Lec 2

Thursday, April 11, 2013 4:02 PM

Hist129 Lec2 --Pilgrims visited shrines on way to compostella Synthetic view of way Iberian peninsula was organized around 12th century 3 elements that is locomotive for development of Castillian history -not one single history for Iberian kingdoms --different linguistically Developments that have tremendous impact on making of spain and latin America as well Expansive world in 16th century In 1200, the Iberian peninsula was divided into a series of kingdoms In 1200 there was muslim empire in south in andeluthia (andeloos) ruled by amwars (berbers from NA) -They crossed strait of jibralter wanted to hinder crossing of Christians to south -included places like granada, Seville, cordoab (?) -fierce fighters, quite fundamental -north of them is kingdom of castile, ne kingdom of aragon NW kingdom of portugal, ___ of nabar Begin of 13th century there was international alliance with people from france against anwars -intl army include soviets from France become crusaders of peninsualre Crown of aragon, Portuguese, castile (?) all help together 1212 north of cordoba and south -this Christian army defeated muslims at battle of los anas de la sosa? -Made it clear who is on top at Iberia, Christians In the next 40/50 yrs, Christians conquer most of anas de lustea Move south and conquer cordoba in 1236, Sevile in 1248, Muthia in 1250s Remain there until 1492 -amazing that muslims lasted so long in Granada (explained for internal problems and civil problems that plagued castile until 1474 and crown of argorn lost all interest in peninsula) In SE conrner of peninsula, beninsia turned into crown of Aragorn ?? Aragonese and _____ decide not interested anymore in their reconquest of peninsula, their interest is in mediteranean Crown of Aragorn launches expeditions into mediteranean, in 1283 take over sicily By beginning of 14th century, all the way to Athens, and eastern mediterannean Consquences of all this: when Castilians march south, theyre at top like never before Manner of dsealing with conquered is different bc they have so much power -mental/cultural changes ? Makes ppl who are different ethnicity stuff treated different Results of latin council of 1215? -great council of church that met at panel in rome? Under pope innocent the 3rd

-jews had to wear marks on their clothing -Muslims had to wear their hair in a specific fashion so ppl could recognize them -Ppl with leprosy shouldnt ____ they were treated differently Ppl at top treated differently than those at bottom Dual process of self-identification A discourse of self meaning, I am a christian bc im not a jew or muslim and together with that discourse of difference what I am is very different from what other ppl are -growing discourse of identity related to a land Kingdom/king identified with territory not ppl Poem of the sid is propaganda piece to have crusaders fight Castillians now in control of most of Andalusia When the castillians go south, they double the size of their territory -Kingdom grows by 100% In norther castile, manner in which land organized by having a small peasant holdings, there was no serfdom in castile unlike norther Europe no serfdom labor thing (they hold lang from lord but they can move, part of dynamics of trying to bring ppl into newly conquered lnd Castilian crown sponsors move of peasants from north to south rto repopulate land with Christian farmers -ecology of south nmuch different than norther plains (where it rarely rains in summer dry summer, were you grow wheat barley oats and other grains) --you created them and cultiuvate them in place with scarcity of water In south, andalusia where muslims were much better than Christians at growing things they would have vineyards, you grow olive trees very different ecology -farming that depends on incredibly complex systems of irrigation --muslims inherited from romans and developed to extreme ---farmers from north couldnt deal with that kind of agricukture ----this situation happens with more ppl In Andalusia under castillian crown have no Christians to cultivate lands -muslims expelled from cities --compared to b4 where they didnt have enough power to push them back --cities repopulated with people from north (Christians) As castillians tried to push ppl to rly work the land, they rebel in 1260s (1264 mudejas muslims living under Christian rule they rebel) -after harsh fighting, theyre defeated and expelled from the land Expelled from all of Andalusia by 1264 -castillian monarchy finds themselves in situation wrth huge amount of land but no ppl to wortk them Muslims go to NAfrica or kingdom of Granada Mulsim rule religious stuff that they shouldnt live under Christian rule So what do castillian monarchy do? Partition the lands into huge estates which they give to high nobility and the church -in middle ofo 13th century is emergence of lati furia great expanses of land owned by a family or church and ecclesiastical institution --these are rroots in which land will be organized in latin amercia by Spaniards in 16th century -Land in hands of few people ? Ppl who dont work land are rural proletariat

