Chapter 5 Interpreting Linear Relationships

C H A P T E R
Interpreting linear relationships

Syllabus topic AM2 Interpreting linear relationships
Graphing linear functions from everyday situations Calculating the gradient and vertical intercept Using and interpreting graphs of the form y = mx + b Solving simultaneous linear equations from a graph Using linear functions to model and interpret practical situations
5.1 Graphing linear functions

A linear function makes a straight line when graphed on a number plane. There are many everyday situations that result in a linear function such as the distance travelled as a function of the time (d = 50t). The graph of d = 50t is shown below. 5.1
d 200 Distance (km) 150 100 50 t Distance travelled
2 3 Time (h)
125
ISBN: 9781107627291 The Powers Family Trust 2013 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party Cambridge University Press
126
Preliminary Mathematics General
Independent and dependent variables

The linear function d = 50t has two variables d (distance) and t (time). Time (t) is the independent variable, as any number can be substituted for this variable such as t = 1. Conversely, the distance (d) is the dependent variable is it depends on the number substituted for the independent variable. That is, when time is 1 (t = 1) then the distance is d = 50 1 or 50. Graphing a linear function
1 2 3
Construct a table of values with the independent variable as the first row and the dependent variable as the second row. Draw a number plane with the independent variable on the horizontal axis and the dependent variable as the vertical axis. Plot the points. Join the points to make a straight line.
Example 1
Graphing a linear function from a table of values
The table below shows the cost of postage (c) as a function of the weight of the parcel (w). Weight (w) Cost (c)
a b
1 1.2
2 2.4
3 3.6
4 4.8
5 6.0
Draw a graph of cost (c), against the weight of the parcel (w). Use the graph to determine the cost of a parcel if the weight is 2.5 kg.
Solution
1
2 3 4
Draw a number plane with the weight of parcel (w) as the horizontal axis and the cost of postage (c) as the vertical axis. Plot the points (1, 1.2), (2, 2.4), (3, 3.6), (4, 4.8) and (5, 6.0). Join the points to make a straight line. Find 2.5 kg on the horizontal axis and draw a vertical line. Where this line intersects the graph, draw a horizontal line to the vertical axis. Write the answer in words.
c Cost of postage Cost of postage in $ 6 5 4 3 2 1 w 1 2 3 4 5 Weight of parcel in kg
2.5 kg would cost about $3.
ISBN: 9781107627291 The Powers Family Trust 2013 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
Cambridge University Press
Chapter 5 Interpreting linear relationships
127
Example 2
Graphing a linear function
Draw the graph of y = 2x - 1.

Solution
1 2
Draw a table of values for x and y. Let x = -2, -1, 0, 1 and 2. Find y using the linear function y = 2x - 1. Draw a number plane with x as the horizontal axis and y as the vertical axis. Plot the points (-2, -5), (-1, -3), (0, -1), (1, 1) and (2, 3). Join the points to make a straight line.
x y
-2 -5
-1 -3
y 3 2 1
0 -1
1 1
2 3
3 4 5
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Example 3
Graphing a linear function using a graphics calculator
Use a graphics calculator to draw the graph of y = 2x - 1.

Solution
1 2 3 4 5
Select the Graph menu. Enter the formula y = 2x - 1 by typing 2X1 at Y1. The graph of Y1 = 2X1 is the same as y = 2x - 1. Edit the axes to an appropriate scale. Select SHIFT F3 for the V-Window. Enter the Xmin = 3, Xmax = 3 , Ymin = 5, Ymax = 3. Press EXE to exit V-Window.
Select F6 to draw the graph.
128
Exercise 5A
1
Chocolates are sold for $12 per kg. The table below shows weight against cost. Weight (w) Cost (c)
a c
1 12
2 24
3 36
4 48
5 60
b d
Which is the dependent variable? Draw a graph of weight against cost.
Which is the independent variable? Use the graph to find c if w is 1.5.
Mobile phone call costs are charged at a rate of 20 cents per minute. Time (t) Cost (c)
a c
1 0.20
2 0.40
3 0.60
4 0.80
5 1.00
6 1.20
b d
Which is the dependent variable? Draw a graph of time against cost.
Which is the independent variable? Use the graph to find t if c is 0.90.
Soraya conducted a science experiment and presented the results in a table. Mass (m) Time (t)
a
3 2.2
6 3.7
9 5.2
12 6.7
15 8.2
b
Draw a graph of mass against time.
Use the graph to find t if m is 10.
Complete the following table of values for each linear function.

