Chapter 2001

CHAPThR
2.1. INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS The integral transform of a function fix) is defin ed by the equation
Fourier Transforms
Ix)} = f(s) fix) K(s, x) dx, = where K(s, x) is a known function of s and x, called the kernel of the transform; s is called the parameter of the transform and fix) is calle d the inverse transform of f(s). Some of the well-known transforms are given belo w: (i) Laplace Transform. When K(s, x) = e_sx, we have the Laplace transform of fix).
Thus L{fix)
=
f(s)
=
(ii) Fourier Transform. When K(s, x) F(s)
fix) e dx
e, we have the Fourier transform offix). Thus
fix) e dx = (iii) Hanicel Transform. When K(s, x) = x J, (sx), we have the Hankel transform of fix). Thus Ha(s)
=
1:
fix) x J, (sx) dx
where J, (sx) is the Bessel function of the first kind and order n. (iv) Mellin Transform. When K(s, x) = x , we have the Mell 1 M(s)
=
in transform of fix). Thus
fix) x 1
=
(v) Fourier Sine Transform. When K(s, x) form of fix). Thus
sin sx, we have the Fourier sine trans
(s) 3 F fix) sin sx dx = .10 (vi) Fourier Cosine Transform. When K(s, x) = cos sx, we have the Fourier cosine transform of fix). Thus Fe(s)
=
fix) cos sx dx
We have already discussed Laplace transform and its appl ications to the solution of ordinary differential equations. In the present chapter, we shall discuss the Fourier integrals 48
FOURIER SERIES V
47
Its Fourier expansion is flx)=
;--ii
4a
El
cos 2x 1.3
cos 4x 3.5
cos 6x 5.7
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
49
and Fourier transforms which are useful in solving boundary value problems arising in engineering e.g. conduction of heat, theory of communication, wave propagation etc. Fourier series are helpful in problems involving periodic functions. However, in many practical problems, the function is non-periodic. A suitable representation for non-periodic functions can be obtained by considering the limiting form of Fourier series when the fundamental period is made infinite. In such case, the Fourier series becomes a Fourier integral which can be expressed in terms of Fourier transform which transforms a non-periodic function. The effect of applying an integral transform to a partial differential equation is to re duce the number of independent variables by one. The choice of a particular transform is decided by the nature of the boundary conditions and the facility with which the transform can
be inverted to give fix).

2.2.. FOURIER INTEGRAL THEOREM
Statement. If (i) fix) satisfies Dirichlets conditions in every interval ( c, c) however large.
(jj) then
I fix) I dx converges;
fix)=-J
fix)
Jfit)cos?(t_x)dtdk.
The integral on the right hand side is called Fourier Integral of f(x). Proof. Consider a function fix) satisfying Dirichiets conditions in every interval ( c, c), however large. Then
a = -
(
+
cos
nxx
sin
ntz
= 0 wherea
fit)dt,a=
fit)cos
dt
and
b=
fit)sin
dt
Substituting the values of a , a and b in (1), we get 0

fix)= fit) dt
f
1 c
2c
L
c
fit) dt
cos
-c
. fit) dt
If we assume that the integral
fix) I dx converges,
then Putting !
urn c-..L2c
=
rLSc f(t)dt] = o, since

-c
-U
2c
-c
f(t)dt
2c
If(t)Idt
&, the second term in (2) becomes
1=
cos {n&(t x)} fit) dt
This is of the form
F(n&.) &. whose limit as
0, is
F(A)d.
50 Hence as c
A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
00,
(2) reduces to
fix)
LJ
fit) cos ACt
x) dt dJ
which is known as Fourier Integral of fix). Equation (3) is true at a point of continuity. At a point of discontinuity the value of the integral on the right is [fix
+
0)
fix
0)].
2.3. FOURIER SINE AND COSINE INTEGRALS
cos A(t x) = cos At cos Ax + sin At sin Ax We know that Fourier integral of fix) can be written as
fix)=
--f J
fit){cosAtcosAx+snAtsinAx}dtdA
fit) cos At dt dA
+
cos Ax
sin Ax
fit) sin At dt dA
...(4)
When f(x) is an odd function, fit) cos At is odd while fit) sin At is even. Thus the first integral in (4) vanishes and, we get
fix)=
.$
sinAx
fit) sinAtdtdA
This is called Fourier sine integral. When f(x) is an even function, fit) cos At is even while fit) sin At is odd. Thus the second integral in (4) vanishes and, we get
fix)=
cosAx
fit)cosAtdtdA
This is called Fourier cosine integral.

