FUNDAMENTALS of DRY - CLEANING

0300-3
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Table of contents

page Preface .........................................................................................................2 1 chapter .....................................................................................................3 Survey of dry cleaning...................................................................................3 2 chapter.....................................................................................................4 The sequence of operations in dry cleaning .................................................. 4 Sorting ..........................................................................................................5 Pre - spotting............................................................................................... 10 Cleaning......................................................................................................11 Cleaning - process ...................................................................................... 14 Filtration ......................................................................................................21 Finishing......................................................................................................22 Finishing methods ....................................................................................... 23 3 chapter ...................................................................................................25 The most frequent sources of trouble and their elimination.......................... 25 Epilogue ......................................................................................................28
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Preface to the 3 edition

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The third edition of this booklet is, like the previous one, a brief and clear brochure which shows the manifold problems that many dry cleaning plants are confronted with. By that, it is also rendered possible for "non-specialists" to get a better general view of all the relevant problems in a short time. Over the last years this little compendium as well as the booklet " A Guide to Spotting" has been introduced to pertinent technical colleges at which it is appreciated as learningand teaching aid. The developing chemists and performing technologists of the firm BUSSETTI & CO GesmbH have dealt with the problems of dry cleaning for decades. During the last years especially in the light of the aggravated ecological problems, one has to take attention to appropriate developments and changes of existing products. Today these auxiliaries are mainly produced in our factory in Marchtrenk/Upper Austria and are exported with rising success in many European and not European countries. In addition to chemico-technical auxiliaries that are made for the leather-manufacturing-, textile- and paper- industry as well as for other industries, the field "dry cleaning" holds an important place within the research- and marketing programme. BUSSETTI & CO GesmbH will continue trying hard to combine the results of research with the requirements of practice in an effective way to try to solve the dry cleaner's problems that are sometimes very difficult.

Vienna, January 2000

BUSSETTI & CO GesmbH

Department of dry cleaning

CHAPTER 1

1.1 Survey of dry cleaning

Today the customer can choose between several services in dry cleaning: 1. Cleaning per kilogram: machine cleaning without any pre- or post-treatment; 2. Ordinary cleaning: a) sorting, b) machine cleaning after sorting, and c) machine damping or pressing; 3. Special cleaning: a) sorting, b) pre-spotting, c) machine cleaning, d) post-spotting or treatment of individual stains, e) machine shape-damping or pressing, f ) ironing by hand

During the last years ordinary cleaning has been able to increase it's share of the market considerably for it became possible to achieve a cleaning effect by pre-spotting and stain removal that gets close to complete cleaning. Despite the low price launderettes and cleaning per kilogram could not prevail decisively over here. The customers make great demands on quality and service which cannot be offered by plants, which suggest this kind of cleaning.

CHAPTER 2

2.1 The sequence of operations in dry cleaning

Generally we are working in the following way:

SORTING

PRE - SPOTTING

CLEANING

POST - SPOTTING

FINISHING

fig. 1

2.1.1 Sorting

After acceptance the garments are separated into different sorts and colours (brightdark) shown in routine, fig. 1 and then either passed on directly to the cleaning machine or - if they are more strongly soiled - treated with pre-spotters before cleaning. Garments now being spotless can be brought directly to the finishing or machine cleaned again before. Of course, this routine can be changed according to the individual facilities of a plant. Thus it is also possible to work without pre-spotting but only with post-spotting. Stains, however, which remain on the garments after cleaning will have fixed by drying then. It is much harder to remove them in post-spotting. As can be seen in fig.1, the flow of the article in dry cleaning starts with sorting. Unfortunately, there is much too less importance attached to sorting. However, it has to be realised that a good cleaning result can be achieved only if the garments are sorted carefully. When sorting the clothes, some important points need to be considered. Above all the four care symbols should be generally known:

fig. 2

Important for the dry-cleaner is most of all the "circle" (which symbolises the washing drum) with the contained letters A, P and F. The meaning:

A P F

Garments marked with this sign are allowed to be cleaned with all solvents. Even with the now forbidden trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethan

Cleaning only in perchloroethylene and in hydrocarbonsolvent

Cleaning only in hydrocarbonsolvent.

fig. 3 The second important care symbol is the flat-iron with a certain number of points in it; the symbol of maximum temperature:

e.g.

