me the salt? I wish I knew. I wish I had one. If John comes, I shall leave. Real If John came, I should leave. Unreal

111

www.art-en.com

should came

I had breakfast at seven this morning. I have had my breakfast.

112

www.art-en.com

John arrived at four this afternoon. John is here now.

We learned that yesterday / We found that out yesterday. We know that

Shakespeare depicted Hamlet as indecisive. Shakespeare depicts Hamlet as indecisive.

113

www.art-en.com

He arrived He is here now

I understood / I caught on I understand he is here I understand

114

www.art-en.com

He studies He studied He will study He is studying He was studying He will be studying He has studied He had studied He will have studied

Allah was, is and will be forgiving

Allah is Oft-Forgiving

115

www.art-en.com

I know you to be honest

I have known him to be honest

Ali did not come

The lazy will not succeed

116

www.art-en.com

The Verb

o o o o o

base form: walk / eat "-s" form: walks / eats past tense form: walked / ate present participle (-ing) form: walking / eating past participle form: walked / eaten tense form present participle (-ing) form participle form There's a broken window in the kitchen.

past

Most of people singing were women. noninfinitive form finite forms of the verb

117

www.art-en.com

He deals the cards He deals with problem

He looks for the book He looks at the book

He relies on his friends His poverty deprived him of schooling

to discuss to look for

118

www.art-en.com

to authorize / to sanction to depend on

to attend to come to

to acquire / to obtain / to get to permit

119

www.art-en.com

They discussed many topics, among them peace in the Middle East. They looked for your pencil in every classroom.

to help

to help (someone) (someone) in (doing something) Did the book help you? Yes, it helped me in teaching

to listen (to) to inform (of) to participate (in) to help (in)

120

www.art-en.com

to work (for)

121

www.art-en.com

-7 Collocation
Collocation

Collocation is the "habitual co-occurrence of individual lexical items".

heavy labor runaway inflation economic situation inflationary pressures nerve cell government securities eyeball

122

www.art-en.com

To pay a visit To score a victory To read a paper To attend a lecture To tender (one's) resignation To deliver a speech

noun

collocation

collocation

123

www.art-en.com

heavy smoker big smoker

free of charge free of cost / payment / etc. strong coffee powerful coffee

124

www.art-en.com

collocation

to crow (cocks) to miaow/mew (cats) to hoot (owls) to bark (dogs) to roar (lions)

a loaf of bread a knob of butter a slice / piece of cake a bar / piece / square of chocolate a bolt / length / piece of cloth a lump of coal an ear / sheaf of corn a speck / particle of dust a wisp / bank / patch of fog

125

www.art-en.com

a sliver / splinter of glass a blob of glue a blade of grass a lock / strand / wisp / tuft / mop / shock of hair a bale of hay a piece / area of land a ray / beam / shaft of light a dose of medicine a sum of money a piece / scrap of paper a grain of rice a coil / length / piece of rope a grain / pinch of salt a grain of sand a cloud / blanket / column / puff / wisp of smoke a flake / blanket of snow a bar / cake of soap

126

www.art-en.com

a slab / block of stone a grain / lump of sugar a bead / drop of sweat a reel of tape a reel / strand of thread a blob of wax a grain / sheaf of wheat a strand / piece / length of wire

an army of ants a swarm of bees a flock / flight of birds a herd of cattle a litter of cubs a herd of deer a school of dolphins a herd of elephants a shoal of fish

127

www.art-en.com

a gaggle of geese a herd / flock of goats a pack of hounds a swarm / colony of insects a litter of kittens a pride of lions a troop of monkeys a litter of puppies a flock of sheep a pack of wolves

a company / troupe of actors a bunch of amateurs a wad / roll of banknotes a hail of bullets a batch of cakes

128

www.art-en.com

a pack / deck of cards a clutch of eggs a team / panel of experts a sea of faces a squadron of fighter planes a bunch / bouquet of flowers a bunch / cluster of grapes a bunch of keys a sheaf / bundle of papers a spate of protests a team / crowd / gaggle of reporters a spate of rumors a fleet of ships a flight of steps a gang of terrorists a gang / band / pack of thieves

129

www.art-en.com

a party of tourists a clump of trees an army of volunteers

130

www.art-en.com

-8 Idioms

"An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meanings of the individual words".

similes proverbs and sayings slang and jargon

metaphors colloquialisms

131

www.art-en.com

132

www.art-en.com

When you get a shame, away go from eyes

When the ass kicks, never tell

Empty hands lead to / cause sadness A light purse makes heavy heart

yuppie

133

www.art-en.com

Indian summer TL

to take the gloves off to rain cats and dogs to pay through the nose to bring (one's) heart into his mouth to take the cake to smell a rat to have no stomach to lose (one's) temper to be in advance to move heaven and earth behind one's back to clear the air strike while the iron is hot a chip off the old block

134

www.art-en.com

to give one his head diamonds cut diamonds out of sight, out of mind always has been, always will be if you want a thing well done, do it yourself divide and rule east or west, home is best charity begins at home

135

www.art-en.com

-9 Abbreviations

abbreviations acronyms

phrase

compound noun

word

gram g BBC 25 g British Broadcasting Corporation

continued

contd.

cont.

