Temperature Log Fluid Resistivity Log

Temperature Log

Chapter 9-1

Temperature logging provides a means for the continuous measurement and recording of borehole temperatures versus well depth. Most temperature logging tools utilize high resistance semi-conductorconductor sensing elements, which are quite small in mass. They can rapidly respond to increases in temperature with proportionately large reductions in electrical resistance. Such changes cause an imbalance in an electrical circuit which can be formed into pulses and recorded as degrees of temperature. Small sensor size makes for a short response time and permits their use in small diameter probes. The sensing element is located on the very bottom of the tool, so that during a logging run into hole the element encounters the existing borehole temperature in an undisturbed state. Logging into the well also eliminates temperature influences from the mass of the tool. The solid curve in Figure 9 - 1 - 1 is an absolute temperature log recorded in an area with a geothermal gradient of about four degrees per 100 feet of depth. Generally, gradients run from one and a half to three degrees per 100 feet of depth. Temperature logging is used to determine liquid levels, cement tops, fluid entries, injection and production profiles and zones of lost circulation encountered during drilling. In the qualitative interpretation of electric logs an accurate knowledge of formation temperature is a must. Temperature logs may be run in cased or uncased wells and in any type of fluid. The differential temperature log continuously compares, via a time delay system, two temperature measurements made by a single sensing element. It provides a means of measuring minute temperature anomilies. This enables the graphic and emphatic display of relatively small changes in temperature which may not appear significant on the gradient log. It should

be understood that a differential temperature curve contains no new information, it is simply data from the gradient curve presented in a different form. As the name implies, the differential curve is a record of the rate of change of the gradient curve and can be recorded at a wide range of sensitivity. The dashed curve of Figure 9 - 1 - 1 is a differential curve made at the same time that the gradient curve was logged. Notice that a very small change in the gradient curve shows up as a relatively large excursion on the differential.

1 7/16 Fluid Resistivity Tool

1 7/16 Temperature Tool

Fluid Resistivity Log

Fluid resistivity surveys are used to measure water resistivity within cased or uncased wells under both pumping and non-pumping conditions. The differential resistivity tool measures and presents not only the resistivity gradient of the wellbore water, but also minute changes in water resistivity by the use of a differential circuit which makes time delayed resistivity comparisons. The method of presentation is identical to that used for temperature and differential temperature logging. The device output is a measurement of the total dissolved solids (TDS) in the wellbore water. This type of measurement is especially important in a non-pumping well as it may be possible to detect the layering effect of different waters across the wellbore. While pumping, TDS changes quite often correlate with actual entries of water. The differential resistivity feature of this device makes visible presentations of small resistivity anomilies. As with the differential temperature log, it is important to maintain a constant logging speed when running the resistivity survey. A speed of thirty feet per minute usually gives excellent results. Figure 9 - 1 - 2 shows a typical fluid resistivity log.

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Chapter 9-1

Temperature Log Showing Gradient and Differential Temperature Curves

Figure 9 - 1 -1

Fluid Resistivity Log Showing Gradient and Differential Fluid Resistitivty Curves

Figure 9 - 1 - 2

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