..

(one point) (two points) (three points)

120C synthetics 150C wool and silk 200C cotton, etc..

fig. 4

The other two symbols are mainly important for laundries. The "washing vat" indicates the different maximum temperatures for wet processing which correspond to the various kinds of dyeing. e.g.

6 0 C
fig. 5 The "triangle" with the letters Cl points out that it is possible to use washingand bleaching agents containing chlorine. e.g.

Cl
fig. 6 As a supplement to the care symbols "dry cleaning" and "wet processing" there is the underscore which marks sensitive garments which must be treated with little mechanic (high liquor level, progressive spin-drying, etc.). e.g.

P
fig. 7

Take into consideration that the treatment of garments with care symbols crossed out, is subject to the following restrictions:

do not dry clean

do not wash

do not iron

do not bleach

fig. 8

When sorting the garments for care-treatment , one has to observe that various ornaments (buttons, beads, lurex, etc.) fixed on the articles of clothing have to be examined for their resistance to dry-cleaning. It must be found out too, whether prints (e.g. in decorative fabrics) are unaffected by cleaning. Just with such materials there are again and again problems, for it is possible that in pigment prints the binding agents between dyestuff and fibre are non-resistant to solvent. Then the article marks off and the solvent may get strongly stained. Lately problems with artificial furs and leather fabrics have arisen more and more frequently. Sometimes these imitations appear so real that the dry cleaner can hardly recognise them as such. If in doubt, cleaning should be refused or the risk ought to be passed on to the customer. To all this has to be paid attention already when accepting the articles of clothing in order to be able to draw the customer's attention to troubles that may arise.

When sorting, the articles have to be separated into "bright and dark". These garments sorted according to colours should be furthermore separated in different qualities which leads to the following finish of the articles.

sorting bright dark

knitted fabrics, open fabrics (wool, silk, acrylic) softening agent destaticizer jackets, trousers, further wardrobe dressing balloon fabrics, ski clothing,... impregnation

fig. 9

Fig. 9 shows that e.g. bright articles are separated into: knitted goods jackets and trousers and balloon fabrics After that and after cleaning bright knitted goods are softened and finished antistatic jackets and trousers are dressed and balloon fabrics are impregnated The same applies certainly for dark articles. The more thoroughly the separation is done, the better the cleaning result will be.

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2.1.2 Pre-Spotting

According to the routine (fig. 1) pre-spotting follows sorting. Why shall prespotting be carried out at all? The answer is easy: pre-spotting decreases the cost in the factory. Here seems to be a certain discrepancy at a glance, for why can an additional working process save costs? Owing to the fact that the articles of clothing have not yet been cleaned or dried ("caking effect") it is easier to identify which type of spot it is. Through the proper use of the pre-spotter or the spotting agents soil removal will be improved, by which a better cleaning result is obtained. Pre-spotting is characterised by two different working methods: A) brushing and spraying B) spotting A 1) brushing When brushing, auxiliaries are applied to the soiled spot by a spotting brush. For pre-treatment also dry cleaning soap diluted with water and perc were used frequently. This kind of solution to brushing has been prohibited by the trade authority, for else the occupational exposure limits would be exceeded and injuries to health would be impending. As a consequence, special brushing agents, like e.g. "UNISOL", are used today. A 2) spraying When spraying, the pre-spotter "UNISOL" is sprayed highly atomised on the garments and introduced by means of a spotting brush. The possibility of allowing steam to react facilitates the removal of water-soluble soiling. B) spotting Stains are removed either by special pre-spotters, e.g. UNISOL 1, UNISOL 2, UNISOL 3 or by stain removing agents of the NEOCRYL - range. In this connection we want to refer to "Guide to Spotting" of BUSSETTI & CO GesmbH. This pamphlet deals in great detail with the possibilities and problems of spot removing. An important point in connection with spotting is retouching. Even the experienced spot remover can cause a bright spot on the clothing. Of course, the colour change must be removed in the ordinary course of the service to the customer. This is done with the help of retouching pencils.

