ProgrammingModel1

A.Introduction
Objectives Attheendofthislabyoushouldbeableto: UsetheCPUsimulatortocreatebasicCPUinstructions UsethesimulatortoexecutebasicCPUinstructions UseCPUinstructionstomovedatatoregisters,comparevaluesinregisters, pushdatatothestack,popdatafromthestack,jumptoaddresslocations andaddvaluesheldinregisters. ExplainthefunctionsofspecialCPUregisterssuchasthePC,SRandSP registers.

B.Processor(CPU)Simulators
Thecomputerarchitecturetutorialsaresupportedbysimulators,whicharecreated tounderpintheoreticalconceptsnormallycoveredduringthelectures.The simulatorsprovidevisualandanimatedrepresentationofmechanismsinvolvedand enablethestudentstoobservethehiddeninnerworkingsofsystems,whichwould bedifficultorimpossibletodootherwise.Theaddedadvantageofusingsimulators isthattheyallowthestudentstoexperimentandexploredifferenttechnological aspectsofsystemswithouthavingtoinstallandconfiguretherealsystems.

C.BasicTheory
Theprogrammingmodelofcomputerarchitecturedefinesthoselowlevel architecturalcomponents,whichincludethefollowing CPUinstructionset CPUregisters Differentwaysofaddressinginstructionsanddataininstructions

Italsodefinesinteractionbetweentheabovecomponents.Itisthislowlevel programmingmodelwhichmakesprogrammedcomputationspossible.

D.SimulatorDetails
Thissectionincludessomebasicinformationonthesimulator,whichshouldenable thestudentstousethesimulator.Thetutor(s)willbeavailabletohelpanyone experiencingdifficultyinusingthesimulator.Thesimulatorforthislabisan applicationrunningonaPCrunningMSWindowsoperatingsystem. Themainwindowiscomposedofseveralviews,whichrepresentdifferentfunctional partsofthesimulatedprocessor.TheseareshowninImage1belowandare composedof

CPUInstructionmemory SpecialCPUregisters CPU(generalpurpose)registers Programstack Programcreationandrunningfeatures

CPUInstruction memoryview Addprogram instructionstab Createprogramtab

SpecialCPU registersview

CPUregistersview Programstackview

Programlistview

Image1CPUSimulatorwindow Thepartsofthesimulatorrelevanttothislabaredescribedbelow.Pleasereadthis informationcarefullyandtrytoidentifythedifferentpartsontheCPUSimulator windowBEFOREattemptingthefollowingexercises.Usethisinformationin conjunctionwiththeexercisesthatfollow.

1.CPUinstructionmemoryview
Image2Instructionmemory view This view contains the program instructions. The instructions are displayed as sequences of lowlevel instruction mnemonics (assemblerlevel format) and not as binary code. This is done for clarity and makes code more readable by humans. Each instruction is associated with two addresses: the physicaladdress(PAdd)andthe logical address (LAdd). This view also displays the base address (Base) against each instruction. The sequence of instructions belonging to the same program will have the samebaseaddress.

2.SpecialCPUregistersview ThisviewshowsthesetofCPUregisters,
whichhavepredefinedspecialistfunctions: PC:ProgramCountercontainstheaddress ofthenextinstructiontobeexecuted. IR:InstructionRegistercontainsthe instructioncurrentlybeingexecuted. SR:StatusRegistercontainsinformation pertainingtotheresultofthelastexecuted instruction. SP:StackPointerregisterpointstothevalue maintainedatthetopoftheprogramstack (seebelow). BR:BaseRegistercontainscurrentbase address. MAR:MemoryAddressRegistercontains thememoryaddresscurrentlybeing accessed. Statusbits:OV:Overflow;Z:Zero;N: Negative 3

Image3SpecialCPU registersview

3.CPUregistersview

Image4 CPURegistersview The register set view shows the contents of all the generalpurpose registers, which are used to maintain temporary values as the program's instructionsareexecuted.Registersare very fast memories that hold temporary values while the CPU executesinstructions. Thisarchitecturesupportsfrom8to64 registers. These registers are often used to hold values of a program's variables as defined in highlevel languages. Not all architectures have this many registers. Some have more (e.g. 128 register) and some others have less (e.g. 8 registers). In all cases, these registersservesimilarpurposes. This view displays each register's name (Reg), its current value (Val) and some additional values, which are reserved for program debugging. It can also be used to reset the individual register values manually which is often useful for advanced debugging. To manually change a registers content, first select the register then enter the new value in the text box, Reg Value, and click on the CHANGE button in the Registers tab.

