INTRODUCTORY TO TOEFL

WHAT IS TOEFL ? TOEFL (Test Of English as a Foreign Language): - A proficiency test for any purposes Scholarship Getting job Taking higher education Promotion - An international standard test - English standard American English 1. KIND OF QUESTIONS IN TOEFL TEST SECTION 1.LISTENING COMPREHENTION A. SHORT CONFERSATION B. LONGER CONFERSATION C. SPEECH/MINI TALK 2. STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EX. A.INCOMPLETE SENTENCE B.UNDERLINED WORDS/PHRASE 3. READING COMPREHENSION Total TIME NUMBER OF QUEST 50 30 10 10 40 15 25 50 140

35

25

55 115

TYPES OF QUESTIONS IN LIST. SEC. PART A What does mean? What does imply about ...? What will ..probably do? What are the speakers talking about? What did .. Suggest that ..do? What does .. Think about? What had assumed about ..? Where does the conversation take place?

TYPES OF QUESTIONS IN LIST. SEC. PART B & C Main topic Detail questions (what, when, where why, how, etc) TYPE OF QUESTION IN SEC. 2 Example for section 2 I wish you would tell me .. a. Who is being lived next door b. Who does live in the next door c. Who lives next door. d. who next door was living In the United States, there are much holidays throughout the year a b c d TYPES OF QUESTIONS IN SECTION 3 * Main idea Detail questions (what, where, when, why, how, etc)

GRAMMAR REVIEW
Normal sentence pattern in English Subject (the doer) Tom and Bob Who/what Verb (the action) Bought Complement/obj (To complete) A novel Whom/what Modifier (place & time) To modify In Solo yesterday When/where How etc.

who came here yesterday? what happened this morning? with whom did you go to Solo? what did you drink last night? With count nouns a/an, the, some, any, this, that, these, those, none, one, many, several, a lot of, a great number of, a large number of, a few, fewer. Than . more.than .. With noun count nouns - - The, some, any, this, that, - none, much, a lot of, a large amount of, a little, less ,than . more .than ..

Some irregular count nouns Person-people child-children tooth-teeth foot-feet mouse-mice man-men woman-women Some non count nouns : Sand, news, measles, food, soap, mumps, information, water,economics, physics, meat, advertising, homework, money, water Non Count includes : Solid, liquid, gas and abstract things

ARTICLE A/AN AND THE

A/An : - for general statement (ex. A baseball is round) - not specific thing (ex. I bought a book last night) A is used with a consonant sound An is used with a vowel sound The : - for specific thing ex. The boy in the corner is my friend - common knowledge ex. The earth is round Guide for the use of article the Use the - Oceans, rivers, gulfs, plural lakes (The Red Sea, The Atlantic Ocean The Persian Gulf, The Great Lakes) - Mountains - The Earth, the moon - The school of Art, The University of Ohio - Ordinal Number ( ex. the first) - Names of countries which more than one word (except Great Britain) ex. The United States - Historical documents. Ex. The Magna Charta Dont use the - Singular lakes (ex. Lake Toba) - Mount (ex. Mount Lawu) - Planets ( Venus, March) - Ohio University, Art School etc - Cardinal number (ex. Chapter one - Countries with only one word (ex. France, North Korea - Continents Africa, Asia etc - Sport/abstract noun/lesson (ex. Baseball, Freedom, Mathematics

The use of expression other Another Other singular count noun plural count noun Non count noun The other Singular CN Pl CN Non CN - the other pen Specific - the other books - the other ink - another pen - other people - other drink

not specific

the other books = the other ones = the others

TENSES AND ASPECTS

PRESENT : Simple Present T Present Progressive Present Perfect Present Perfect Progressive Simple past t Past progressive Past perfect Past perfect Progressive Simple Future Future Progressive Future Perfect Future perfect Progressive

Past :

Future :

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Simple present : F : S + V1 (+ s/es) Note : He/she/it (+s/es) most verbs are added with s etc verb ends in : sh, ch, ss, x, zz (ex. Washes, watches, passes, fixes, buzzes) do/go ------- does/goes cry ---------- cries buy --------- buys walks, talks, speaks added with es habitual - he usually walks to work general facts - the earth is round, - sky is blue

2. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS)

Present Prog. an action that is in progress/ happening now/at present (except for non progressive verbs) definite future

F : S + am/is/are + V-ing. ex. : Henry is reading a novel now (present time) Bob is playing tennis tonight (future time)

They understand the problem now ( non prog.) Non progressive verbs : know, understand, have*, believe, hate, need, hear, love, appear, see, like, seem, smell, want, taste, wish, sound, own, think*, exist, belong, possess, prefer

Note: non prog non prog

(possess) have (believe) think

idiom he is having lunch now thought Ann is thinking about her son

3. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Simple past F : S + V-2 . an action that happened in the past at a specific time Yesterday .. last . ago in 2002 this morning

ex. John went to France last year. Bob washed the dishes after dinner He was here last night

4. PAST CONTINOUS
F : S + was/were + V-ing. An action that was in progress in the past and was interrupted by another action. ex. When Mark came home, Marta was watching television or While Marta was watching television, Mark came home Two actions happening at the same time in the past. ex. Ann was reading a book, while Tom was taking a bath or While Tom was taking a bath, Ann was reading a book An action happening at some specific time in the past ex. Bob was watching television at 7 oclock last night

5. PRESENT PERFECT
F : (+) (-) (?) S + has / have + V-3 S + has/have + not + V-3 Have/Has + S + V-3 ?

Present Perfect is used to indicate : An action that happened at unspecific time in the past ex. John has traveled around the world. An Action that was repeated more than once in the past ex. They have seen the movie three times An action that began in the past and still continue at present ex. John has lived in that house for fifteen years or John has lived in that house since 1992 - He has already finished his work. ( Affirmative S) - He has not finished his work yet ( Negative S)

6. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

F : S + Has/have + been + V ing An action that began in the past and is still occurring at present ( present perfect rules, third item) ex. Tom has been working for ten years since 1998.

7. PAST PERFECT
An action that happened before another action in the past F : S + Had + V-3. ex. He had eaten lunch before he went to campus An action that began in the past and stopped before another action. ex. Bob Had waited for fifteen minutes when the bus came

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

F : S + had + been + V-ing ( Past perfect rules, second item ) ex. He had been waiting for fifteen minutes when the bus came

9. SIMPLE FUTURE
An action that will happen in the future F : S + will + V-1 . S + be + going to + V- 1. Ex. Bob will come to the party tonight Bob is going to come to the party Note : will : unplanned/volunteer. Be going to : planned F/definite F tomorrow . tonight next . later

10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS

In progress in the future (a point of time) F : S + will + be + V-ing ex. Ann will be reading at 7 pm tonight.

11. FUTURE PERFECT

An action that will have finished in the future F : S + Will + have + V-3 ex. Rudi will have finished his study next December.

12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

F : S + will + have + been + V-ing ex. Tom will have been working for three years next month

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

ex. The elevator works very well. The elevators work very well. sing sing. plural plural The study of languages is very interesting sing sing The following expression also have no effect on the verb A. together with - along with accompanied by as well as ex. Bob, along with his five friends, is going to the party tonight B. Words that always take singular verbs any no one ex. Everybody is here now Some body every each Either Neither thing - If either of you takes vacation, we cant finish the work - If neither of you comes, we cant finish the work

None / No --- can take either a singular or plural verb. ex. None of the money has been given None of the students have finished the exam No example is relevant No examples are relevant Either John or Bill is going to the beach today sing sing Neither Bill nor his brothers are going to the beach today plural plural Gerunds as subjects singular ex. Writing many letters makes her happy Collective Nouns singular

Congress - family - group - committee - class - organization Team - army - club - crowd - government jury public-majority* ex. The jury is ready now. Public is important for the president