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2.1.3 Cleaning

After sorting and pre-spotting the garments are now passed on to cleaning. Before dealing with cleaning or cleaning processes more specifically, you should be informed about soiling and the average composition of soil.

approx. 10%

SOLVENT - SOLUBLE oils, greases, waxes, finishing agents,...

approx. 15%

WATER - SOLUBLE salts, sugar, sweat,... WATER - SWELLABLE starch, protein,...

approx. 75%

INSOLUBLE soot, dust, pigments,...

fig. 10

As can be seen in fig. 10, only approx. 10 % of the soil is solvent-soluble. To remove the rest, auxiliaries are needed both of technical (filters) and chemical nature (dry cleaning soaps). To be able to dissolve water-soluble soil, sufficient moisture must be present. The dry cleaning soap has the function to ensure that the moisture disperses evenly over the fibre and in the solvent as well as the accelerating the dissolving- and swelling process. That applies for water-soluble or -swellable soil (approx. 15 %) that is mentioned in the chart. Moreover, the dry cleaning soap has also emulsifying and dispersing qualities. It has a dirt dissolving and soil carrying effect, that is why it helps to remove 75 % of the remaining soil. This means that 90 % of the soil could be removed only from the textile fibre until a dry cleaning soap, e.g. ALBOXAN- or AUROPUR is used.

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As shown in fig. 10 approx. 75 % of all stains are insoluble both in water and solvents. These 75 % must be eliminated from the liquor by filters of the machine. If also less dry cleaning soap is at hand, the insoluble dirt particles are dispersed insufficiently and are not transported up to the filter. The pigments remain on the garments or are deposited again and cause greying which is feared. Moreover, it is important for the dry cleaning soap to have binding- and levelling capacity (the quality of spreading water evenly over the article). If the concentration of the dry cleaning soap in the solvent is too low, the water which has come on the article by steam or spot removing agents in pre-spotting or by humidity cannot be dispersed evenly over the whole surface of the article, but will be present at some spots in local over-concentration. There, pigment soil deposits particularly intensely (greying). Woollen goods also felt here. Of course, it is possible to produce very special effects by appropriate additives or on the ground of the chemical build-up of dry cleaning soaps.

For example:

deodorising additives - body odours are taken away colour refreshing additives - especially for white and colourful articles antistatic additives - prevent linting softening effect - iron work becomes easier qualities beneficial to impregnation - improve impregnation result

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Before we are dealing with the usual cleaning process in greater detail, there are quoted some important physical facts of the solvents used in dry cleaning (fig. 11).

PER chemical formula kauri - butanol - value boiling point/C azeotropic boiling point/C (water + solvent) decomposition temp./C occupational exposure limits specific gravity/g/cm3 evaporation rate (ether = 1) Cl2C=CCl2 90 121 87 150 50 1.62 9.5

HC-solvent H3C-(CH2)X-CH3
X = 6-10

WATER H2O

27 - 30 ca. 180 - 195 100

220 200 0.75 0.80 65.0 1.00

fig. 11

Dependent on the specific gravity, it is obvious that water floats on perc, and hcsolvent floats on water. Here the kauri butanol value, the decomposition temperature, and the occupational exposure limits are most interesting. Today the occupational exposure limits are checked at each factory inspection with the used air and space air concentration. The kauri butanol value is a proportionality factor giving information on the solvent power of the different solvents. According to these kauri butanol values perchloroethylene has more solvent power than hc-solvent. A very important figure is the decomposition temperature. The decomposition temperature of perchloroethylene is approx. 150C which means that the steam supply of the distillation unit must not have a pressure of more than 5 bar, for else, as a consequence of the high steam temperature involved, the solvent would locally overheat and, therefore, hydrochloric acid would be separated.

