GROSSNEUROANATOMY

DESWATYFURQONITA

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TopicsofNeuroanatomy:
y Centralnervoussystem:
y Protectionofthebrain y Cerebral(Cerebrum) y Brainstem:midbrain,ponsandmedullaoblongata y Cerebellar(Cerebellum) y Spinalcord y Vascularisation y VentriclesystemandCSF

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TopicsofNeuroanatomy:
y Peripheralnervoussystem
y Cranialnerves y Spinalnerves

y Anatomicalpathways
y Ascendingtracts y Descendingtract

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Embryonicdevelopmentofthe brain

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Embryonicdevelopment ofthebrain

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PROTECTIONOFTHEBRAIN
y Structureswhichprotectedthebrainare: y SCALP:Skin,Connectivetissue,AponeuroticGalea, LooseconnectivetissueandPericranium y Skull(cranium) y Meninges y CerebroSpinalFluid

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SCALPANDMENINGES

Figure1.Meningesaroundthebrain.
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MENINGES
y Themeningesarecomposedofthreemembranous

connectivetissuelayers:
y y y

Duramater:though,thickexternalfibruslayer Arachnoidmater:thinintermediatelayer Piamater:delicateinternalvasculatedlayer

y Arachnoidmaterandpiamaterarecontinous

membranesthatcollectivelymakeupthe leptomeninx

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MENINGES

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DURAMATER
y Theduramater(dura),atwolayeredmembranethatis

adherenttotheinternalsurfaceofcanium,consistof:
y Anexternalperiosteallayer y Aninternalmeningeal layer

y Reflectionorreduplicationofthemeningeallayerof

dura:
y Falxcerebri y Tentoriumcerebelli y Falxcerebelli y Diaphragmasellae

y Bloodsuply:middlemeningealarteries.
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DURAMATER

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DURALSINUSES
Superiorsagittalsinus Inferiorsagittalsinus Straightsinus Transversesinus Occipitalsinus Confluenceofsinuses Cavernoussinus Intercavernoussinus Superiorpetrosalsinus Inferiorpetrosalsinus Basilarplexussinu

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DURALSINUSES

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DURALSINUSES

Figure2.Meningesaroundthebrain.
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MENINGEALSPACES
y Theduracraniuminterface(Extraduralspace orEpidural

space)isnotnaturalspacesbetweencraniumandexternal periosteallayeroftheduramaterbecausethedurais attachedtothebone.itbecomesaspaceonly pathologically. y Theduraarachnoidjunctionorinterface(Subduralspace) islikewisenotanaturalspacebetweentheduraandthe arachnoid. aspacemaydevelopasaresultoftrauma. y Subarachnoidspace:thespacebetweenarachnoidmater andpiamater. itsrealaspacethatscontainsCSF, trabecularcells,cerebralarteriesandsuperiorcerebral veins.
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POTENTIALSPACES

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Headinjuriesandintracranialhemorrhage

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MENINGEALSPACES
y Cisterns:areasofsubaracnoidspacewherethebrain

countourisgreatlychangedsuchthatthepiaand arachnoiddivergefromeachother. y Majorsubarachnoidcisternincludethe:

y Posteriorcerebellomedullarycistern(CisternaMagna) y Lateralcerebellomedullarycistern y Pontocerebellarcistern(cisternapontis) y Quadrigeminalcistern y Chiasmaticcistern y Interpeduncularcistern(cisternabasalis) y Lumbalcistern
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CISTERNS

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CEREBRUM(TELENCEPHALON)
y Thecerebrumhastwohemispheres(rigthandleft)

whichseparatedbylongitudinalfissure. y Therearegyry,sulciandfissuresonthesurfaceof cerebralhemisphere. y Eachhemispherehasfivelobes:

y Frontallobe y Parietallobe y Occipitallobe y Temporallobe y Insula
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CEREBRUM

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CEREBRUM
y Principlefissureorsulcionthelateralviewofthe

cerebrum:
y Lateralfissure(ofSylvian) y Centralsulcus(ofRoland)

y Thecerebrumiscomposedofasuperficialcerebral

cortex ofgraymatter,thecerebralwhitematter internaltoit,and thedeepgraymatterofthecerebrum withinthewhitematter (Basalganglia).

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CEREBRUM

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CEREBRUM
y Specialfeaturesonthelateralviewofthecerebrum: y Precentralgyrus theprimarymotorcortex y Postcentralgyrus therimarysensorycortex y Superiortemporalgyrus theprimaryauditorycotex y Occipitalpole theprimaryvisualcortex y Triangularpartandopercularpartofinferiorfrontal gyry Brocasspeecharea y AngulargyrusandsuramarginalgyrusWernickes speecharea

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Functionalareasofcerebralcortex

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CEREBRUM
y Outstandinglandmarksonthemedialviewof

cerebrum:
y Corpuscallosum y Thefornix y Theseptumpellucidum y Anteriorcommisure

y Principalfissuresandsulcionthemedialviewof

cerebrum:
y Calcarinefissure y Cingulatesulcus y Parietooccipitalfissure y Inferiortemporalsulcus
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CEREBRUM

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Themedialviewofcerebrum

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CEREBRUM
y Lobesonthemedialviewofcerebrum: y Frontallobe cingulategyrusandparacentrallobule y Parietallobe rostrally:frontallobe,posteriorly: parietooccipitalfissure y Occipitallobeisdividedintocuneusandlingualgyrus bycalcarinesulcus. y Temporallobe

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Functionalareasofcerebralcortex

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Bodymapsintheprimarymotorcortexandsomatosensory cortex ofthecerebrum.