 A group of certain animals ---- singular ex. A flock of birds is circling over the building A number of students are coming to the class The number of students is coming to the class Nouns that are always plural Scissors - shorts - pants - jeans - tongs - trousers pliers -tweezers The scissors are on the table there are pliers on the box PRONOUNS Possessive Adj. Poss. P. My . Mine our . Ours their theirs your . Yours his . her . its .. His Hers Its

Subject P I we they you he she it

Object P me us them you him her it

Reflexive P myself ourselves themselves yourself yourselves himself herself itself

Mr. Bob called me this morning It is her book It was he, who will go to Japan I gave some money to him The pen that is on the chair is mine Tom saw himself on the mirror ------ S = O Ann lives in Solo by herself ------ alone Bob himself will clean this room --- to emphasis

Reflexive P :

VERBS AS COMPLEMENTS
Verbs followed by infinitive. ex. John expects to meet Mr. Duver Verbs followed by gerund ex. John admitted stealing the jewel Verbs can be followed by either infinitive or gerund ex. It began raining or It began to rain Verbs followed by inf. or gerund, but have different meaning ex. - John stops smoking - John stops to smoke

 Verb + preposition Noun + Prep. Adj. + preposition

ex. Bob Gives up working followed by V-ing ex. There is no reason for leaving early ex. He is interested in studying Arabic Adjective followed by infinitive ex. Tom is able to speak English It is good to drink water in the morning

PRONOUN BEFORE GERUND OR INFINITIVE

Obj Pronoun followed by infinitive ex. Mr. Bob asked me to call Tomy op inf Possessive Adj. followed by gerund . ex. I regret your leaving poss adj The verb NEED Animate being + need + inf Inanimate being + Need + V-ing + to be + V-3 S + to be + in need of + noun

ex. Bob needs to repair his car. ex. The car needs repairing ex. The car needs to be repaired ex. - He is in need of money - The car is in need of repair

QUESTIONS
1. Yes/No question F : Auxiliary + Subject Is Mary Do you Have you Will Tomi Did Roni 2. Information Questions F : QW + Aux + What did What places have Where are QW + verb + ex. - Who cleaned the answer is yes or no + verb. + (Rest of Sentence) ? going to school today ? like traveling? finished work? come tomorrow ? come last week ? asks for information S + V + (complement) + (modifier) ? you eat this morning ? you visited since you came here ? they going now ?

(complement) + (modifier) ----- asking subject this room ? (someone cleaned this room)

- What

happened

last night?

(something happened last night)

3. Embedded Q included in a sentence or another question F : S + verb + QW + S + verb ex. - I know where Tommy is going now - I dont care what you will do. Question Sentence + QW + S + V + ( C/O) + (Modifier) Do you know Where Rudi went Yesterday ? what Linda drinks in the morning ? how They will go to Jakarta ? 4. Tag Question is used to verify the previous statement. ex. There is a play to night, isnt there? Bob didnt come yesterday, did he?

AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Affirmative Agreement : too / so ex.- I am tired and you are too ( S + aux + too) and so are you ( so + aux + S ) - Bob will come tonight, and I will too and so will I - Reni went to campus yesterday, and Tom did too , and so did Tom Negative Agreement : Either / neither ex. - The teachers didnt come yesterday and the students didnt either and neither did the students - My brother wont go, and I wont either and neither will I

COMMAND
Command Positive Command Direct command Indirect Command Negative Command Direct command Indirect command

V1 Pos. D C ----- Open the door, please. Pos. I C (uses verbs : order, ask, say, tell) --- John ask Marry to open the door

V1 Neg. D C ----- Do not open the door, please. Neg. I C ----- John Told Marry not to open the door inf MODAL AUXILIARIES Modal auxiliaries include : Will Can May shall Must Would Could Might Should have to Ought to had better

inf

Basic rule of modal aux. : - Modal + simple verb - Modal + Have + V-3 ex. He will go to the meeting tomorrow She might have been sick