4.Programstackview
Image5Programstackview The program stack is another area which maintains temporary values as the instructions are executed. The stack is a LIFO(lastinfirstout)datastructure.Itis often used for efficient interrupt handling and subroutine calls. Each programhasitsownindividualstack. TheCPUinstructionsPSH(push)andPOP are used to store values on top of stack and pop values from top of stack respectively.

5.Programlistview
Image6 ProgramListView

Use the REMOVE PROGRAM button to remove the selected program from the list; use the REMOVE ALL PROGRAMS button to remove all the programs from the list. Note that when a program is removed, its instructions are also removed from the Instruction Memory Viewtoo.

6.Programcreation
Image7 Createprogramtab Tocreateanewprogramenterits nameintheProgramNamebox anditsbaseaddressintheBase AddressboxthenclickontheADD button.Thenewprogramsname willappearintheProgramListview (seeImage6).

Image8Addprogram instructionstab Use ADD NEW button to add a new instruction; use EDIT button to edit the selected instruction; use MOVE DOWN/ MOVE UP buttons to move the selected instruction down or up; use INSERT ABOVE/INSERT BELOW buttons to insert a new instruction above or below the selectedinstructionrespectively.

E. Lab Exercises - Investigate and Explore

Thelabexercisesareaseriesofactivities,whicharecarriedoutbythestudents underbasicguidelines.So,howisthistutorialconducted?Thestudentsareexpected tofollowtheinstructionsgiveninordertoidentifyandlocatetherequired information,toactuponitandmakenotesoftheirobservations.Inordertobeable todotheseactivitiesyoushouldconsulttheinformationinSectionDaboveandalso frequentlyrefertotheAppendixforinformationonvariousCPUinstructionsyouwill beaskedtocreateanduse.Remember,youneedtocarefullyreadandunderstand theinstructionsbeforeyoucanattempteachactivity. Now,letusstart.FirstyouneedtoplacesomeinstructionsintheInstruction MemoryView(seeImage2),representingtheRAMintherealmachine,before executinganyinstructions.Todothis,followthestepsbelow: IntheProgramtab(seeImage7),firstenteraProgramName,andthenenteraBase Address(thiscanbeanynumber,butforthisexerciseuse100).ClickontheADD button.AnewprogramnamewillbeenteredintheProgramListview(seeImage6). YoucanusetheSAVEbuttontosaveinstructionsinafile.Youcanalsousethe LOADbuttontoloadinstructionsfromafile. YouarenowreadytoenterinstructionsintotheCPUSimulator.Youdothisby clickingontheADDNEWbuttonintheInstructionstab(seeImage8).Thiswill displaytheInstructions:CPU0window.Youusethiswindowtoselectandenterthe CPUinstructions.Appendixlistssomeoftheinstructionsthissimulatorusesandalso givesexamplesoftheirusage. Now,haveagoatthefollowingactivities(enteryouranswersinthetextboxes provided).Awordofcaution:Regularlysaveyourcodeinafileincasethesimulator crashesinwhichcaseyoucanrestartthesimulatorandreloadyourfile.

 1. Createaninstruction,whichmovesnumber5toregisterR00.

2. Executetheaboveinstruction(todothissimplydoubleclickonitinthe InstructionMemoryView).ObservetheresultintheCPURegistersview(Image 4). 3. Createaninstruction,whichmovesnumber8toregisterR01.

4. Executeit(Youdothisbydoubleclickingontheinstruction) 5. ObservethecontentsofR00andR01intheCPURegistersview(Image4). 6. Createaninstruction,whichaddsthecontentsofR00andR01.

7. Executeit. 8. Observewhichregistertheresultisputin.

9.

Createaninstruction,whichpushestheaboveresulttothetopof thehardwarestack,andthenexecuteit.

10. Createaninstructiontopushnumber2ontopofthestackandexecuteit. ObservethevalueinProgramStack(Image5). 11. ObservethevalueintheSPregister(SpecialCPURegistersviewImage3). WheneveryoupushavalueonProgramStack,theSPregisterisupdated. 12. CreateaninstructiontocomparethevaluesinregistersR00andR01.