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2.1.3.1. Cleaning Process

On principle there are one-bath processes and multi-bath processes at which, however, hardly more than two baths are used unless the articles are impregnated. Owing to the modern automatic cleaning machines, the height of the liquor level - no dip - causes stronger mechanics than a high liquor level. Mechanic is the friction of the garments between one another by which dirt removal is intensified. A widespread method is the ONE BATH - ONE STEP - PROCESS (fig. 12) with continuous high liquor level and filtering circuit during the entire cleaning period.

solvent level dry cleaning soap high with filtering circuit without

medium

low cleaning period

from working-tank

to working-tank

fig. 12 The dry cleaning soap is added at the beginning of the procedure. In this method water shall not be admixed since a filter is in action during the entire cleaning period. The advantage of this process is the low mechanic caused by the high liquor level. It is a highly gentle method that is often employed for woollen and knitted goods. The disadvantage is on the one hand due to the lower mechanic by which more spotting may be required which has to be made up for by appropriate pre-spotting, on the other hand raises the degree of soil in the solvent.

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As we have mentioned in chapter 2.1.3 Cleaning by an average consist of dirt it is possible to obtain a considerable improvement of the cleaning result by adding water. On the other hand, it is not feasible to work with aqueous liquor in the filtering circuit, for else a strong increase in filtering pressure would occur. Therefore the filter has to be eliminated from the working procedure if water is used as auxiliary. In the ONE BATH - TWO STEP - PROCESS (fig. 13) a short bath of two to max. three minutes with dry cleaning soap and water as auxiliary is applied in the course of which no filter is used. Subsequently, the bath is filled up to full level and filtered.

solvent level

without with filtering circuit

high medium dry cleaning soap + water low

max. 2-3 min

cleaning period

from working-tank

to working-tank

fig. 13

It is absolutely important to work not longer than 3 minutes in the short bath without filter, for otherwise the danger of greying would increase very rapidly. The low liquor level, however, involves a notably stronger mechanic, and the addition of water implies a better dirt removal than in the One bath - One step - process.

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An additional improvement is the ONE BATH THREE STEP - PROCESS (fig. 14)

solvent level

without with filtering circuit

high dry cleaning soap medium water

low

max. 2-3 min

cleaning period

from working-tank

to working-tank

fig. 14

First one applies low solvent level in the filtering circuit with an addition of a suitable dry cleaning soap of the ALBOXAN- or AUROPUR -series, afterwards one turns away the filter from the circuit, water is added and after max. 2 to 3 minutes one supplies solvent until the normal level is reached and goes through filters. Today one bath processes are not up-to-date anymore. They are just used for special cases.

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Much more effective than one-bath processes are two-bath processes. The difference is that the content of the first bath, which always has a low level, gets pumped to distillation and therefore always clean solvent is at hand. In the second bath cleaning is carried out with the help of dry cleaning soap of the ALBOXAN- or AUROPUR-series at high solvent level through the filter. The usual processes are briefly characterised in the following: Most of all the TWO BATH TWO STEP - PROCESS (fig. 15) is used. The no filtering circuit is brought into action to the first bath with low level.

solvent level dry cleaning soap + pure solvent high

without with filtering circuit

medium water low

max. 2-3 min cleaning period to destillation from working-tank to working-tank

from working-tank

fig. 15

Preliminary cleaning takes place without filter and with water as auxiliary. After two to three minutes there is pumping off to distillation and centrifuging. Thereupon, the bath with level is enriched with dry cleaning soap and filtered.