IF CLAUSE/CONDITIONAL CLAUSE If clause 1. Possibly True : a. Future time Present tense ex. If Tom has much money, -----b. Habitual Present tense ex. If Mr. has time, ---------------c. Command present tense ex. If you go to the store ----------2. Present/future unreal Past tense ex. If Bob Had a new car, -----------(he doesnt have a new car) 3. Past unreal Past perfect ex. If Katy had come yesterday, -----( in fact he didnt come yest) Main clause will/may/can + V-1 --- he will buy a new car. present tense ---he usually walks to work present tense --- please buy me some food would/might/could + V-1 --- He would drive it every day would/might/could + have + V-3 -- John would have given him a price

AS IF/AS THOUGH 1. As if/as though indicate something unreal (similar to conditional clause) Subject + Verb (present) + as if/as though + S + verb (past) ex. - Angi walks as if she studied modeling. - He acts as though he were rich

(she doesnt study modeling) 2. Subject + verb (past) + as if/as though + S + verb (past perfect) ex. He looked so tired as if he had run ten miles ( he didnt run ten miles) HOPE > < WISH I hope that Rendy will come tomorrow > < I wish that Rendy could come tomorrow I hope that he came yesterday > < I wish that he had come yesterday A. Future wish : S + wish + (that) + S + could/would + V ex. I wish that Rudy could come tonight B. Present wish : S + wish + (that) + S + past tense . ex. I wish that Rudy came now C. Past wish : S + wish (that) + S + past perfect (could have + v-3) ex. I wish that Rudy had come yesterday ( in fact he did not come yest) USED TO 1. Subject + used to + simple verb.. Indicate past habit ex. When David was young, he used to swim every Sunday 2. S + be + used to + V-ing ---- S + be + accustomed to + V-ing ex. John is used to eating sea food - John is accustomed to eating sea food 3. S + get + used to + V-ing ex. Bob gets used to living in cold weather NOTE: Had Tom come yesterday = If Bob had come yesterday WOULD RATHER Would rather means the same as prefer but the grammar is different a. Would rather + simple verb + than + Simple verb ex. John would rather drink coke than drink tea b. Prefer + V-ing + to + V-ing ex. John prefers drinking coke to drinking tea c. Past would rather : S + would rather + have + V-3 ex. Jim would rather have gone to Jakarta yesterday than today. Would rather that with two subjects a. Subjunctive : S + would rather that + S + Simple verb ex - Ann would rather that her sister study in Solo b. Present unreal : S + would rather that + S + past verb

ex - We would rather that Dony came now. c. Past unreal : S + would rather that + S + past perfect ex - We would rather that Dony had come yesterday (Dony did not come yesterday) MODAL + PERFECTIVE 1. Should + have + V-3 past obligation that didnt happen ex. Rudi had a test this morning and his score is very bad. He should have studied last night. ( in fact, he didnt study last night) 2. Must + have + V-3 past conclusion ex. Bob had a test this morning and his score is the best. He must have studied hard last night 3. May/might/could + have + V-3 past possibility ex. Tom is very diligent student. He didnt come yesterday. He might have been sick yesterday ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB Adj. describe noun. Adjectives precede the noun they modify or follow linking verbs. ex.- Tall man, beautiful woman, red book (descriptive adj. adj. N adj N - The first chapter, One book etc. (limiting adj.) Adverb modify verb (except linking V), adj. or adv. ex. John walks slowly . He drank too much coffee. He drives too fast V adv adv Adj. N adv adv Adj. describe linking verbs : Be, become, remain, stay, appear, seem, sound, feel, look, smell, taste ex. Mbah Marijan remain calm even though Merapi exploded v adj Tom become tired easily Note : feel, look, smell, taste can be described by adj or adv ex. Ann smells the flower happily The flower smells nice adv v adj

COMPARISON Adj/Adv Big Long Wide rigid Far good bad friendly Expensive Comparative Degree bigger longer wider more rigid farther better worse friendlier/more friendly more expensive Superlative Degree biggest longest the widest the most rigid farthest best worst friendliest/most friendly most expensive

a. b. c.

d.