Ppl who work land for salary but have no land of their own to live or sustain themselves? South became terminus for transhumans for time immemorial in iberican peninsula and Italy? Have movement of livestock (cows bulls but mostly sheep) moving from winter grazing lands in south to summer grazing lands in summer in the north were talking about rivers of livestock! -theyre moving back and forth thru the years Consequences are dire indeed b/c the mesta which is the guild of sheep owners and shepards will become incredibly powerful and always be against changes in the agricultural structure of castile bc they are making incredible amount of money from this mvmt of ivestock back and forth after 1300, when the merino sheep ? was introduce from Nafrica to ibera ,the quality of wool became very good indeed after 1300, those flocks of livestock became incredibly valuable bc castile begain to export raw material, wool to mbe made into cloth (woolen cloth which was standard of elegance throughout western Europe) why impt? Bc in 1300, castile was already a dependent economy, exported raw materials and inmported finished goods in 1300, spain was already an dependent econmy on export of raw materials? Like animal stuff (cow?) but importer of finished goods if u compare to kingdom of Valencia, muslims rebel and wen put down theyre not expelled, turned into sort of serviserdie?? labor -muslim husbandry kept these places going -they didnt expel them, they put them to work until beginning of 17th century In castile, wen muslims kicked out, agricultural production collapse Until 21st century?? Organization still more or less the same Transformation something happened Not only in iberian relm but also eastern Europe If rich aristocrat or coming close to death, common to make donation to a monastery or a church (or rural ones) in which you give them all ur lands for the salvation of your soul or for the soul of your friends -it is an exchange in which you give them land in return for them to pray for u/ur soul Beginning in 13th century, there is several things that conflict that would lead to something vry different -by beginning of 13th century, idea of purgatory is widespread thruout western medieval Europe Purgatory is organic chemistry Ddnt exst til the 12th century, its an invented category which is deeply related to process of the rise of cities of merchants and ppl who make money out of money and make money out of time (and by selling time) And theyre accumulating capital against position of church that is incredibly uncompromising on wealth But the position of church is unequivocal on this You have merchants all throughout , theyre making money and theyre afraid of going to hell bc in early Christianity there is only hell or heaven Need of merchants to find space for themselves in which they can make money and keep it so they create purgatory (church creates this to keep the money?) Purgatory is created by god? Time created by god? And then you can go to heaven Allows mefchants in castile and elsewhere to make donations to church to reduce time in purgatory In castile, this is taking place and the vernacular (Spanish) becames accepted way or articulating material transactions _____________