2.4. COMPLEX FORM OF FOURIER INTEGRAL
Since cos A(t
x) is an even function of A, we have from (3)

fix)= fit)cosA(tx)dtdA x) is an odd function of A, so that 0
=
Also sin ACt
[..
2f f(x)dx=J
f(x)dxiff(x)iseven]
- Jf
fit) sin A (t
x) dt dA
La
f(x)dx=0iff(x)isodd]
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
51
Multiplying (8) by i and adding to (7), we get
fix)=
fit)(cos(tx)+isinX(tx)}dtd? . __f f 1 e$f(t)eiXtdtdX dtdX= t Lf: f(t)e

2t
-
which is known as the complex form of Fourier integral.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1. Express the function f(x) as a Fourier integral. Hence evaluate
Sol. The Fourier integral for fix) is 11
=
for IxI1, for x I >1, ?cos.x d&. (M.D.U. May 2008)
f sin
1
JOS:
fit)cos(tx)dtdX
1
=
$_
7t
=
rj ?(t f o [
1 x)1
[..
d
f(t)
=
{,
-i<t<ifl
otherwisJj
1
TCJO
sin?.(1x)sin(1x)
sin ?.(1 + x) + sin (1 1 itJo itjo dk
x)
d?.
for IxI<1 IxI>1 for 0 So SmCOSxfix){2 At I x I = 1, i.e., x = 1, fix) is discontinuous and the integral has the value
-
I +0
22
=
it
.
Note. Putting x
0, we get
Jo
=
sin?
d?. =
it
or
Jo
sinx
dx
it
11 for Oxjt for x> It as a Fourier sine integral and hence evaluate 1 cos (ic?) sin (xA) dA. Jo
Example 2. Express f(x)
(Kottayam 2005)
:1_
:;
52
Sol. The Fourier sine integral for fix) is 2 r sin (Ax) fit) sin (At) dt dA J to 2 [Ct) sin (At) dt sin (Ax) = j
[f:
Jo
f(t) sin (At) dt] dA

[on substituting for fit)]
It 0
sin (Ax) sin(Ax)
J 2
2
sin (At) dt dA
fix)
1cos(At) sin(Ax)dA A 1cos(icA) sin(xA)dA A

=
cos(At)
r
=
At x
it,
for x>it which is a point of discontinuity of fix), we have fix)= -[f(tO)f(t+0)]=-(1+O)= 1
1cosOtA) sin (xA) dX A
fix)
for 0
< It
IiN 1cos(tA) sin (xA) dA = = o A Example 3. Using Fourier Integral representation, show that:
10
1 dx= SoL Fourier Integral for
it
ifx<0 if x=0 if x>0

(M.D.U. Dec. 2009)
fix)
is
{ex
-
if if
x<0 x>0
ItO
Jfit)cosx(t_x)dtdA
$
0
[$
1(t)
cos A(t
x) dt
f(t)
cos A (t
x) dt] dA
1 1
I e $ Jo o
cos A(t
x) dt dA
x) + A
e
[1+A2
{cos A (t
cos Ax + A sin Ax dA
1+A
sin A(t x)}l J
dA
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
53
1 cosax+asincLx da 7t Jo 1+a 2
=
, 10 if e_X, i
(Replacing ? by a)
r cos xa
Jo
a sin xa -da=f(x)
Xa
2 i+a
x<0 x>0 a
,,
When x
0,
Jo
+ a sin 2 1+a
da
.10
1 da = [tan 1+cx 2
,
t
=
0 r cos xa + a sin xa da Jo 2 i+a