136

www.art-en.com

m= p.= F= N=

meter page Fahrenheit North

cont.= usu.= vol.= Brit.= Hon.=

continued usually volume British Honorable

Thurs.= Thursday

asst.= assistant dept.= department jct= junction

137

www.art-en.com

km= kilometer tbsp.= tablespoonful Sgt= sergeant

MP

Member of Parliament

CD compact disc HRH His/Her Royal Highness USA VIP rmp United States of America very important person revolutions per minute

an

138

www.art-en.com

Bachelor of Science BSc

acronyms BASIC Beginner's All-purpose Instruction Code

Symbolic

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries teaching English as a foreign language North Atlantic Treaty Organization acquired immune deficiency syndrome

TEFL NATO AIDS

139

www.art-en.com

140

www.art-en.com

The structural imbalances of world economy, the inequities of per capita income against GNP and GDP, the inadequacies of economic machinery and the deficiencies of economic laws are mainly attributed to narrow-minded policies in some countries. GDP GNP

141

www.art-en.com

-10 Compound Nouns

adverbs adjectives verbs nouns affixes compound nouns

"A compound noun is a noun plus noun (N+N) combination, in which the second element is the head (H) of construction and the first element is a kind of modifier (M)". modifier

Adjective fierce dog

142

www.art-en.com

Adverb the dog barked loudly

Phrase the dog with a long tail

two words post office Health Care hyphenated word attention-getter one word

143

www.art-en.com

mailman postman

meaning-relationship shoe polish forest fire armchair moonlight

race horse

144

www.art-en.com

horse race pocket watch watch pocket

adjective plus noun

Rule "Any adjective plus noun construction is potentially ambiguous".

the-ing form compound noun present participle (ing) gerund (ing)

145

www.art-en.com

dancing teacher noun

dancing adjective

flying field flying

swimming suit swimming

They are moving vans.

146

www.art-en.com

main moving vans are verb

are moving

They are hunting dogs.

hunting dogs

are

are hunting

adjective

noun English Teacher

147

www.art-en.com

English

dark room dark

Black board black

football game

148

www.art-en.com

basketball playground life assurance policy

French language conference

foreign car dealers the new house furniture the excellent director's secretary

149

www.art-en.com

head of construction modifier

seven-year-long talks

a ten-page report

the French-educated woman peace loving forces widening gap Chamber of Commerce Annual Convention Cairo International Book Fair

150

www.art-en.com

T.V. Gulf war survey next month parliamentary elections

Purpose of Activity: To provide urban governorate Management Information System (MIS) department heads with an opportunity to examine and discuss the administration of computer centers and the management use of computerbased information systems designed to assist local administration and local development programs with counterparts in other countries which have analogous development experience and needs.

151

www.art-en.com

-11 Affixes

affixes prefix suffix

anti/dis/establish/ment/ari/an/ism

152

www.art-en.com

adjective un-ness happiness noun

happy unhappy adjective

Prefix

153

www.art-en.com

antiantisocial antiseptic antifreeze bibi-monthly bi-annual

bilingual bicentric disdisbelieve disagree disappear disappoint dislike disorder disable

154

www.art-en.com

exexport extract

ex-wife ex-president ininsane inconvenient l illegal illogical p impossible improper r irreligious irimil-

155

www.art-en.com

irresponsible malmalnutrition maladministration malpractice maltreat mismisdirect misbehave misunderstand mismanagement mistrust miscalculate postpostwar postgraduate prepremature

156

www.art-en.com

pre-record prearrange rereassure rebroadcast rebuild recount rejoin rearrange redial ununable unimportant unmarried uncommon unqualified untruth unfair

157

www.art-en.com

uncover unpack untie Suffix

-less meaning grammar

Derivational actor -or

Inflectional -s

158

www.art-en.com

actor + s

-ment argument disappointment payment -tion/-sion invention relation confusion discussion

159

www.art-en.com

-ation/-ition limitation declaration composition competition -ance/-ence issuance insurance dependence reference -or/-er visitor governor owner manager -ship friendship leadership membership