-castille is the first place in western Europe to exchange form latin to castillian by middle of 13 century, mvmt in which material documents, wills, literature and royal documents will be redacted in Castilian -allows merchants who generated largest numbers of wills and testaments some control over what they do Wat they do now is radically different from what they did till now -instead of donating lands to church unrestricted, they donate income of land to church an dleave land to relatives Live in kind of quid pro quo -they do all these things to reduce time in purgatory/ bargaining for salvation They begin to think of land as something that is measurable (like my land is from here to here) as opposed to defused sense of land as jurisdiction, income) -begin to think of property not as jurisdiction but as something to be measured with boundaries and recongnizable limits --Ppl trading lands for access to land Dramatic mental transformation, mental change in way you look at salvation property land territory and emerging counties/kingdoms so you now know where youre kingdom begins and ends What happens btwn 1250 and the reign of the catholic monarchs History is vry different btwn 3 christian kingdoms that occupy Iberia In Portugal, it was essentially a sign tat Portugal had little interest in peninsula itself and From very early on, Portuguese begin to look into the atlantic, looks into islands in pacifc? And Nafrica Castillians run into problems bc crown begins to be ruled by number of mindless kings? Children who are born and begin king at vry young age, everyone trying to guard themselves of property, ruled by inept rules 1284-1784^ vry few capable rules Centuries of crisis, one after another, country overwhelmed by continuous civil wars with those and top and those at bottom Castillian sinks to moras of civil wars Even with all these disturbances and civil unrest, high nobility acquires tons of power from taxes raised on mvmt of livestock and export of wool and also carving huge chunks of royal domain and income of royal crown and putting it in their pocket -period of rise of higher aristocracy gains incredible benefits from crown begin to tap all resources of crown for their own benefit --period of incredible wealth and literary production In crown of Aragorn, kings decide very early on have no ineresrt in dealing with these 3 separate kingdoms bc just too difficult, dealing with all these dissimalr kingomds, give ecerything up to parliaments and focus on caeving possesions in mediteranean Crowns of aragron spend a lot of time in mediteranean fighting wars, trying to gain control of naps, sicily as part of domain, organizing their mediteranneans in order to gain poessesion to 3 kingdoms here in peninsual High point is 1442 when alfonso 5 also alfonso the magnanimous is able to conquer naples having beseieged and taking naples, he decides he wants to have a royal entry into naples -he decides to penetrate city by breaching walls and entering thrue hole hemade into wall, going thru gate wasnt enough for him bc symbolicaly dsnt represent how he wants to take city -he never went back to Barcelona, he became renaissance princein barecolone, he ruled royal kingdom from naples and was completely part of intellectual world of Italy Impt thing is that true naples ruled by castillian family? Renaissance enters into spain ?

In 1412, last king of Aragorn dies and parliaments elect a castillian prince from family called castratas So one family is ruling entire peninsula They marry each other all the time Have interests of castile and Aragorn at heart but sometimes coincide? Family of castratas were illegitimate kings, came to thrown when bastard child murdered his half brother and took the thrown -so not only endless wars but legitimacy of many kings also in question It is then that we get to the reign of the catholic monarchs Joan the 2nd of castile who ruled at beginning of 15th century was a particularly weak king, under control of his constable of the ruling of the armies, a cunning and incredibly capable man named albarula -and the entire reign, is a continuous battle btwn the king and his albarula and infantants of Aragorn Joan the 2nd died and left to heir his son henry the 3rd, also left a daughter named Isabella and another child whose name was alfonso Reign of henry the 3rd- he was a very intriguing rule not into reconquest, not into sturggles against islam -dressed like muslim, ate with his hand siting on floor, attempted to mary princes of navar in __ And when he entered marriage chamber, he fled and couldnt complete his marriage, he had a lot of favorites, spent a lot of time with his favorites He remarried again a princess of Portugal the daughter from that marriage supposedly wasnt a legitimate child (was of one of his lovers) In spain, women could(nt)? inherit the crown and best kings of spain had always been a woman Henry was very weak and kingdom sank into most atrocious point under his rule -wasnt certain who would inherit crown after him, he acknowledged legally who was his daughter He also declarded his other duaughter, Isabella as heir to the throne - She was irremarkable tough women, great ruler Had extrodinary awareness of her own rule in the kingdom In 1469, he married in secret her cousin Ferdinand (the catholic) he was son of king o aragron and was himself and incredibly cunning and forceful ruler to be He is man of incredible political resources - henry the 3rd in anger disinherits Isabella as heir to throne Juana renamed as heir to throne In 1474 when henry 3rd dies, Isabella in _____ city In castile but not in crown of Aragorn, you become a king not by crowning and anointment, you become a king or queen by a series of secular ceremonies which dont involve presence of church, theyre unique in Europe -high ecclesiastics will acclaim new ruler -its a king of royal acclamation which comes from Germanic practices done in castile till 15th century The queen doesnt wait for Ferdinand to come, she declares herself queen alone and is clear to everyone its not a shared power, its a power that belongs exclusively to her And with constable in front of her, she marches with naked sword in air thru street of city and acclaimed by ppl of sicobea and banners of castile raised for her and declare her queen