It
ifx<0
ite, ifx>0
EXERCISE 2.1
Using Fourier integral representation, show that (1
1
9):
Csinx?. I Jo k + 2
7t
x>0, k >0
x0
2.
I Jo
JO
rcosxo)
1+0)2
sin
t.
dw=e,
sin
xk.
sin x 0
when when
0.
0x7t
X>lt
f Jo
COS kX
+a 2 ?
d=
2a
e, a> 0, x
5.
..o 4)
2
It
ifx>0.
6.
ecosx, ifx>0. 2 L(A J 4 sind 4 =
F
0
sinit
____
sindA=
jsinx
2
it
0
,
if if
if
.
x>it
IxI<
IT;
7t coscos
1 1 t
1?,2
d=J2
Icosx
[
dA
if
IxI> 2
it.
:kSfl;kX
9. 10.
Jo(2a2X22)
a
,
Find Fourier sine integral representation of
10
where k is a constant.
0<x<1
1<x<2
x>2
54 11.
Find the Fourier integral representation for the following functions: (i)/x)
12
Icosx 0,
IxIit IxI>it
(ii)ftx)=
11,
ixIa
o,
ixi>a
, e (iii) fix) = 1
<x
<00,
Answers
10. 11. fix)
=
2k f(coscos2 I sin ?x d I
1tJO
(i) fix)
$
It
?sIti
cos
?X
(ii) fix)
sin
acos kx
(iii) fix)=f
1+A
cosrd?..
2.5. FOURIER TRANSFORMS AND INVERSION FORMULAE
(1) Fourier sine transform and its inversion formula

Fourier sine integral is fix) Replacing A by s, we get
=
-
sin At
=
--
L f(t) sin
sin sx
At dt dA
fix)
f(t) sin st dt ds
s), we have F ( Denoting the value of the inner integral by 3
fix)=
where
s)sinsxds F ( 3 $f(x) sin ax clx

. .
s) F ( 3
.(2)
The funetor Fe(s) as defined by equation (2) is known as the Fourier sine transform of fix) in 0 <x < oo, The function fix) as defined by equation (1) is called the inverse Fourier sine trans form of F (s). Thus equation (1) gives the inversion formula for the Fourier sine transform. 3 Note. Some authors write the above formulae as:
3 {fix)} s) or F F ( 3
=
and
fix)
$ J
=
fix) sin sx dx s) sin sx ds F ( 3
(2) Fourier cosine transform and its inversion formula Fourier cosine integral is fix) Replacing A by s, we get fix)
(Anna 2007)
At dt dA
--
cos At
$ f(t) cos
=
-
cos sx
$ f(t) cos st
dt ds
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
55
Denoting the value of the inner integral by Fe(s), we have fix) where Fe(s)
=
Fe(s) cos sx ds
.(3)
fix) cos sx dx
The function Fe(s) as defined by equation (4) is known as the Fourier cosine trans form of/tx) in 0 <x < oe. The function/tx) as defined by equation (3) is called the inverse Fourier cosine trans form of Fe(s). Thus equation (3) gives the inversion formula for the Fourier cosine transform. Note. Some authors write the above formulae as:
Fe(s) or F {fix))
and
fix)
=
-
5 5
f(x) cos
sx
Fe/s) cos sx ds
(3) Complex Fourier transform and its inversion formula Complex form of Fourier integral is fix) Replacing by s, we get
=
(Anna 2007)
.j 5
fix)
=
f(t)
dt d f(t) et dt ds
j!_ 5
Denoting the value of the inner integral by F(s), we have

