Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
The method involves superposition of radio frequency channel on a power circuit without interference of or from power system
Carriers used in PLCC system - RF currents of the frequencies between 30 kHz and 500 kHz. Low Frequency limitation of 30 kHz : Harmonics, Switching and Lightening Surges, Corona present in the frequency band of 100Hz to 30 KHz. Signal to Noise Ratio will be quite poor. Difficult to separate power & radio frequency components (mv) Cost of Coupling Equipment is high High frequency limitation of 500KHz : High Radiation losses. Sanjay Patel (Junior Increase of Interference to and from other services. Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO
Modulation
Process whereby the amplitude or frequency or phase of a carrier wave is varied as a function of the instantaneous value of another wave.
Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 4
Amplitude Modulation
The Amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the signal.
Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 5
Frequency Modulation
The instantaneous frequency of the carrier wave is varied as a Sanjay Patel (Junior 6 Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO function of the instantaneous value of the modulation signal.
Frequency Shift
Frequency Modulation by a square wave modulating signal. This method is extensively used in the system of pulse transmission employed in the teleprinting, telemetering, Line protection, Supervisory control, etc.
NOTE :DOUBLE SIDEBAND AMPLITUDE MODULATION IS NOT USED IN PRESENT DAY APPLIACTIONS. AS THIS REQUIRES HIGHER BANDWIDTH. Sanjay Patel (Junior 9
Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO
PLCC APPLICATIONS
Transmits and receives simultaneously speech and multiplexed teleoperation and teleprotection signals in SSB technique over high voltage lines
PLCC IS USED FOR : SPEECH DATA COMMUNICATION PROTECTION SIGNALLING MANY TIMES DATA IS SUPER IMPOSED OVER SPEECH
Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 10
11
12
WAVE TRAP TYPICAL RATINGS : - 0.5mH /2000A , 0.5 mH /1000 A - 1.0 mH/2000A, 1.0 mH/1000 A. # mH SELECTED BASED ON THE REQUIREMENT OF BLOCKING BAND. # CURRENT RATING SELECTION BASED ON THE POWER FLOW IN EHV Sanjay Patel (Junior 14 Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO LINE.
15
Caution :One end of the coupling capacitor must be securely earthed to prevent over voltage up to the magnitude of the operating voltage on the equipment side of the capacitor. Capacitor voltage transformer used for measurement of Sanjay Patel (Junior 16 Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO voltage are used for carrier coupling.
Oil insulated Voltage transformer type CPA/B 72 - 800 kV Sanjay Patel (Junior
Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO
1955
2000
17
HV Terminal
Capacitor divider C1
C2
Secondary winding
1a
d1 d2
1n
Tertiary winding
da
dn
Trimming windings
Ground
Ground
18
Protective Equipment
Consists of drainage coil, arresters, grounding switch. Provides protection of carrier equipment & personnel against undesirable high voltage Drainage coil connected between carrier current lead and ground to present low impedance path to ground only to power frequency current passed by the coupling capacitor. Drainage coil prevents loss of carrier frequency energy
19
Protection for PLC equipment can be installed in a large terminal box To L terminal in CVT terminal box Separate box mounted on the support Carrier grounding switch Drain coil Spark gap Line matching unit *)
*)Can normally be adjusted to any CVT capacitance
Ground
Drain Coil
Mounted in the base of coupling capacitor Provides low-impedance path for power frequency current and high-impedance for carrier frequency signal Carrier loss introduced by drain coil is <0.5db
Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 21
(C C)
S
Coupling Capacitor
TUNING COILS
T2 F1 F1 F2
POWER LINE
CC
COUPLING CAPACITOR
C S
F2
F2
Trap Circuits
Protective Unit
25
DRAIN COIL,ETC
T2
F1
Attenuation
Attenuation
f f type Sanjay PatelWide (Junior band line-tuner Band pass 26 Wide band line Tuner high pass type
Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO
Coaxial Cable
Low loss concentric cable to connect the line matching unit and carrier transmitter receiver assembly Generally grounded at terminal equipment end.