a
y=x+1 x y 0 1 2 3 4
y = 2x x y 0 2 4 6 8
b = 3a + 4 a b -2 -1 0 1 2
q = -p + 1 p q -2 -1 0 1 2
Use the table of values from the above question to graph these linear functions. a y=x+1 b y = 2x c b = 3a + 4 d q = -p + 1
129
Development
6
The cost (c) of apples is $2.50 per kilogram and is determined by the formula c = 2.5w where (w) is the weight of the apples. a Construct a table of values for the weight against cost. Use 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 for w. b Draw the graph of the weight (w) against the cost (c). c How many kilograms of apples can be purchased for $15? The age of a computer (t) in years to its current value (v) in $100 is v = -5t + 30.
a b c d e
Construct a table of values for the age against current value. (t = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) Draw the graph of the age (t) against current value (v). What is the initial cost of the computer? What will be the current value of the computer after two years? When will the computer be half its initial cost?
8
The cost of hiring a taxi is $3 flag fall and $2 per kilometre travelled. a Construct a table of values using 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 as values for kilometres travelled (d) and calculating cost of the taxi (C). b Draw the graph of the kilometres travelled (d) against cost of taxi (C). Emily was born on Jacks tenth birthday. a Construct a table of values using 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 as values for Emilys age (E ) and calculating Jacks age (J ). b Draw the graph of Emilys age (E) against Jacks age (J). One Australian dollar (AUD) was converted to 1.20 New Zealand dollars (NZD). a Construct a table of values using 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 as values for AUD and calculate the NZD using the above conversion. b Draw the graph of the AUD against NZD.
10
130
5.2 Gradient and intercept

Gradient
5.2 The gradient of a line is the slope or steepness of the line. It is calculated by dividing the vertical rise by the horizontal run. The larger the gradient, the steeper the slope. The letter m is often used to indicate gradient.
Vertical rise Horizontal run
Gradient (or m) =
Vertical r rtical rise Horizontal run
Positive gradients are lines that go up to the right or are increasing. Conversely, negative gradients are lines that go down to the right or are decreasing.
+
Positive gradient
Negative gradient
Example 4
Finding the gradient of a line
Find the gradient of a line through the points (1, 1) and (3, 4).
Solution
1 2 3 4
Draw a number plane with x as the horizontal axis and y as the vertical axis. Plot the points (1, 1) and (3, 4). Draw a line between the two points. Construct a right-angled triangle by drawing a vertical and a horizontal line. The line is positive as it slopes towards the right. Determine the vertical rise (4 1 = 3). Determine the horizontal run (3 1 = 2). Substitute 3 for the vertical rise and 2 for the horizontal run into the formula.
y 4 3 2 1 0
(3, 4)
Vertical rise (1, 1) Horizontal run 1 2 3 4 x
5 6 7 8
Gradient or m =
Vertical r rtical rise Horizontal run 3 =+ 2
131
Intercept
The intercept of a line is where the line cuts the axes. The intercept on the vertical axis is called the y-intercept and is denoted by the letter b. The intercept on the horizontal axis is called the x-intercept and is denoted by the letter a. Gradient Intercept
Gradient of a line is the slope of the line. The intercept of a line is where the line cuts the axes. Vertical intercept is often denoted by b. Vertical r rtical rise Gradient (or m) = Horizontal run
Example 5
Finding the gradient and vertical intercept
Find the gradient and vertical intercept for the line y = -2x + 1.
Solution
1 2
Draw a table of values for x and y. Let x = 1, 0 and 1. Find y using the linear function y = -2x + 1. Draw a number plane with x as the horizontal axis and y as the vertical axis. Plot the points (1, 3), (0, 1) and (1, 1). Draw a line between these points. Construct a right-angled triangle by drawing a vertical and a horizontal line. The line is negative as it slopes towards the left. Determine the vertical rise (3 1 = 2). Determine the horizontal run (0 1 = 1). Substitute 2 for the vertical rise and 1 for the horizontal run into the formula. Evaluate. The line cuts the vertical axis at 1.
x y
-1 3
y 3
0 1
1 -1
3 4 5 6
Vertical rise
7 8 9 10 11 12
1 Horizontal run 0 2 1 1
Vertical intercept
Gradient or m =
Vertical rise Horizontal run 2 = 1 = 2
Intercept on the vertical axis is 1.
132
Exercise 5B
1
Find the gradient of the following lines.