fix)
=
F(s)
e8
,j9
.(5) .(6)
where
F(s)
f(x) e
dx
The function F(s) as defined by equation (6) is known as the Fourier transform of/tx). The function/tx) as defined by equation (5) is called the inverse Fourier transform of F(s). Thus equation (5) gives the inversion formula for the Fourier transform. Note. Some authors write the above formulae as:
F(s)
-
f(x) e
and
/tx)=_-Lf
F(s)eds
(4) Finite Fourier sine transform and its inversion formula The finite Fourier sine transform of/tx) in 0 <x < c is defined as
F(n)= S where n is an integer. f(x)sindx
C
56
A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MAThEMATICS
(n) 3 The function fix) is then called the inverse finite Fourier sine transform of F and is given by
fix)=
C
(n)sin. 3 F
C
nirx
(5) Finite Fourier cosine transform and its inversion formula The finite Fourier cosine transform of fix) in 0 <x < c is defmed as F(n)= I f(x)cosdx Jo C where n is an integer. The function fix) is then called the inverse finite Fourier cosine transform of F(n) and is given by fix)= F(O)+ F(n)cos.
n7r
Example 1. Find the Fourier sine transform of e
X
Hence evaluate
xstnmx
dx
(V.T.U., 2007) fix)

=
e_x is
Sol. In the interval (0, given by {flx)} 3 F

=
oo),
x is positive so
that e
x I
e. Fourier sine transform of
L fix) sin cx dx
2 [1+s
e sin sx dx
S
=
=1
10 (srnsxscossxH
2 1+s
Using inversion formula for Fourier sine transform, we get

fix)
=
It
{ftx)} sin sx 9 F
ds
.
or e
2
It
s sin cx ds 1+s 2
1+X
Replacmg x by m, we have e Hence I Jo

rxsinmx
2
=
It
s sin ms ds 2 1+s
It JO
2rxsinmx I 2
e. dx = 2 1+m 2 Example 2. Find the Fourier sine transform of
It
x for Ocx<1 for 1<x<2. f(x)=2x O ,for x>2

, ,
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
57
Sol. Fourier transform of fix) is
F{fix)}
f(x)sinsxdx
=
I f(x) sin sx dx Jo
Ji
I f(x) sin sx dx
2 r
J2
I f(x) sm sx dx
Si
r
xsinsxdxf(2_x)sinsxdx+JOdx
cossx sinsx
S 1
= IX.
I.
s s
1.
sinsx cossx I (1). +1(2x). 2 S S Jo I.

++
( cos s sin s ( sin 2s I-+-I+I

) 2 s
s 2sinssin2s
cos s s
sin s
2sins2sinscoss
2sins(1coss)
2 s
2 s
Example 3. Find the Fourier sine transform of Sol. Fourier sine transform affix) F{fix)} e is x
!-_
(P.T.U. 2006; M.D.U. 2005)
5 f(x)sinsxdx sx dx $
sin
J
(say)
...(1)
Differentiating w.r.t. s, we have I
dI ds
a(e r I--sinsxldx as x r e _.xcossxdx=J e cossxdx 0 x (acossx+ssinsx) 2 1

Jo 1 (a)= 2 a
j0
=E
[a +s
0 Integrating w.r.t. s, we get
a 2 +s
s 2 +a 2
I=tanc
58
Now, when From(2),
s = 0, from (1), I = 0 c=0 0=0+c I

I
= -ax
tan-
or F SXjI
1 tan-
Example 4. Find Fourier sine transform of

Sol. Fouriei sine transform of fix)
x(x 2 +a 2 )
(M.D.U. Dec. 2005, Dec. 2008)
x(x 2 +a 2 )
fix)} F { 8
f f(x)sinsxdx
r 0
sinsx dx=I 2 x(x 2 +a ) x cos sx

r
(say)
Differentiating w.r.t. s, we have
+a 2 x(x ) Differentiating again w.r.t. s, we have

O
=1
dI ds
dx=i
cos sx dx +a x 2
1 2 d
2 ds O
-xsinsx
+a 2 x
dx=i
sinsx 2 r x
dx
sin
+a 2 x(x )
2 r [a
s C (x + a 2 )] sin sx 2 dxi dxa 2 i Jo O x(xa ) 2 +a x(x ) 2
sx
dx
1 2 a
a I= 2 (D )
ItsA.E. is
where
D=
whence D= a a 0 2 D = e 2 C.F. = 3 e + c 1 c PT
(icit
D2_a2.
IC

