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MechanicsofFlexibleMaterials
ByHammad Mohsin

CourseOutline
A)FUNDAMENTALS&POLYMERS Module1IntroductiontoMechanicsofMaterials Engineering RoleofMechanicsofMaterialsinEngineering, StressesandDeformations,TrueStressandTrue Strain Module2StudyofStressandStrain Stress StrainDiagrams g ofDuctileandBrittle Materials,IsotropicandAnisotropicMaterials, ModulusofElasticity,ModulusofRigidity,Elasticand PlasticBehaviorofMaterials,NonLinearElasticity, LinearElasticity,
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StressandStraininChangedThermalConditions, RepeatedLoading,BendingofElastoplastic Materials,AnalysisofStressesandDeformations Module3MolecularbasisofRubberlikeelasticity StructureofaTypicalNetwork,Elementary MolecularTheories,MoreAdvancedMolecular TheoriesPhenomenologicalTheoriesand MolecularStructure,SwellingofNetworksand Responsive p GelsEnthalpic p andEntropic p ContributionstoRubberElasticity:Force TemperatureRelations,DirectDeterminationof MolecularDimensions
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Module4StrengthofElastomers InitiationofFracture,ThresholdStrengthsand Extensibilities,FractureUnderMultiaxial Stresses,CrackPropagation,TensileRupture, RepeatedStressing: Stressing MechanicalFatigue, Fatigue SurfaceCrackingbyOzone,AbrasiveWear. Module5FailurePrevention Analysisofpolymerproductfailure failure,Design aidsforpreventingbrittlefailure,Defect analysisHDPEpipedurability.
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B)TEXTILEMATERIALS Module6MechanicalPropertiesofTextileFibres TensileRecovery,ElasticPerformanceCoefficientin Tension, ,InterFibreStressanditsTransmission, , Stressanalysisofstablefibre,filaments,influence oftwistonyarnmodulus Plasticityoftextilefibersbasedoneffectofload, time,temperaturesuperposition. Module7MechanicsofYarns: MechanicsofBentYarns,FlexuralRigidity,Fabric Wrinkling,StiffnessinTextileFabrics.Creasingand CreaseproofingofTextiles
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Module8CompressionofTextileMaterials StudyofResilience,FrictionbetweenSingle Fibres,FrictioninPliedYarns Module9MechanicalPropertiesofNon Wovensandcompositematerials

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Books
NeilsenL.,LandelR.,MechanicalPropertiesofPolymers andComposites(1994) PlasticFailure:AnalysisandPrevention Prevention (2001) MoalliJPlastic MarkJ,ErmanB.,ElrichFScienceandTechnologyof Rubbers(2005) FerdinandPBeer,ERussellJhonstonJr.,JhonTDewolf MechanicsofMaterials(2004) JinlianHuStructure StructureandMechanicsofWovenFabrics Fabrics (2004) AEBogdanovich,CMPastoreMechanicsofTextileand LaminatedComposites(1996)
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Assessment
Quizzes: 10% Classparticipation&Discussion10% Assignments:10% Midterm: 30% Final: 40%

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Cause &effect model

MaterialProperties 1.Elastic a.ElasticBehaviorcausesa materialtoreturntoits originalshapeafterbeing deformed.

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b.Completelyelasticbehavior

F = kx
Force (F)
k is called the elastic modulus

Distance (x)
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2.Viscous
a.Viscousbehaviorisrelatedtothe rateof d f deformation. ti

x F = t
Viscosity Rate of deformation

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f t fast

force, F slow

distance, x
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3.Viscoelastic
a.Fibersexhibitviscoelasticbehavior b.forcerequiredtodeformamaterial dependentsamountofdeformationand rate atwhichthematerialisdeformed

fast F viscous slow elastic x

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B.InternalStructure 1.ChemicalComposition
Sequenceandkindofatomsinstructure

2.Crystallinity
Polymerchainsorsectionspackedtogether

3.Orientation
Alignmentofchainsalongfiberaxis

C ThermalProperties C. MeltingTemperature 2.GlassTransitionTemperature

Mostpolymersarethermoplastic they soften beforemelting
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D.PhysicalProperties BreakingStrength
Forcerequiredtobreakafiber

2.BreakingElongation
Amountofstretchbeforebreaking

3.Modulus
Resistancetodeformation

4.Toughness
Amountofenergyabsorbed

5.Elasticity
Abilitytorecoverafterbeingdeformed
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Structuralfactors=>Mechanical Behavior
l.Molecularweight 2 Crosslinkingandbranching 2. 3.Crystallinity andcrystalmorphology 4.Copolymerization(random,block,andgraft) 5.Plasticization 6.Molecularorientation 7 Fillers 7. 8.Blending 9.Phaseseparationandorientationinblocks, grafts,andblends
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ExternalFactors Mechanical Properties