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An alternative with higher mechanic is a modified TWO BATH TWO STEP PROCESS (fig.16)

solvent level without pure solvent high with filtering circuit

medium water low

dry cleaning soap

max. 2-3 min

max. 2-3 min

cleaning period

from working-tank to destillation from working-tank to working-tank

fig. 16

In the first bath there is 2 to max. 3 minutes cleaning with addition of water with low solvent level without filtering circuit, then there is pumping off to distillation and spin-drying of the articles. Therefore will be removed a high part of usual soil. The second bath begins too, with low solvent level and without filtration circuit. This time, however, a suitable dry cleaning soap of the ALBOXAN- or AUROPUR-series are added and cleaning requires, again, 2 to max. 3 minutes. Thereupon, there is filling up to full level from the working tank and filtering. In fact of the higher mechanic the soiling will increase removed from the product and the expensive rework will be reduced noticeable.

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The most effective cleaning method is the TWO BATH - THREE-STEP PROCESS (fig. 17) It allows the largest share of finished articles though involving the least danger of greying, but it has the disadvantage of a high load of the filter and raising of the filter pressure. Connected with this is a frequent change and distillation of the filtercontent.

solvent level dry cleaning soap + pure solvent high

without with filtering circuit

medium water low

max. 2-3 min from working-tank

cleaning period

to destillation from working-tank

to working-tank

fig. 17

The first bath is pumped through the filter with low level, subsequently the filtering circuit is cut off and water is added. In short liquor cleaning continues 2 to max. 3 minutes, then the whole bath is pumped to distillation and spin-dried The second bath is enriched with a suitable dry cleaning soap of the ALBOXAN- or AUROPUR-series and filtered.

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Summary to the cleaning-processes:

The following points should be born in mind both in one- and in two-bath processes: The period of cleaning without filter should be kept as short as possible and may take two to three minutes at the most. Longer cleaning causes the danger of greying to rise, for the articles serve as a filter for the pigment soil then. By adding water, the danger of greying is yet increased, for the pigment soil adheres persistently to the wet spots and mostly cannot be removed from there anymore. Therefore, when cleaning bright articles, a process should definitely be selected in which one works with low level through the filter before adding water. Today the extremely large quantities of water, as they were still added several years ago, are not used anymore. It has been found out that an overabundant quantity of water does not cause an improvement, but results in articles that come out of the machine badly creased and, hence, require more ironing. Nowadays one adds to trousers an average of 2 % water of the fabric weight, and to balloon fabrics 4 % water of the fabric weight, i.e. that to approx. 10 kg trousers 200 cm3 water and to 10 kg balloon fabrics 400 cm3 are added. The opinion that a better cleaning result can also be achieved by prolonging the filtration time is widely held. However, it has been found out that with the same process and different filtration time max. cleaning effect is obtained after 12 min. filtration time already. In the two-bath processes bath refill and dry cleaning soap addition should be considered moreover. The first bath is basically taken from the working-tank and pumped to distillation after cleaning with low level. The second bath is also taken from the working tank that on its part is filled up to full solvent level from the tank for clean solvent. According to the solvent addition from the tank for clean solvent, dry cleaning soap is added.

A short example: If for the first bath approx. 100 l solvent are used that are subsequently distilled, the working tank also has to be refilled with 100 l clean solvent. If a dry cleaning soap concentration of 3 cm3 per 1l perc is required, 300 cm3 dry cleaning soap have to be added.

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2.1.4 Filtration

The filter plays an important role in the cleaning machine. It has the function of retaining insoluble parts from the solvent. There are different methods of construction for filters, the working method, however, is the same in all precoated filters. The necessary quantity of filtering powder (often diatomaceous earth, e.g. Celatom) or activate bleaching earth (e.g. Tonsil), is supplied to the filter elements. In fact of the very small grain size and the short pore-diameter the pigment soil is retained at the filter; the transportation is made by the dry cleaning soap. Lately precoat free filter elements are applied in the machines. Instead of kieselguhr serves a very dense woven base textile for filter element. With these systems there occurs often the problem of to high filter pressure at the beginning. This problem can be solved by adding a short amount of kieselguhr.