a
y 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 x
y 2 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 2 x
y 8 4 2 1 0 4 8 1 2 x
y 16 12 8 4 0 1 2 3 4 x
What is the gradient of the line that joins these points? a (0, 1) and (2, 5) b (1, 3) and (2, 2) c (2, 1) and (4, 2) What is the intercept on the vertical axis for the following lines?
a
y 4 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 1 1 2 3 x
y 4 2 0 2 4 x
133
Development
4
Plot the following points on a number plane and join them to form a straight line. Determine the gradient and y-intercept for each line.
a
x y
0 2 0 -1
1 4 2 1
2 6 4 3
3 8 6 5
4 10 8 7
x y
-2 3 0 0
-1 1 3 1
0 -1 6 2
1 -3 9 3
2 -5 12 4
x y
x y
Draw a graph of these linear functions and find the gradient and y-intercept.
a d
y=x+3 2 y= x3 3
b e
y = -x + 1 y + 3 = 4x
c f
1 x +1 2 2x - y = 0 y=
The distance (d) a train travels in kilometres is calculated using the formula d = 150t where (t) is the time taken in hours. a Construct a table of values using 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 as values for t. Calculate the distance (d). b Draw the graph of the distance (d) against the time (t). c What is the gradient of the graph? d What is the intercept on the vertical axis?
Meat is sold for $16 per kilogram. a Construct a table of values using 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 as values for the number of kilograms (n). Calculate the cost (c) of the meat. b Draw the graph of the cost (c) against the number of kilograms (n). c What is the gradient of the graph? d What is the intercept on the vertical axis?
134
5.3 Gradientintercept formula

When the equation of a straight line is written in the form y = mx + b it is called the gradientintercept formula. The gradient is m, the coefficient of x, and the y-intercept is b, the constant term. The independent variable in the formula is x and the dependent variable in the formula is y. The gradientintercept formula is useful in modelling relationships in many practical situations. However, the variables are often changed to reect the situation. For example, the formula c = 25n + 100 has c as the cost of the event ($) and n as the number of guests. These letters are the dependent and independent variables.
5.3
Gradientintercept formula Linear equation y = mx + b. m Slope or gradient of the line (vertical rise over the horizontal run). b y-intercept. Where the line cuts the y-axis or vertical axis.
Example 6
Finding the gradient and y-intercept from its equation
Write down the gradient and y-intercept from each of the following equations. a y = -2 + 5x b y=8-x c y = 6x d y - 3x = 4
Solution
1 2 3 4 5 6
Write the equation in gradientintercept form. Gradient is the coefficient of x. y-intercept is the constant term. Write the equation in gradientintercept form. Gradient is the coefficient of x. y-intercept is the constant term.
y = -2 + 5x y = 5x - 2 Gradient is 5, y-intercept is 2 y=8-x y = -1x + 8 Gradient is 1, y-intercept is 8
135
7 8 9 10 11 12
Write the equation in gradient intercept form. Gradient is the coefficient of x. y-intercept is the constant term. Write the equation in gradient intercept form. Gradient is the coefficient of x. y-intercept is the constant term.
y = 6x y = 6x + 0 Gradient is 6, y-intercept is 0 y - 3x = 4 y = 3x + 4 Gradient is 3, y-intercept is 4
Sketching graphs of linear functions

Sketching a straight-line graph requires at least two points. When an equation is written in gradientintercept form, one point on the graph is immediately available: the y-intercept. A second point can be quickly calculated using the gradient or by substituting a suitable value of x into the equation.
Example 7
Sketching a straight-line graph from its equation
Draw the graph of y = 3x + 1.