)_
2D2_a2e
1_it
2a 2 2a
I=C.F.-f-P.I.
c + 2 I=c,e+ e
=
2e ac ac e 1
.(4)
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
59
When From (3),
s=0,from(1),I=0 I
=
1 c
2 2a
it
2a
When
s=0,from(2), dl
ds
La
2 ac
0 a]
2a
From (4),
1 ac
It
ac 1 ac = 2
or
it
2a
c i- =0 1 c 2 2a
Solving(5) and (6), =0, 1 c
= _!E 2 c 2a e
+
I
or {f(x)} 3 F
2 2a
=
2 2a
! (1 e).
2a
Example 5. Find the Fourier sine transform of Sol. Fourier sine transform of - is given by -sinsxcLx Putting sx 0
i.e., x
II 8
, we have
.
it dO rsinO rs I smO= I d0= Jo 0 2 s \x} JoO , n 1 Example 6. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transforms of x
(i
>
0.
(Madras, 2006)
Sol. We know that 3 (x) F and F(x)

1 x
=
sin sx dx cos sx
60
Now
T(n)=fe_ttdt, n>0
0
Putting t = ax, a> 0, we have
1e_(ax)n_1adx =an r(n)= .10

JO
f Jo
x ex d 1
Iex
xn_l
Putting a = is, we have

re_isx
Jo
dx=-(isYZ dx = P(n) )fl F(n) -- = ( i
J(cos sx
i sin sx) x
= =
C (
It ..itiF(n) cosisin-I 2 2) s
. .
nit nlc)r(n) coszsm 2 2 ?
Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides, we get 1xz_cossxdx = T(n) cos nit Sn 2

and
Jo
sx dx =
F(n)
sin
.
Sn
nit 2
From(1), F 8 and from (2), Note. Taking
()=
)
nit T(n) sin 2 Sn
FC(X
F(n) cos
nit 2
1 j, we get
FSW
12)
;
V 2s
sln=
[..
rJ]
=cos=
2)
Fc[_]
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
61 (Rajasthan 2006)
Example 7. Find the Fourier cosine transform of Sol. Fourier cosine
. 2 e
transform of
=
2 e
is
given by
=
2 F {e_
dl ds
2 cos sx dx e
I (say)
Differentiating w.r.t. s, we have
=_Jr xe_x
=
sinsxdx=
(sinsx)(_2xe_x )dx
[{sinsxe2F _sf c:ssxe 2
(Integrating by parts) Fex 2 cos sxdx=

2Jo
!i
2
or
s =ds 2
dI 1
Integrating,wehavelogl=
!, +logA or I=A e
$e_x2
...(2)
Now when s
0, from (1), I
dx
From(2), F {e
x2
Hence Note.
I I
J7t e b-2 = x
,-__
= fetdx
Put
i.e.,
x =
I e t i.f 0 2J Jo
_jJ2_tj_LrIJ.I_Vfl e 22)2
fi
Example 8. Find the Fourier cosine transform of
fcosx , O<x<a 1. 0 , xa
SoL Fourier cosine transform of fix) is F(fix)}
= Jf(x)
cos sx dx
f cos
1: cos ax dx J
=
f(x)
cos ax dx
f(x)
cossx dx
+0
0 dx
f 2 cos x cos ax dx
62
[cos(1+s)x+cos(1s)x]dx
=
iEsin(1+s)x 2[ 1+s
sin(1s)xT 1s Jo
1[sin(1+s)a 2 [ 1+s
1
+X
sin(1s)a 1s
Example 9. Find the Fourier cosine transform of f(x)

Hence derive Fourier sine transform of 4) (x)
=
1 x(1+x 2
is
Sol. Fourier cosine transform of /x)