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2.1.5 Finishing

After pre-spotting and cleaning, the articles are to be finished. Unfortunately, too less importance is attached to this point. Fabrics are dressed and finished from the textile industry and dressing fabrics, e.g. to reach a better touch or water-resistance. The dry cleaner must give back the original proofing, which has been removed by the solvent (e.g. with LASTOPAN or APRALON).

Mainly two kinds of finishing are carried out in dry cleaning: A) Dressing B) Impregnation First of all the feel of the goods and the surface smoothness are influenced by dressing. When using impregnation, the resistance of the textiles to wetness is improved; they get water-repellent properties without their air permeation being reduced. As well the dry-cleaner as the customers have advantages by a new finishing.

The advantages of the dry-cleaning-factory are:

1. Bigger turnover and more profit for an additional service is rendered. 2. Ironing becomes easier for the surfaces of the articles are smoothed by finishing. 3. By applying finishing agents, the articles get a certain protection against stains for the substance of the stain cannot enter as deeply as otherwise into the fabric. 4. Less pre-spotting work and better dirt removal when cleaning again. 5. Advantages over the competitors as better services are rendered.

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The advantages of the customer are:

1. The clothes are dimensionally more stable and less susceptible to creasing. 2. A creased garment will recover more rapidly. 3. The feel of the article is improved. 4. The clothing retains its comfortable wearability and 5. a look as if it were new.

2.1.5.1 Finishing methods

There are three methods: the dipping method the flow coating process and the spray method The oldest procedure to finish garments in dry cleaning is the dipping method. The finishing substance is solved in a separate tank and several times used as last bath before drying. This method has some disadvantages: After repeated use, the finishing liquor has to be brought to distillation for the bath is soiled by the articles and, in that case, the dangers of greying and staining are existent. Not only soil and dyestuffs are brought into the bath, but also dry cleaning soap is enriched which leads to a reduced water-repellent effect. The advantage in this method is that one can work with the automatic control of the machine, and that a very constant distribution of the auxiliaries is granted. The method applied most in Austria in former times was the flow coating process, which was especially for small- and medium-size enterprises of great interest. No accessory units or additional tanks were required and the consumption of auxiliaries was much lower than in the dipping method. In this process, however, the proceeding cycle of the machine had to be stopped in order to be able to infuse the finishing agents by hand. Due to this fact the drum has to be opened and it came to high solvent emissions in the operatingrooms. This method is now forbidden.

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Today the spraying method is used almost exclusively. It is certainly the most economical method. Here, the less quantity of auxiliaries is needed and it works with the automatic programme. However, for this method a further instrument is required. There the finishing substance is diluted with solvent and with a time-watch the layer on the textile is regulated. Especially for the waterproof finish one has to notice, that no residues of wetting dry cleaning detergents are left on the garments because they are disturbing the impregnation effect considerable because of the hygroscopic property. To remove this surface active agents a rinsing bath with clear solvent is inserted between cleaning and impregnation process.

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CHAPTER 3

3.1. The most frequent sources of trouble and their elimination

In a dry cleaning firm there will always be problems that are causally connected with machines and installations. Their solution is dependent on the detection and correction of the faults as well as on their future prevention.

3.1.1 Unsatisfactory cleaning effect

If the washing efficiency is not satisfying or has decreased remarkable, the following may be the reason: wrong cleaning programme, period of cleaning is too short, moisture addition is too low. These causes are easily checked and corrected. Moreover, the faultless function of the filter is responsible for the cleaning effect. As far as possible the filtering pressure in precoated filters is never to go beyond the maximum pressure specified by the manufacturer. Already at an increased pressure the throughput rate gets so low that the pigment soil removed from the article cannot be transported fast enough to the filter and causes greying of the article. The filter bed has to be replaced if the pressure is too high. If the initial pressure is higher than specified, the filter should be opened and cleaned. Liquor and filtration pressure ought to be checked permanently by the cleaner. If the liquor does not become clear after filtering, soil and filter powder reach the garments. The filter must be checked at once.