27
28
COUPLING ARRANGEMENT
DIFFERENT TYPES OF COUPLING ARRANGEMENTS ARE :
Phase to Ground Phase to Phase for carrier by-passing Phase to Phase (Inter Phase) Phase to Phase (Inter Circuit) Three Phase Insulated earth wire coupling Intra-bundle coupling Coupling for Power Cables (Underground etc.)
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF COUPLING ARRANGEMENT RELIABILITY Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO COST
29
One carrier equipment connected between phase conductor & earth Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO
30
CKT-I
E/W R Y B
CVT/CC
CD
CVT/CC
CD
PLCC
PLCC
PLCC
PLCC
31
Two coupling capacitors & two line traps are reqd. at each coupling point.
Sanjay (Junior Coupling eqpt. twice that of the phase to Patel earth arrangement. Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 35
CKT-I
E/W R Y B
CVT/CC
LMU BT
LMU
LMU
LMU BT
CD
CD
PLCC
PLCC
PLCC
PLCC
36
Disadvantage
Higher Dependability Initially Expensive Lower line attenuation Less Radiation Suitable for long lines where carrier protection is involved Higher security against communication failure due to line faults. Lower attenuation, Less interference, both (Junior 37 radiated & picked Engineer,Telecom) up. Sanjay Patel Jambuva,GETCO
Between two phases on each circuit of the two parallel circuits to provide a double Sanjay Patel (Junior 38 differential form of coupling Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO
CKT-I
E/W R Y B R Y B E/W
CKT-II
CVT/CC
CVT/CC
LMU BT
PLCC PLCC
LMU
CD
LMU BT
LMU
CD
FOR CKT-II
FOR CKT-I
FOR CKT-I
PLCC
PLCC
FOR CKT-II
39
Advantage
Communication is maintained even if one power circuit is taken out of service and earthed
40
41
Initially Expensive
42
INSULATED EARTH WIRE COUPLING :INSULATED EARTH WIRE PROTECTED WITH SPARK GAPS IS USED IN SOME TRANSMISSION LINES, IN THIS CASE INSULATED EARTH WIRE COUPLING IS USED. THIS WILL BENEFIT IN TERMS OF THE RATING OF COUPLING EQUIPMENTS. BUT, THIS OFFERS MORE ATTENUATION COMPARED TO CONDUCTORS, COSTLIER INCASE OF LONG LINES AND EFFECTIVENESS OF EARTHING FAULT IS REDUCED DUE TO SPARK GAPS (COMPARED TO SOILD EARTHED) HENCE IT IS RARELY USED.
Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 43
COUPLING TO POWER CABLES :SIMILAR TO OVERHEAD LINES PHASE TO GROUND/PHASE TO PHASE CAN BE ADOPTED. CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE OF CABLES IS LESS. HENCE, INDUCTANCE OF LINE TRAPS DECREASES AND CAPACITANCE OF CAPACITORS INCREASES COMPARED TO OVERHEAD LINES.
44
46
49
REPETITION OF CARRIER FREQUENCIES WITH TWO/THREE HOPS IN THE VOLTAGE SECTIONS. LINE COUPLING AND TUNING
Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 50
Attenuation
Propagation loss and increases in the propagation length of the line. Ratio between the voltages, currents or power at any two points is a measure of the attenuation between these two points.
{.
.}
54
Attenuation of OH line
55
Characteristic Impedance
Ratio of applied voltage to the resulting current, flowing into the line.
56
Matched Line
For maximum power transfer the line should be terminated with a resistive load equal to its characteristics impedance when all the energy from the line is absorbed by the load If the terminated load is not equal to the characteristic impedance part of the energy traveling down the line will be reflected back.
Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 57
ZT ZB ZL
Notes: ZB=BUS INPEDANCE INCLUDING ADJECENT ANGLES LT (LINE TUNER) ZT=LINE TRAP IMPEDANCE ZL=LINE SURGE IMPEDANCE T
ZT
R (Transmitter Receiver)
ZB
ZL
TRANSMITTER
58
RF Hybrid Loss : Inherent dissipation of signal power (3.5 db) Also small transformer loss and a mismatch loss
Coupling Loss :Caused by resistive component of line tuner and coupling capacitor impedances ( 3 dB)
Shunt Loss :Carrier loss through the line trap impedance and Sanjay Patel (Junior 59 any shunt path Engineer,Telecom) to ground (3 dB) Jambuva,GETCO
Attenuation across WT
60
61
dB
0 01 MFD -5 006 MFD 003 MFD
-10
30 35
40 45 50 60
70 80
300
FREQUENCY IN KHz
62
63
NOISE AND INTERFERENCE :CORONA NOISE IN 4KHz BAND < 220 KV 220KV -35 dBm TO 25 dBm -20 dBm TO 10 dBm
P = 10 log
BW in KHz 4 KHz
IMPULSE NOISE
LIGHTNING DISCHARGE ISOLATOR SWITCHING CIRCUIT BREAKER OPERATION GROUND FAULT BURNING ARC
Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 64
65
SIGNALLING
SHALL BE DESIGNED FOR FSK SIGNALLING (UP TO 1200) BAUD FOR 15 dB
PROTECTION CHANNELS
IMPULSE NOISE IS MORE PREDOMINENT INCASE OF PROTECTION. SNR REQUIREMENT IS MORE DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF PROTECTION SIGNALS TRANSMITTED.
Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 66
67
LINE LENGTH & CONDUCTOR CONFIGURATION STRUCTURE OF PHASE CONDUCTOR STRUCTURE OF EARTH WIRE CARRIER FREQUENCY COUPLING METHOD EARTH RESISTIVITY TOWER EFFECTS WEATHER CONDITIONS DISCONTINUTIES (TRANSPOSITION, TAPPED LINES, CABLE INSERTS ETC.) COUPLING LOSSES (losses in coupling equipment)
68
PRINCIPLE OF TESTING Modern testing practices emphasizes on DEMONSTRATION and DETECTION, but also recognizes that many maybe even most major defects are rooted in requirements and design misunderstandings, omissions, and inconsistencies which can be overcome using PREVENTION. Demonstration, detection, and prevention important objectives and benefits of good testing. are
Teleprotection
Teleprotection required for high speed relaying which is facilitated by: Comparing fault conditions at line terminal High speed simultaneous clearing of faults from both ends of the faulty section Blocking unwarranted isolation in the event of fault in the line section.
Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 71
Teleprotection
Phase Comparison Scheme : Carrier is employed to compare the phase relation between current entering one terminal of a transmission line section and leaving another
Trip Transfer Scheme : With the initiation of tripping of a line at one end, a signal is sent out over the carrier simultaneously to the other end and cause remote end beaker also to trip.
Directional Comparison Scheme : A Blocking signal is sent out in the opposite direction of fault to prevent tripping of the remote end circuit breaker Sanjay Patel (Junior 72 which is also sensing the fault. Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO
Teleprotection
High Speed Relying Provides
Improved transient stability of the system Reduced line damage & possible melting of conductor Minimum outage time with the help of high speed autoreclosing
Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 73
Teleprotection Schemes
B) Power Line
A)
B)
PERMISSIVE
TRIPPING
received Teleprotection command speeds up the tripping
C) DIRECT INTERTRIPPING teleprotection command controls the operation of the circuit breaker
74
Teleprotection
Criteria for Selection of Teleprotection
Reliability Security Transmission Time Information signal should be of sufficient strength to overcome any line disturbance
Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 75
Intertripping Criteria
The 3 main characteristics of intertripping are :
Transfer time : During a fault, damage incurred to HV equipment will depend on the fault clearance time. The transfer time of the intertripping equipment, (the time between the acquisition of a protection signal to its restitution at the other end), must therefore be as short as possible to minimize the fault clearance time. Reliability/Dependability : Since the communication can be altered by noise due to the high voltage environment, the intertripping signal shall be transmitted in a way to minimize the risk of losing a command that would lead to the non functioning of the fault clearance process. This value is expressed as the Probability of Missing command Pmc.