Solution
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8
Write the equation in gradientintercept form. Gradient is the coefficient of x or 3. y-intercept is the constant term or 1. Mark the y-intercept on the y-axis at (0, 1). Gradient of 3 (or 3 ) indicates a vertical rise 1 of 3 and a horizontal run of 1. Start at the y-intercept (0, 1) and draw a horizontal line, 1 unit in length. Then draw a vertical line, 3 units in length. The resulting point (1, 4) is a point on the required line. Join the points (0, 1) and (1, 4) to make the straight line.
y = 3x + 1 Gradient is 3, y-intercept is 1
y 4 3 2 (0, 1) 2 1 1 0 1 Rise = 3 Run = 1 1 2 x (1, 4)
136
Exercise 5C
1
Write down the gradient and y-intercept from each of the following equations. a y = 4x + 2 b y = 3x - 7 c y = 5x + 0.4 d y = 1.5x - 2 1 e y= x+3 f y = 5 - 3x 2 g y=x h y = 2 + 5x Write down the equation of a line that has: a gradient = 3 and y-intercept = 2 c gradient = 4 and y-intercept = 1 Find the equation of the following line graphs.
a
b d
gradient = 2 and y-intercept = 10 gradient = 0.5 and y-intercept = 1
y 3 2 1 2 1 0 1 1 2 3 x
y 2 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 2 x
y 1 2 1 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 x
y 12 8 4 1 2 3 4 x
A straight line has the equation y = 2x + 3. a What are the gradient and the y-intercept? b Sketch the straight line on a number plane using the gradient and y-intercept.
137
Development
5
It is known that y varies directly with x. When x = 4, y = 12. a Write a linear equation in the form y = mx to describe this situation. b Draw the graph of y against x. Kalinas pay (p) is directly proportional to the number of hours (h) she works. For an 8-hour day she receives $168. a Write a linear equation in the form p = mh to describe this situation. b Draw the graph of p against h.
A bike is travelling at constant speed. It travels 350 km in 7 hours. a Write a linear equation in the form d = mt to describe this situation. b Draw the graph of d against t. Sketch the graphs of the following equations on the same number plane. a y = 2x b y = 2x + 1 c y = 2x + 2 d y = -x e y = -x - 1 f y = -x - 2 g What do you notice about these graphs? Sketch the graphs of the following equations on the same number plane. 1 a y=x+1 b y = 3x + 1 c y = x +1 2 d y = -x - 2 e y = -2x - 2 f y = -3x - 2 g What do you notice about these graphs?
10
Sketch the graphs of the following equations using the gradientintercept formula. 2 1 a y= x+2 b y = 0.25x - 3 c y=2 x 3 3 d y = - 0.5x - 3 e y+x=5 f 4x + y = 8
g
2x + y + 6 = 0
x + 4y = 0
3x - y = -3
138
5.4 Simultaneous equations

Two straight lines will always intersect unless they are parallel. The point at which two straight lines intersect can be found by sketching the two graphs on the one set of axes and reading off the coordinates at the point of intersection. When the point of intersection is found it is said to be solving the equations simultaneously. Solving two linear equations simultaneously from a graph
1 2 3
5.4
Draw a number plane. Graph both linear equations on the number plane. Read the point of intersection of the two straight lines.
Example 8
Finding the solution of simultaneous linear equations
By drawing their graphs find the simultaneous solution of y = 2x + 3 and y = -x.

Solution
1
2 3 4 5 6
Use the gradientintercept form to determine the gradient and y-intercept for each line. Gradient is the coefficient of x. y-intercept is the constant term. Draw a number plane. Sketch y = 2x + 3 using the y-intercept of 3 and gradient of 2. Sketch y = -x using the y-intercept of 0 and gradient of 1. Find the point of intersection of the two lines (1, 1).
y = 2x + 3 Gradient is 2, y-intercept is 3 y = -x Gradient is 1, y-intercept is 0