Kinds of comparison : 1. Equal Comparison : Tom is as tall as Bob (Tom is so tall as Bob) adj Tom has as many books as his friend His house is the same as yours. 2. Un equal Comparison : John is taller than Tom comp D The salary of a prof. is higher than that of a secretary - The facilities of this room are better than those of that room 3. Multiple Number Comparative : S + V + number multiple + as + much/many + (noun) + as + S ex . - This book cost three times as much as that note book - Bob has twice as many books as John 4. Double comparative : The+ comparative + S + V + the + comparative + S + V ex. - The higher we flew, the worse Edna felt. - The hotter it is, the more terrible I feel - The more you study, the smarter you will become. NOUN FUNCTIONING AS ADJECTIVE Noun can function as adjective when they appear before other nouns. The first noun describe the second one. ex. a wool coat, a history teacher, two flower gardens, two language teachers

adj

adj

adj

Enough with adj/adv and noun Adjective/adverb + Enough ---- ex. This room is big enough adj Bob is friendly enough adv Enough + Noun ------ ex. Do you have enough sugar for the cake? N I dont have enough time to finish the work CAUSE CONNECTORS 1. Because / Because Of - Because is followed by a clause (s +v ) ex. Bob came late because it rained hard -Because of is followed by noun ( noun phrase) ex. Bob came late because of the hard rain 2. Purpose and result (so that) Clauses showing purpose are followed by conjunction so that + a result clause. F : S + V + so that + S + v ex. He studied hard so that he could pass the test Tom practices guitar everyday so that he can play well 3. Cause and Effect ( so/such . That .) - S + V + so + adj/adv + that + S + V ex. - Bob ran so fast that he won the race - Mr. Rudi has so many children that he can have a volley ball team - Bob has so much money that he can buy a new car - S + V + such + a/an + adj + sing CN + that . Or S +verb + so + adj + a + sing CN + that. ex. It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoor. or It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoor - S + V + such + adj + + pl CN / Non CN + that . ex. They are such beautiful pictures that every one wants to see them PASSIVE VOICE/SENTENCE In passive sentence, the subject receive the action Active : The tornado destroyed thirty houses

s v o Passive : Thirty houses were destroyed by the tornado s be V-3

a. Present or Past tense : S + am/is/are/was/were + V-3 ex. The room is cleaned by Romi every morning b. Present Cont/Past Cont : S + to be + being + V-3 ex. The room is being cleaned by Boby now c. Present/Past perfect : S + Have/Has/Had + Been + V-3 ex. The room has been cleaned. The room had been cleaned when you came this afternoon. d. Modals : S + Modal + be + V-3 ex. The room will be cleaned this afternoon e. Modal + Perfect : S + Modal + Have + Been + V-3 ex. This room should have been cleaned . CAUSATIVE VERBS Causative verbs are used to indicate that one person causes a second person to do something for the first person ( by paying, asking or forcing) Causative verbs are : have, get, make (let, permit/allow and help as CV) a. S + have + complement + Verb simple (person) active b. S + get + complement + infinitive c. S + have/get + complement + V-3 passive (thing) ex. a. Mary had John wash her car (John washed the car) b. Mary got John to wash her car (John washed the car) c. Mary Had/got her car washed ( the car was washed by somebody) d. S + make + complement + verb simple (make means by forcing) ex. The Robber made the teller give him much money e. S + let + complement + verb simple. ex. Mr. Bob let his son play outside f. S + allow/permit + complement + inf. ex. Katy allow John to use her car g. S + help + complement + verb simple/inf. ex.John help katy to find her key

RELATIVE CLAUSES A relative clause is used to form one sentence from two sentences ex. The man is a manager. He graduated from Sebelas Maret University The man who graduated from Sebelas Maret University is a manager PRONOUN THAT WHICH WHO (S) WHOM (O) WHOSE (Poss) THE USE THINGS THINGS PE OPLE PEOPLE PEOPLE

John bought a car that/which costs ten thousand dollars ( restrictive RC) My car, which is big, uses too much gasoline ( non restrictive RC) The man who gave me a book is a director ( as Subject) The woman whom I met yesterday is Mrs.Bob Duver (as object) The man whose car is red is my uncle (possession)