160

www.art-en.com

-hood neighborhood adulthood brotherhood -ness kindness thickness foolishness -ty/-ity cruelty loyalty oddity equality

-less careless hopeless childless

161

www.art-en.com

thoughtless -ful doubtful peaceful plentiful -al formal original accidental -y healthy hungry guilty -ous/-ious/-eous dangerous glorious courageous -ical/-ic atomic

162

www.art-en.com

poetic economical historical -able/-ible agreeable favorable responsible convertible -ive attractive progressive selective

-en hasten soften threaten -ise/-ize

163

www.art-en.com

privatize computerize legalize -ify simplify purify beautify

-ly safely quickly dangerously

-12 Punctuations

164

www.art-en.com

He entered the room expecting to find his guest, but found an empty room.

While feeling his way in the dark, thunderbolts fell unceasingly over his head.

165

www.art-en.com

It is indeed hard to overestimate the value of language in communication but it is even harder to overestimate its value in thinking. Language is tied to the very process of thought.

The OAU conference recommended that domestic investment should be enhanced and that tourism and other hard currency resources should be promoted, particularly as capital inflows into the continent are diminishing; limiting its capacity to industrialize. diminishing

166

www.art-en.com

Several countries in the Sahel, after the stimulus of earlier years provided by a gradual recovery from the long drought and by parallel diversification efforts, suffered a significant setback in 1978 because of renewed drought conditions.

Nervously, they await the supreme accolade: a visit from the patron of the London Gardens Scheme.

167

www.art-en.com

Some countries are chronically mismanaged; wrong government policies would destroy the-then vigorous nation.

168

www.art-en.com

-13 Style

The Government and People of Kuwait

Heart is governed and directed by passion

169

www.art-en.com

In his speech on the state of security in the Gulf, the American Secretary of Defence declared

Since it took its course, the Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea.

170

www.art-en.com

Convinced that something was wrong, the director decided to investigate the matter further.

In his speech delivered yesterday, the President stressed the need to

In his small-sized book, the author touched on the rules of translation.

and or Ahmed bought books, pens, cards and notebooks.

171

www.art-en.com

adverbs

Oil has gushingly welled out.

172

www.art-en.com

auxiliary main verb The clouds have soon faded away.

by by

173

www.art-en.com

The notes were written by the committee.

English is spoken all over the world.

174

www.art-en.com

The law was twice amended.

against We will fight against the enemy.

The parents should vaccinate their children against cholera.

The judgment was against him.

175

www.art-en.com

cover

KUNA correspondent covered the news of the Yemeni war.

176

www.art-en.com

reach The Egyptian Minister of Information reached Kuwait yesterday evening.

reach

via via means of communication

I sent a message to him via Ahmed.

177

www.art-en.com

according POW's will be transferred on Sunday, according to the news agencies.

The meeting will be held tomorrow, according to the British officials.

178

www.art-en.com

According to George, she's really good teacher.

cancel The agreement shall be cancelled as from Friday evening.

still Meetings are still convened in the Security Council.

Efforts are still exerted to heal the breach in Lebanon.

179

www.art-en.com

180

www.art-en.com

1- Abboud, Peter F. and McCarus, Ernest N. (editors). Elementary Modern Standard Arabic. London: Cambridge University Press. (1986). 2- Collins Co-build English Usage. London: Harper Collins Publishers. (1992). 3- Crystal, David and Davy, Derek. Investigating English Style. New York: Longman Group Limited. (1986). 4- Greenbaum, Sidney and Whitcut, Janet. Guide to English Usage. London: Longman Group UK Limited. (1988). 5- Johnson-Davies, Denys. The Wedding of Zein (Translation). London: Heinemann. (1969). 6- Le Gassick, Trevor. Midaq Alley (Translation). Washington, D.C. :Three Continents Press, Inc. (1981). 7- Leech, Geoffrey and Svartvik, Jan. A Communicative Grammar of English. London: Longman Group Limited. (1975). 8- Lyons, John. Semantics. London; New York: Cambridge University Press. (1977).

181

www.art-en.com

9- Mouakket, Ahmed. Linguistic and Translation. Syria: Dar Tlass for Studies. (1988). 10- Nahmad, A. M. From the Arabic Press. London: Lund Humphries. (1970). 11- Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd. (1988). 12- Nida, E. A. Towards a Science of Translating. Netherlands: Leiden, E. J. Prill. (1964). 13- Swan, Michael. Practical English Usage. London: Oxford University Press. (1995).

182

www.art-en.com

183

www.art-en.com

ISBN: 997-19-4236-0

184