1.Temperature 2.Time,frequency,rateofstressingorstraining 3.Pressure 4.Stressandstrainamplitude 5.Typeofdeformation(shear,tensile,biaxial,etc.) 6 Heattreatmentsorthermalhistory 6. 7.Natureofsurroundingatmosphere,especially moisturecontent
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5assumptions>MechanicalBehavior
1)Linearity:Twotypesoflinearityarenormally assumed:A)Materiallinearity(Hookean stress strainbehavior)orlinearrelationbetweenstress andstrain;B)Geometriclinearityorsmallstrains anddeformation. 2)Elastic:Deformationsduetoexternalloadsare completelyandinstantaneouslyreversibleupon loadremoval. 3)Continuum:Matteriscontinuouslydistributed forallsizescales,i.e.therearenoholesorvoids. 4)Homogeneous:Materialpropertiesarethesame ateverypointormaterialpropertiesareinvariant upontranslation.
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5)Isotropic:Materialswhichhavethesame mechanical h i lproperties ti i inall lldi directions ti at tan arbitrarypointormaterialswhoseproperties areinvariantuponrotationofaxesatapoint. Amorphousmaterialsareisotropic.

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Stress Strain>Definations
DogBoneisusedandmaterialpropertiessuchas 1) )Youngs g modulus, ,2) )Poissonsratio, ,3) )failure(yield) (y )stressand strain. Thespecimenmaybecutfromathinflatplateofconstant thicknessormaybemachinedfromacylindricalbar. Thedogboneshapeistoavoidstressconcentrationsfrom loadingmachineconnectionsandtoinsureahomogeneousstate ofstressandstrainwithinthemeasurementregion.

Thetermhomogeneoushereindicatesauniformstateofstress orstrainoverthemeasurementregion,i.e.thethroatorreduced centralportionofthespecimen.

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Theengineering(average)stresscanbe calculated l l t dby b di dividing idi th theapplied li dtensile t il force,P,(normaltothecrosssection)bythe areaoftheoriginalcrosssectionalareaA0 as follows, Stress

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Strain
Theengineering(average)straininthedirection ofthetensileloadcanbefoundbydividingthe changeinlength,L,oftheinscribedrectangleby theoriginallengthL0,

Thetermlambdaintheaboveequationiscalled theextensionratioandissometimesusedfor largedeformationse.g.,Lowmodulusrubber

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TrueStressesandStrain
Truestressandstrainarecalculatedusingthe i t t instantaneous (deformed (d f dat taparticular ti l load) l d) valuesofthecrosssectionalarea,A,andthe lengthof therectangle,L,

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YoungModulus
Youngsmodulus,E,maybedeterminedfrom th slope the l of fth thestress t strain t i curveorb by dividingstressbystrain,

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theaxialdeformationoverlengthL0is,

Poissonsratio,,isdefinedastheabsolute valueoftheratioofstraintransverse,y,to theloaddirectiontothestrainintheload direction,x ,

Wherestraintransverse veforAppliedtensileload,

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Shear

L=lengthofthecylinder, T=appliedtorque, r=radial distance, J=polarsecondmomentofarea G=shear modulus. =shearstress,=angleoftwist, =shearstrain,

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Theshearmodulus,G,istheslopeoftheshear stressstraincurveandmaybefoundfrom,

wheretheshearstrainiseasilyfoundbymeasuring onlytheangularrotation,,inagivenlength,L. TheshearmodulusisrelatedtoYoungsmodulus

AsPoissonsratio,,variesbetween0.3and0.5for mostmaterials,the shearmodulusisoften approximatedby,G~E/3.