y 3 y = 2x + 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 y = x 1 2 3 x
Simultaneous solution is the point of intersection.
Simultaneous solution is x = -1 and y = 1
139
Exercise 5D
1
What is the point of intersection for each of these pairs of straight lines?
a
y 4 3 y=x+3 2 1 3 2 1 0 1 2 1 2 3 x
y 3 2 1 1 0 1 3 1 2 3 4 5 x y = x + 2
2 y = x 2
y = 2x
y 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 x y = 0.5x + 1
y y = 2x + 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 1 2 y = 4x + 1 3 1 2 3 x
y = 1x 2
Plot the following points on a number plane and join them to form two straight lines. What is the point of intersection of these straight lines? x y x y 0 0 0 6 1 2 1 5 2 4 2 4 3 6 3 3 4 8 4 2
y 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 x
140
Plot the following points on a number plane and join them to form two straight lines. What is the point of intersection of these straight lines? x y x y -2 -6 -2 6 -1 -5 -1 3 0 -4 0 0 1 -3 1 -3 2 -2 2 -6
y 6 5 4 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 x
The graph opposite shows the cost of producing boxes of sweets and the income received from their sale. a Use the graph to determine the number of boxes which need to be sold to break even. b How much profit or loss is made when 4 boxes are sold? c How much profit or loss is made when 1 box is sold? d What are the initial costs?
y 50 Dollars ($) 40 30 20 10 1 2 y 3 4 Boxes 5 x Costs Income
The graph opposite shows the cost of producing a pack of batteries and the income received from their sale. a Use the graph to determine the number of packs that need to be sold to break even. b How much profit or loss is made when 5 packs are sold? c How much profit or loss is made when 20 packs are sold? d What are the initial costs?
400 350 Dollars ($) 300 250 200 150 100 50
Income
Costs
x 5 10 15 20 Packs
141
Development
6
Draw the graphs of the following pairs of equations and find their simultaneous solution. a y = x + 1 and y = -2x b y = 3x - 3 and y = x + 1 c y = 5x + 1 and y = 3x - 7 d y = x and y = 4x + 3 Zaina buys and sells books. Income received by selling n books is calculated using the formula I = 16n. Costs associated in selling n books are calculated using the formula C = 8n + 24. a Draw the graph of I = 16n and C = 8n + 24 on same number plane. b What are the initial costs? c Use the graph to determine the number of books needed to be sold to break even. d How much profit or loss is made when 6 books are sold?
8
Amy and Nghi work for the same company and their wages are a and b respectively. a Amy earns $100 more than Nghi. Write an equation to describe this information. b The total of Amys and Nghis wages is $1500. Write an equation to describe this information. c Draw a graph of the above two equations on the same number plane. Use a as the horizontal axis and b as the vertical axis. d Use the intersection of the two graphs to find Amys and Nghis wage. A factory produces items whose costs are $200 plus $40 for every item. The factory receives $45 for every item sold. a Write an equation to describe the relationship between the: i costs (C) and number of items (n) ii income (I) and number of items (n) b Draw a graph to represent the costs and income for producing the item. c How many items need to be sold to break even?
142
5.5 Linear functions as models

Linear modelling occurs when a practical situation is described mathematically using a linear function. For example, the gradientintercept form of a straight-line graph can sometimes be used to model catering costs. A catering company charges a base amount of $100 plus a rate of $25 per guest. Using this information, we can write down a linear equation to model the cost of the event. Let c be the cost of the event ($) and n be the number of guests, we can write c = 25n + 100. Note: The number of guests (n) must be greater than zero and a whole number. Catering cost c The graph of this linear model has been drawn 1500 opposite. There are two important features of 1000 this linear model: 500 1 Gradient is the rate per guest or $25. n 2 The c-intercept is the base amount or $100.
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Example 9
Using graphs to make conversions

