HASHEMITE UNIVERSITY Faculty of Engineering Mechanical Engineering Department

Student Name : Student Reg. No : Section No. : Lab. Day : Lab. Date :

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431900 4 Wednesday 4 / 10 / 2006

Experiment # : Experiment Title :

2 Stability of Columns

Submitted to Instructor: Engineer: Due Date:

Dr. Ahmed Al-Shyyab Yousef Zakariya 11 / 10 / 2006

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Civil Engineering : Objective:
We want from this experiment to: 1) See & study the behavior of axially loaded columns. 2) Determine the critical buckling load. 3) To compare the results with Euler's formula.

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: Theory:

Figure (1)

Eulers formula:
As we see in Figure (1) the column which has a length L supporting and axial load P, increased until it reaches a critical value Pcr and the column dont yield, then the column will fail due to buckling. The critical load is given by Euler formula:

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Civil Engineering
Where: E: The modulus of elasticity of the column. I: The least econ moment of inertia. L: The length of the column.

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K: Factor depends on the end condition of the supporting the column, where: k=1 . . . . For ( Pinned Pinned ). k=2 . . . . For ( Fixed Free ). k=0.5 . . . For ( Fixed Fixed ). k=0.7 . . . For ( Fixed Pinned ). - We have in this experiment four cases to study and analysis: 1) Pinned Pinned.

2) Fixed Pinned. 3) Fixed Fixed. 4) Fixed Free.

- And we did in the lab two of them ( No. 1 & 2 ).

Figure (2)

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Civil Engineering : Equipments:

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o The test device mainly consists of a basic frame, the guide columns and the load cross bar. o The basic frame contains the bottom mounting for the rod specimen, consisting of a force-measuring device for measuring the testing force and an attachment socket, which can hold different pressure pieces for realizing various storage conditions. o The height of the load cross bar can be adjusted along the guide columns and it can be clamped in position. This allows rod specimens with different buckling lengths to be examined. o The loads cross bar features a load spindle for generating the test force. Using the load nut, the test force is applied to the rod specimen via guided thrust pieces. An axial mounting between the load nut and the thrust pieces prevents torsional stresses from being applied to the rod specimen. o Two different thrust pieces are available for the different storage conditions. o The device can be used both vertically as well as horizontally. The device is equipped with a base foot on one of the guide columns for horizontal set-up. The display instrument of the force measuring device can be turned 90 for easy readability.

Figure (3) 3

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Civil Engineering : Data Results and Analysis: Table 1:
Rod material Cross Section dimensions Length Modulus of elasticity E Cross Section Type Ends Condition : Steel. : 4*20 mm. : 650 mm. : 210 Gpa. : Rectangle. : fixed-Pinned.

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Deflection y (mm) Load P (N) P/y (N/mm)

0.5 450 900

1.0 550 550

1.5 625 416.67

2.0 675 337.5

2.5 725 290

Sample of Calculation : y=0.5 mm , P=450 N

P/y = 450/0.5 = 900 N/mm

Fixed - Pinned
y = -0.4292x + 819.12 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000

( P ) N

( P / L ) N/mm

Figure (4)
I = b h3 / 12 = 20 * 43 / 12 = 106.67 mm4. From the figure Pcr (@ x = 0 ) = -0.4292 * 0 + 819.12 = 819.12 N Theoretically: % Error: Pcr = 2 * 210 * 103 * 106.67 / (0.7 * 650 )2 = 1067.92 N % error = ( 1067.92 819.12 ) / 1067.92 * 100 % = 23.298 %

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Civil Engineering Table 2:
Rod material : Steel. Cross Section dimensions : 4*20mm. Length : 700 mm. Modulus of elasticity E : 210Gpa. Cross Section Type : Rectangle. Ends Condition : Pinned-Pinned.

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Deflection y (mm) Load P (N) P/y (N/mm)

0.5 175 350

1.0 240 240

1.5 260 173.33

2.0 300 150

2.5 325 130

Sample of Calculation : y=0.5 mm , P=175 N

P/y = 175/0.5 = 350 N/mm

Pinned - Pinned
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200

y = -0.6314x + 391.74

( P ) N

300

400

( P / L ) N/mm

Figure (5)
I = b h3 / 12 = 20 * 43 / 12 = 106.67 mm4. From the figure Pcr (@ x = 0 ) = -0.6314 * 0 + 391.74 = 391.74 N Theoretically: % Error: Pcr = 2 * 210 * 103 * 106.67 / (700 )2 = 451.196 N % error = ( 451.196 391.74 ) / 451.196 * 100 % = 13.177 %

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Civil Engineering

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Error sources:

There were some sources of errors in the experiment: 1234Reading error. Machine error. There was a hardness in applying 100% of an axially load on both sides for the beam. The vibrations of the bench. deflection which will make an error in the reading

5- We put a load a the right side of the beam to have a control on the direction of the