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TypicalStressStrainProperties

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Yieldpoint
ifthestressexceedstheproportionallimita residualorpermanentdeformationmayremain whenthespecimen p isunloadedandthematerialis saidtohaveyielded. Theexactyieldpointmaynotbethesameasthe proportionallimitandifthisisthecasethelocation isdifficulttodetermine. Asaresult,anarbitrary0.2%offsetprocedureis oftenusedtodeterminetheyieldpointinmetals
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Thatis,alineparalleltotheinitialtangentto th stress the t strain t i diagram di is i drawn d to t pass throughastrainof0.002in./in. TheyieldpointisthendefinedasthepointC ofintersectionofthislineandthestressstrain diagram. g Thisprocedurecanbeusedforpolymersbut theoffsetmustbemuchlargerthan0.2% definitionusedformetals.
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thestressisnearly linearwithstrainuntilitreachesthe upperyieldpoint stresswhichisalso knownasthe elasticplastic tensileinstability point. p Atthispointtheload(orstress)decreasesasthe deformationcontinuestoincrease.Thatis,lessload isnecessarytosustaincontinueddeformation.
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Theregionbetweentheloweryieldpoint andthemaximumstressisaregionofstrain hardening,PolyCarbonateshowsthesimilar behavior

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IfthestrainscaleofFig.(a)isexpandedas illustratedinFig.(b),

thestressstraindiagramofmildsteelis approximatedbytwostraightlines; i)forthelinearelasticportionand ii)ishorizontalatastresslevelofthelower yieldpoint.

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Thischaracteristicofmildsteeltoflow, k ordraw neck d without ith trupture t when h the th yieldpointhasbeenexceededhasledtothe conceptsofplastic,limitorultimatedesign.

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IdealizedStress Strain

alinearelasticperfectlybrittlematerialisassumed tohaveastressstraindiagramfig(a) aperfectlyelasticplasticmaterialwiththestress straindiagramFig(b)mildsteelorPolyC

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Metals(andpolymers)oftenhavenonlinear stressstrainbehaviorasshowninFig.(a).These aresometimesmodeledwithabilineardiagram asshowninFig.(b)andarereferredtoasa perfectlylinearelasticstrainhardeningmaterial.

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MathematicalDefinitions
DefinitionofaContinuum:Abasicassumption of felementary l t solid lidmechanics h i is i that th ta materialcanbeapproximatedasacontinuum. Thatis,thematerial(ofmassM)is continuouslydistributedoveranarbitrarily smallvolume,V,suchthat,

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Mathematical/PhysicalDef.of NormalandShearStress
Considerabodyin equilibrium ilib i under d the th actionofexternal forces F1,F2,F3,F4=Fi as showninFig. g

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Ifacuttingplaneis passed dthrough th hthe th bodyas showninFig, equilibriumis maintainedonthe remainingportion byinternalforces distributedoverthe surfaceS.

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Atanyarbitrarypointp, the incrementalresultantforce,Fr,onthe cutsurfacecanbebrokenupintoanormal forceinthedirectionofthenormal,n,to surfaceSand atangentialforceparalleltosurfaceS. Thenormalstressandtheshearstressat point i pis i mathematically h i ll d defined fi das,

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Alternatively,theresultant force,Fr,atpointpcan bedividedbythearea, A, andthelimittakento obtainthestressresultant rasshowninFig.Normal andtangential componentsofthisstress resultantwill thenbethe normalstressnand shearstresssatpointp ontheareaA.

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Ifapairofcuttingplanesadifferentialdistance apartarepassedthrough yp parallel toeachofthethreecoordinate thebody planes,acubewillbeidentified. Eachplanewillhavenormalandtangential componentsofthestressresultants. Thetangentialorshearstressresultantoneach planecanfurtherberepresentedbytwo componentsinthecoordinatedirections.
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Theinternalstress stateisthen representedby threestress componentson eachcoordinate planeasshownin Fig.Thereforeat anypointinabody there h will illbe b nine i stresscomponents. Theseareoften identifiedinmatrix formsuchthat,

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Usingequilibrium,itiseasytoshowthatthe stress t matrix t i i issymmetric, ti or

leavingonlysixindependentstressesexistingat amaterialpoint.
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PhysicalandMathematicalDef.of Normal&ShearStrain
Ifthereisstressactingonthebody.For example l

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Bothshearingandnormaldeformationmayoccur withdisplacements. uisthedisplacementcomponentinthex directionandvisthedisplacementcomponentin theydirection direction.

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Theunitchangeinthexdimensionwillbethe strainxxandisgivenby,

Ifweapplysimilarlyforyandzdirection,and assumethatchangeofangleisverysmallthen uwillbeignored.Thenin3coordinate systemnormalstrainsaredefinedas:

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Shearstrains
Shearstrainsaredefinedasthedistortionof theoriginal90angleattheoriginorthesum oftheangles1+2.Thatis,againusingthe smalldeformationassumption,

Aftersolvinginall3directionsshearstrainis
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Likestresses,ninecomponentsofstrainexist atapointandthesecanberepresentedin matrixformas,

Again, g ,itisp possibletoshowthatthestrain matrixissymmetricorthat,

Hencethereareonlysixindependentstrains.

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