EUR 30 25 20 15 10 5 10 20 30 40 50 AUD Australian dollars to euros
The graph opposite is used to convert Australian dollars to euros. Use the graph to convert: a 50 Australian dollars to euros b 15 euros to Australian dollars
Solution
1 2
Read from the graph (when AUD = 50, EUR = 30). Read from the graph (when EUR = 15, AUD = 25).
a b
30 EUR 25 AUD
143
Example 10
Interpreting linear models
Water is pumped into a partially full tank. The graph gives the volume of water V (in litres) after t minutes. a How much water is in the tank at the start? b How much water is in the tank after 10 minutes? c The tank holds 1600 L. How long does it take to fill? d Find the equation of the straight line in terms of V and t. e Use the equation to calculate the volume of water in the tank after 7 minutes. f How many litres are pumped into the tank each minute?
V 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200
Volume of water
2 4 6 8 10 12 Solution
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Read from the graph (when t = 0, V = 300). Read from the graph (when t = 10, V = 1400). Read from the graph (when V = 1600, t = 12). Find the gradient by choosing two suitable points such as (0, 400) and (12, 1600). Calculate the gradient (m) between these points using the gradient formula. Determine the vertical intercept (400). Substitute the gradient and y-intercept into the gradientintercept form y = mx + b. Use the appropriate variables (V for y, t for x). Substitute t = 7 into the equation. Evaluate. Check the answer using the graph. The rate at which water is pumped into the tank is the gradient of the graph. (m =100)
a b c d
400 L 1400 L 12 minutes m= Rise b = 400 Run 1600 400 = 12 0 = 100
y = mx + b V = 100t + 400
e
V = 100t + 400 = 100 7 + 400 = 1100 L 100 L/min
144
Exercise 5E
1
Water is pumped into a partially full tank. The graph gives the volume of water V (in litres) after t minutes. a How much water is in the tank at the start? v Volume of water b How much water is in the tank after 5 minutes? 3000 c How much water is in the tank after 8 minutes? 2500 d The tank holds 2500 L. How long does it take to fill? 2000 e Use the graph to calculate the volume of water in the 1500 tank after 7 minutes.
1000 500 2 4 6 8 10 t
The conversion graph opposite is used to convert Australian dollars to Chinese yuan. Use the graph to convert: a 80 Australian dollars to yuan b 50 Australian dollars to yuan c 100 yuan to Australian dollars d 350 yuan to Australian dollars e What is the gradient of the conversion graph?
CNY 500 400 300 200 100
Australian dollars to Chinese yuan
20 40 60 80 100
AUD
A post office charges according to the weight of a parcel. Use the step graph to determine the postal charges for the following parcels. a 50 g b 900 g c 200 g d 800 g
Postal charges 4 Cost ($) 3 2 1 200 400 600 800 1000 Weight (g)
145
Development
4
A new piece of equipment is purchased by a business for $120000. Its value is depreciated each month using the graph opposite. a What was the value of the equipment after Value of equipment v 32 months? b What was the value of the equipment after one 120 year? 100 c When does the line predict the equipment will 80 have no value? 60 d Find the equation of the straight line in terms 40 of v and t. 20 e Use the equation to predict the value of the equipment after 2 months. 8 16 24 32 40 48 f By how much does the equipment depreciate Months in value each month?
$ 1000
Amount (billions of $)
The amount of money transacted through ATMs has increased with the number of ATMs available. The graph below shows this increase. a What was the amount of money transacted through ATMs when there were 500000 machines? b How many ATM machines resulted in an amount of 75 billion? c Find the equation of the line in terms of amount of money transacted, A, and the number of ATMs, N. d Use the equation to predict the amount of money transacted when there were A 350000 machines. 125 e Use the equation to predict how much money will be transacted through ATM 100 machines when there are 1000000 machines. 75
50 25
Amount of transactions through ATMs
100 200 300 400 500 Number of machines (thousands)

ISBN: 9781107627291 The Powers Family Trust 2013 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party Cambridge University Press
146
A phone company charges a monthly service fee, plus the cost of calls. The graph below gives the total monthly charge, C dollars, for making n calls. This includes the service fee. a How much is the monthly service fee? Total monthly b How much does the company charge if you make charge C 20calls a month? 70 c How many calls are made if the total monthly charge 60 is $30? 50 d Find the equation of the line in terms of total monthly 40 charge (C) and the number of calls (n).
30 20 10 20 40 60 80 100 n
7
A company charges the following parking fees: $10 per hour for up to 3 hours, $15 up to 6 hours and $20 for over 6 hours. a Draw a step graph to illustrate the parking fees, with the Time (h) on the horizontal axis and Cost ($) on the vertical axis. b What is the cost to park for 4 hours? Use the step graph. c Liam arrived in the parking area at 10.30 a.m. and left at 1.00 p.m. How much did he pay for parking? d Ruby arrived in the parking area at 5.15 p.m. and left at 11.15 p.m. How much did she pay for parking?
14.7
Tomas converted 100 Australian dollars to 40 British pounds. a Draw a conversion graph with Australian dollars on the horizontal axis and British pounds on the vertical axis. b How many British pounds is 40 Australian dollars? Use the conversion graph. c How many Australian dollars is 10 British pounds? Use the conversion graph. d Find the gradient and vertical intercept for the conversion graph. e Write an equation that relates Australian dollars (AUD) to British pounds (GBP).
147
Review
Chapter summary Interpreting linear relationships