Security : Since intertripping is often used to protect strategic lines on which a shutdown would have heavy consequences, the intertripping has to ensure that a command that can disconnect an HV line is a TRUE command and not due to noise coming from the HV environment. This value is expressed as the probability of unwanted command Puc for the worst-case being with the highest noise .
Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 76
F1
F2
77
79
80
81
PLCC ADVANTAGES
Part of Utility owned System. Reliable. Cost effective. Connecting all required points with minimum Hardware Lower attenuation over long distances Good Communication also in HV lines w/o need for repeaters works at any climatic conditions independent of natural barriers convenient maintenance at line terminals High Mechanical strength & Insulation levels
Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 82
DIGITAL PLCC
Utilizes 8 KHz to establish a full DUPLEX connection Data stream including voice ,data & teleprotection @ 32 Kbits/sec can be transmitted Can accommodate 3 Speech channels and 9 Data channels Relevent Standard IEC- 495 Utilizes the same band width as a SC analog PLC. Increase the capacity ( at least 3 times) that of analog PLC
83
Modular
Independent racks according to customer needs Teleprotection fully compliant with IEC standards lowest service interruption in case of Tripping Analogue and digital
Manageable
Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO
Full remote management Full remote configuration Alarms and service management
84
QAM
User service allocation Each service can be set with an accuracy of 300 bps Bandwidth required for each speech channel is < 4Kb/s Alarm transmission is independent of the QAM
Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 85
86
QAM Signal RX
QAM Signal TX
FSK Tx
QAM Signal
FSK Rx FSK Tx
87
Teleprotection RX
QAM Signal RX
QAM Signal TX
Teleprotection TX
FSK Tx
4KHz
16 kHz or 8 KHz
16 kHz or 8 KHz
4KHz
TP
FSK Rx
TP
FSK Tx
16 kHz
88
2.5 or 4KHz
RX
FSK
FSK
Analog CH2
Analog CH2
2.5 or 4KHz
2.5 or 4KHz
0 to max
Double channel : Separated / adjacent band, 2.5khz and 4Khz band Sanjay Patel (Junior
Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO
89
PLC 5000 Amplifier Unit Digital transmission + tele protection + analogue channel
1 or 2 analogue channel
FSK Rx
1 or 2 analogue channel
QAM Signal Rx QAM Signal TX
FSK Tx
Data
4KHz
Mix Mode with 1 analogue channel. Including 1 speech + DIP 5000 teleprotection channel + up to 3 data channel and 1 digital channel (4Khz or 8KHz)
1 or 2 analogue channel
FSK Rx
1 or 2 analogue channel
QAM Signal
Data Speech
FSK Tx
4KHz
PLC 5000
91
Channel 1
ENCODER
Channel 2
DECODER
Channel 3
Channel 4
Channel Unit
. . .
1111
64
. . .
Maintenance interface V.11 max 2400 bit/s 8 bits Bit rate 64 kbit/s
64 bits
FAW
AUX
FAW
Transmission Quality
A) Bit Error Rate Poor quality Impaired quality Good quality
10
-9
10
-6
10
-3
Unavailability
94
Power Line
Distance Relay
Distance Relay
TPS64
TPS64
10...30
0...5
0...10
30...80 Milliseconds
95
Fault Management
Real Time Alarm monitoring Alarm Acknowledgement Historical Alarm storage & retrieval Alarm spooler (via Printer or via Email)
Configuration Management
- Online Configuration of Network Element through CSTE - Simultaneous Configuration of any Network element & Fault Management of other Network element - Commands are stored and can be retrieved for rapid configuration of Network Element
Administration
- Addition of polling agent - Addition of Network Element & Stations - Addition of User and setting up Profile
Performance Management
- Enabling of collection of Performance data of a Network Element - Retrieval and export of Performance data from Network Element
Security Management
- Management of User in accordance with Profile Sanjay (Junior - Maintaining and retrieval of logs & events during UserPatel session(s)
96
Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO
Digital intertripping
To Increase the safety of the electrical network
Faster transfer time Increase reliability and security Increase monitoring capabilities Increase the number of commands
Thank you
Sanjay Patel (Junior Engineer,Telecom) Jambuva,GETCO 98