 13. Executeit. 14. ObservethevalueintheSRregister(SpecialCPURegistersviewImage3). 15. ObservethestatusoftheOV/Z/Npartsofthestatusregister.Whichboxesare checkedandwhicharenot?Whatdotheyindicate? 16. Createaninstructiontounconditionallyjumptothefirstinstruction. 17. Executeit. 18. ObservethevalueinthePCregister.Thisistheaddressofthenextinstructionto beexecuted.Makeanoteofwhichinstructionitispointingto? 19. ObservethevaluesinthePAddandLAddcolumns.Whatdothesevalues indicate?Aretheydifferent(Hint:CheckouttheBaseAddressvalue)? 20. WhatisthedifferencebetweentheLAddvalueofthefirstinstructionandthe LAddvalueofthesecondinstruction?Whatdoesthisvalueindicate(Hint:Think oftheinstructionlengthsinbytes)? 21. CreateaninstructiontopopthevalueontopoftheProgramStackintoregister R02.

22. Executeit. 23. ObservethevalueintheSPregister. 24. CreateaninstructiontopopthevalueontopoftheProgramStackintoregister R03. 25. Executeit. 26. ObservethevalueintheSPregister. 27. Executethelastinstructionagain.Whathappened?Explain. 28. Createacompareinstruction,whichcomparesvaluesinregistersR04andR05. 29. ManuallyinserttwoequalvaluesinregistersR04andR05(Image4). 30. Oneagainexecutethecompareinstructioninstep28above. 31. WhichofthestatusflagsOV/Z/Nisset(i.e.boxischecked)?Why? 32. 33. 34. ManuallyinsertavalueinregisterR05greaterthanthatinregisterR04. Executethecompareinstructioninstep28above. WhichofthestatusflagsOV/Z/Nisset?Why? 35. 36. 37. ManuallyinsertavalueinregisterR04greaterthanthatinregisterR05. Executethecompareinstructioninstep28above. WhichofthestatusflagsOV/Z/Nisset?Why?

 38. Createaninstruction,whichwilljumptothefirstinstructionifthevaluesin registersR04andR05areequal. 39. TesttheaboveinstructionbymanuallyputtingequalvaluesinregistersR04 andR05,thenfirstexecutingthecompareinstructionfollowedbyexecutingthe jumpinstruction(Remember:Youexecuteaninstructionbydoubleclickingon it).Diditwork?

40. SavetheinstructionsintheInstructionMemoryViewinafilebyclickingon theSAVEbutton(Image7).

***Endofexercises***

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Appendix - Simulator Instruction Sub-set Instruction Data transfer instructions Move data to register; move register to register MOV e.g. MOV #2, R01 moves number 2 into register R01 MOV R01, R03 moves contents of register R01 into register R03 LDB LDW STB STW Load a byte from memory to register Load a word (2 bytes) from memory to register Store a byte from register to memory Store a word (2 bytes) from register to memory Push data to top of hardware stack (TOS); push register to TOS PSH e.g. PSH #6 pushes number 6 on top of the stack PSH R03 pushes the contents of register R03 on top of the stack Pop data from top of hardware stack to register e.g. POP POP R05 pops contents of top of stack into register R05 Note: If you try to POP from an empty stack you will get the error message Stack overflow. Arithmetic instructions Add number to register; add register to register e.g. ADD ADD #3, R02 adds number 3 to contents of register R02 and stores the result in register R02. ADD R00, R01 adds contents of register R00 to contents of register R01 and stores the result in register R01. SUB MUL DIV Subtract number from register; subtract register from register Multiply number with register; multiply register with register Divide number with register; divide register with register Description

Control transfer instructions JMP Jump to instruction address unconditionally

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e.g. JMP 100 unconditionally jumps to address location 100 JLT JGT Jump to instruction address if less than (after last comparison) Jump to instruction address if greater than (after last comparison) Jump to instruction address if equal (after last comparison instruction) e.g. JEQ JEQ 200 jumps to address location 200 if the previous comparison instruction result indicates that the two numbers are equal, i.e. the Z status flag is set (the Z box will be checked in this case). Jump to instruction address if not equal (after last comparison) Jump to subroutine address Return from subroutine Software interrupt (used to request OS help) Halt simulation

JNE CAL RET SWI HLT

Comparison instruction Compare number with register; compare register with register e.g. CMP #5, R02 compare number 5 with the contents of register R02 CMP R01, R03 compare the contents of registers R01 and R03 CMP Note: If R01 = R03 then the status flag Z will be set, i.e. the Z box is checked. If R03 > R01 then non of the status flags will be set, i.e. none of the status flag boxes are checked. If R01 > R03 then the status flag N will be set, i.e. the N status box is checked. Input, output instructions IN OUT Get input data (if available) from an external IO device Output data to an external IO device

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