Graphing linear functions 1
Study guide 5
Construct a table of values with the independent variable as the first row and the dependent variable as the second row. Draw a number plane with the independent variable on the horizontal axis and the dependent variable as the vertical axis. Plot the points. Join the points to make a straight line.
Gradient and intercept
Gradient of a line is the slope of the line. Gradient (or m) = Vertical rise Horizontal run
The intercept of a line is where the line cuts the axes. Linear equation in the form y = mx + b. m Slope or gradient of the line. b y-intercept. Sketching a straight line requires at least two points. When an equation is written in gradientintercept form, one point on the graph is immediately available: the y-intercept. A second point can be quickly calculated using the gradient.
Gradientintercept formula
Simultaneous equations
1 2 3
Draw a number plane. Graph both linear equations on the number plane. Read the point of intersection of the two straight lines.
Linear functions as models
Linear modelling occurs when a practical situation is described mathematically using a linear function.
148
Review
Sample HSC Objective-response questions

1
An equation that compares the age of a fax machine (t) in years to its current value (v) is v = -40t + 150. What is the value of the fax machine after two years? A 70 B 108 C 150 D 230 What is the gradient of the line drawn opposite? 2 3 A B 3 4 4 3 C D 3 2 Using the graph opposite, what is the y-intercept of this line? A 2 B 1 C 1 D 2
2 1
y
4 2 0 2 4 1 2 x
A straight line has the equation of y = -3x + 1. What is the y-intercept? A 3 B 1 C 1 D 3 A car is travelling at a constant speed. It travels 60 km in 3 hours. This situation is described by the linear equation d = mt. What is the value of m? A 0.05 B 3 C 20 D 60 What is the point of intersection of the lines y = x + 1 and y = -x + 1? A (0, 0) B (0, 1) C (1, 0) D (1, 1) What is the equation of the line drawn opposite? A c=n B c = n + 30 C c = 30n D c = 8n + 240 Using the graph opposite, what is the charge for 12 months? A 24 B 36 C 240 D 360
c 240 180 120 60 2
Monthly charge
149
Review
Sample HSC Short-answer questions

1
An internet access plan charges an excess fee of $8 per GB. Data (d) Cost (c)
a b c d
1 8
2 16
3 24
4 32
5 40
6 48
Which is the dependent variable? Which is the independent variable? Draw a graph of data against cost. Use the graph to find d if c is 20.
One Australian dollar (AUD) was converted to 0.90 Japanese yen (JPY). a Construct a table of values using 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 as values for AUD and calculate the JPY using the above conversion. b Draw the graph of the AUD against JPY.
What is the gradient of the line that joins these points? a (1, 5) and (3, 7) b (2, 1) and (0, 4) c (3, 1) and (2, 11) Draw a graph of these linear functions and find the gradient and y-intercept. a y = x + 1 b y = -2x + 5 c y = 3x - 2 Find the equations of the following line graphs. a y
2 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 2 x
y 4 2 4 2 0 2 4 2 4 x
150
Review
Chapter summary shows Earning Money 6 The graph opposite the cost of growing a rose and the income received from the sale
of the roses. a Use the graph to determine the number of roses which need to be sold to break even. b How much profit or loss is made when 1 rose is sold? c How much profit or loss is made when 4 roses are sold? d What are the initial costs?
80 Dollars ($) 60 40 20 1
Income Costs
2 3 Roses
A motor vehicle is purchased by a business for $30000. Its value is then depreciated each month using the graph opposite. a What was the value of the motor vehicle after 24months? b What was the value of the motor vehicle after one year? c Find the equation of the straight line in terms of v and t. d Use the equation to predict the value of the motor vehicle after 6 months. e When does the line predict that the motor vehicle will have no value? f By how much does the motor vehicle depreciate in value each month?
v 30 24 18 12 6
Motor vehicle
Dollars ($ 1000)
t 12 24 36 48 Time (months)
The table below shows the speed v (in km/s) of a rocket at time t seconds. Time (t) Speed (v)
a b c
1 2
2 3
3 4.5
4 6
5 7.5
Draw a number plane with time (t) on the horizontal axis and speed (v) on the vertical axis. Plot the points from the table and draw a straight line through these points. Extend the straight line to predict the rockets speed when t = 6 seconds. Challenge questions 5

Chapter 5 Interpreting Linear Relationships

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Chapter 5 Interpreting Linear Relationships

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

C H A P T E R

Interpreting linear relationships

5.1 Graphing linear functions

Preliminary Mathematics General

Independent and dependent variables

Graphing a linear function from a table of values

c Cost of postage Cost of postage in $ 6 5 4 3 2 1 w 1 2 3 4 5 Weight of parcel in kg

2.5 kg would cost about $3.

Cambridge University Press