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Cerebralwhitematter
y Underlyingthegraymatterofthecerebralcortexisthe

cerebral whitematter. y Itisviathemanyfibersthatformthecerebral white matterthatthevariousareasofthecerebralcortex communicate bothwithoneanotherandwiththe brainstemand spinalcord. y Mostofthesefibersaremyelinatedandbundled into largetracts. y Thefibersareclassifiedascommissuralfibers, associationfibers,orprojectionfibers.
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Whitefibertractsofcerebral hemispheres

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Whitefibertractsofcerebral hemispheres

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Deepgraymatterofcerebrum (BasalGanglia)
y Deepwithinthecerebralwhitematterlies agroupof

brainnucleicollectivelycalledthebasalganglia :
y Caudatenucleus y Lentiformenucleus:
y y

Putamen Globuspalidus

y Claustrum

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BASALGANGLIA

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DIENCEPHALON
y Thediencephaloniscomposedoftheepithalamus,

thalamus,andhypothalamus,enclosesthe3rd ventricle. y Thethalamusapairedeggshapedgroupofbrain nuclei,isthe gatewaytothecerebralcortex. y Thethalamusisamajorrelaystationforsensory impulsesascendingtothesensorycortexandfor impulses fromallbrainregionsthatcommunicatewith thecerebralcortex.

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DIENCEPHALONANDTHEBRAINSTEM

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DIENCEPHALON
y Thehypothalamus,aseriesofbrainnuclei,isthe

brainsmostimportant visceralcontrolcenter. y Thehypothalamus regulatessleepcycles,hunger, thirst,bodytemperature,secretionbythepituitary gland,theautonomic nervoussystem,andsome emotionsandbehaviors. y Thesmallepithalamuscontainsthepinealgland, whichsecretesa hormonecalledmelatoninthatis involvedinthenighttimestageof thesleepwake cycle.
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DIENCEPHALON

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DIENCEPHALON(THALAMUS)

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BRAINSTEM
y Thethreebasicsubdivisionofbrainstemare: y Midbrain(Mesencephalon) y Pontine(Pons) y Medullaoblongata

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Ventralofthebrainshowingthethreepartsofthebrainstem:medullaolblongata, ponsandmidbrain

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BRAINSTEM

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BRAINSTEM(MESENCEPHALON)
y Themidbrainisdividedintoatectum andpaired

cerebralpeduncles, withthelattercontainingthe pyramidalmotortractsinthe crus cerebri. y Inthetectum,thesuperiorandinferiorcolliculi mediate visualandauditoryreflexes. y Therednucleusandsubstantia nigra participatein motorfunctions.

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BRAINSTEM(MESENCEPHALON)
y Theperiaqueductalgraymatter elicitsthefear

response. y Themidbrainalsocontainsmotornuclei ofcranial nervesIIIandIV,nervesthatcontroleyemuscles.

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BRAINSTEM(PONTINE)
y Inthepons,nucleiofcranialnervesVVIIlienearthe

fourthventricle. y Theventralregionoftheponscontainsthepyramidal tracts plusthepontinenucleithatprojecttothe cerebellum.

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BRAINSTEM(PONTINE)

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BRAINSTEM(MEDULLAOBLONGATA)
y Themedullaoblongatacontainsthepyramidsand

theirdecussation, allformedbythepyramidaltracts. Theolivescontainrelaynucleito thecerebellum. y NucleiofcranialnervesVIIIXIIlienearthefourth ventricle. y Centersinthemedullaryreticularformationregulate respiration, heartrate,bloodpressure,andother visceralfunctions.

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BRAINSTEM(MEDULLAOBLONGATA)

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CEREBELLUM
y Thecerebellumsmoothsandcoordinatesbody

movementsand helpsmaintainpostureand equilibrium. y Itsmaindivisionsthe pairedcerebellarhemispheres andthevermisaredividedtransversely intothree lobes:anterior,posterior,andflocculonodular. y Thecerebellarsurfaceiscoveredwithfolia(ridges)and fissures.

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CEREBELLUM
y Fromsuperficialtodeep,themainregionsofthe

cerebellumare thecortex,thearborvitae,andthe deepcerebellarnuclei. y Thecerebellumconnectstothebrainstembythe superior,middle, andinferiorcerebellarpeduncles, thickfibertractsthatcarryinformation toandfrom thecerebellum.Allthesefibersareipsilateral.

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CEREBELLUM

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VasculatureofBrain
y Thebloodsupplytothebrainisfromtheinternal

carotidand vertebralarteries. y Theinternalcarotidarteriesariseintheneckfromthe commoncarotidarteriesandenterthecranialcavity withthecarotidplexusof sympatheticnervesthrough thecarotidcanals. y Theterminalbranchesoftheinternalcarotidsarethe anterior andmiddlecerebralarteries.

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CircleofWillis

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CircleofWillis
y Acircularanastomosisformedby: y Theposteriorcommunicatingarteries y Theosteriorcerebralarteries y Theanteriorcerebralarteries y Theanteriorcommunicatingarteries

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CircleofWillis

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VENTRICULARSYSTEMAND CEREBROSPINALFLUID(CSF)
y Therearefourventricleinthebrain: y Thetwolateralventriclesareinthecerebral hemispheres y The third ventricleisinthe diencephalon; thecerebral aqueductisinthe midbrain;and y The fourthventricleisintheponsandmedullaregions ofthebrainstem.

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Ventriclesofthebrain

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References:

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