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3.1.2 Low efficiency of distillation

If this problem is appearing, the following questions should be answered and at the same time the mistakes will be cleared away:

Has the distillation vessel been thoroughly cleaned from residues? Is enough energy available? How high is the steam pressure? Is the steam trap adjusted correctly? In electrically heated distillation plants: have the safety thermostats responded? In electrically heated plants: have heating elements broken down? Possibly a layer of dirt which has an isolation effect has caked at the bottom of the distilling vessel.

3.1.3 The distilling vessel boils over

The reasons for the fault may be:

Low quantities of silicone having been removed from silicone- or fluorocarbon-impregnated articles. Open steam valve will not seal. Use of foam building chemicals. The distilling vessel has been cleaned insufficiently.

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3.1.4 Cloudy distillate

Mostly responsible for cloudy distillate is too fast distilling. The cloudiness is due to traces of water. The temperature of the condensation product must be checked permanently. The higher the temperature the more water is dissolved clearly in the solvent. When going on cooling down to room temperature the dissolved water is getting free - the distillate becomes clouded. By the presence of low quantities of water it is entirely normal at the beginning of distillation that the distillate is cloudy because of the azeotropic distilling phase. In the clean and cold water-separator, however, water and solvent ought to be separated exactly. Therefore it is necessary to clean the water-separator in shorter intervals and to check the temperature of the distillate (25 - 30C).

3.1.5 Disagreeable smell of goods

If it is not possible to get odourless garments it may have different reasons: If the distillation-rate is insufficient, soil and bacteria are collected in solvent which leads to smell of goods by increasing lots. High steam pressure for distillation inlet and therefore overheating of the solvent (acid forming) and the distillation-sump.

At cleaning systems free of waste air, these problems are caused when no fresh air is supplied after drying phase. The slight "musty" odour vanishes while ironing, steaming or hanging out. Most of odour building substances are removed with water vapour, and accumulate therefore in the water phase of the water-separator and are easy to remove by a weekly emptying and cleaning. Also recommended is the use of auxiliaries with steam resistant odours (BUCOFRESH-series, BUCOPHOB-series). With these products the fresh smell stays on the textile even after finishing and ironing and gives a pleasant smell to the rooms.

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The most important trade names of manmade fibres in Austria

Polyamide fibre (PA):

Antron Caprolan Celon Dederon Enkalon Grilon Heliolan Helion Acribel Acrilan Cashmilon Courtelle

Kapron Lilion Nylon Nylsuiss Nyl-Test

Perlon Rilsan Spinlon Stilon

Polyacrylnitrile fibre (PAC):

Crylor Dolan Dralon Leacril Orlon Kodel Leaster Spinlene Tergal Terital Tersuiss Enkaswing Dicel Dorian Lenalus Lunesil Naiaset Flox Hochmodul 333 Reyon Vincel

Redolen Spanny Teklan Velicren

Polyester fibre (PES):

Bucaleni Crimplene Dacron Diolen Dorvivan Grilene Dorlastan Acesella Acesil Arnel-Snoupix Celafibre Chatilan Delustra Duraflox Evlan Fibro

Terylene Trevira Vestan Vistel

Polyurethane fibre (PUR): Acetate fibre (CA):

Lycra Vyrene Rhodia Rhodiafil Stella Tricel

Viscose fibre (CV):

Sarille Visolan Viskolen Rayon

This list claims no demand of being complete and is prepared by the Austrian Institute for Chemical Fibres.

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EPILOGUE

This compendium wants to give just a short and condensed general view of the proceedings in dry cleaning. Of course, each problem complex talked about needs detailed discussion which, however, can only be useful within the respective group of persons on the spot in the dry cleaning firm. That is why we have merely glanced shortly at many things and merely pointed out many possibilities. For the adjustments of programmes and processes the performing service of the firm BUSSETTI & CO GesmbH is, naturally, at your disposal at any time.

The author

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