F{ftx)}
1+x 2
dx
=
(say)
Differentiating w.r.t. s, we have dI ds

=
x sin sx 2 1+x
x sin sx 2 ) 2 x(1+x
)]sinsxd 2 f [1_(1+x ) 2 x(1-l-x

0
srnsx
0
dx_f
) 2 x(1+x
SlflSXd x
_I
sinsx ) 2 x(1+x
dx 2
Differentiating again w.r.t. s, we have

2 ds
f x(1+x ) 2
X COS SX 0
dx
fo
COS SX
=
2 1+x
1)I=O, where 2 (D Its A.E. is 2 D
D= D
=
1 =0 whence +c 8 1 I=c e 2
ce =c 3 e 1
dI
(4) =1
2
When From (3),
=tanix s=0,from(1),I=f 2 [ o1-i-x

I
=
1 c
7t
2 c
When
0,
from (2),
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
63
dI
=
From (4),
2 c
Solving (5) and (6),
1 c
I
0,
2 c 8 e
F{fix)}
Putting the values of c 1 and c 2 in (4)
dl ds
it
8 e
S1I1SX it
From (2),
e 2
9 It_
=
dx I Jo x(1+x 2 ) 2
SUISX
) 2 x(l+x
dx= 2
=
{p(x)} 8 F
!E (1
e).
Note. In example 10 above, we have proved that
Jo 1+x
I I
COSSX
dx=e
Differentiating w.r.t. s, we get (cossx Jo s1+x )

I
I
2
dx=_.e_8
Jo
I JO
XS]flSX
2 1+x
.
7t x sinsxdx=e 2 2 1+x 7t
=
3 e
is
where ,(x)
X =
1+
,2
=>
Fourier sine transform of
1+x 2
e.
Example 10. Find the Fourier transform of 10 fix)=

11,
xI<a IxI>a
(Anna 2007)
64 Hence evaluate
(j)
SLflCLSCOSSX
(ii)
SflX cklt
Sol. Fourier transform of fix) is given by F{/(x)}
=$ =
I
f(x) e dx dx
dx
1_a J O.edx+Ja 1.edx+Ja O.edx

f(x) e 8 f(x) e8
$f(x) ei8x
dx
pa
pa
pOO
Fe1
L.
is
e is
2 For s
(e _e21
2i
1=
2sinas s
IsO
= 0, we find F{fix)}
2a
By inversion formula for Fourier transform, we have

fix)=
j_fF{f(x)).eds smase_isXds 2 l$
= 11 sinas(cossxisinsx) = 1 sin ascos i f sin as sin = 1 sin as cos

sx
sx
sx
[Second integral vanishes since the integrand is an odd function of s]
1-..
srnascossx
f(){1t
...(1)
Since the integrand in (1) is an even function of s, we have sin as cos

sx
fit,
IxI<a IxI>a
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
65
rsinascossx IirJ2, ds= O, s

Putting
= ,
IxIca
IxI>a a >0
f
0
sin as
8
=
0,
a<O
Puttinga=1,
J?i!ds=.
f
and use
it
dx
Eample 11. Find :he Fourier transform off(x) to evaluate
{i 0 2 x
x (<1
(xcosxsinx x cos dx. I 2 x j (M.D.U. May 2006, Dec. 2006, Dec. 2007; Anna, 2006, 2007; V.T.U., 2006) Sol. Fourier transform of fix) is given by
F{fix)}
f J
,.I Jo
fix)e dx
f(x)e d 1 x dx 9 f(x)e
+
f(x)e dx
Odx+I
J_1
L3X
(1x ) 2 edx+I Odx

J1
LSX
= ) 2 I(1 ._(_2X )i+(2) _x
is
(is)
(is)
[_4e +e)+-(e
_e_u8)]
r
r
(eis
4 (e 2 2i
4 coss sinsi i- (scosssms) =4 1 IT = S sJ L s By inversion formula for Fourier transform, we have
f(x)
=
F{f(x)} e ds
.
(scosssins (cossxzsinsx)ds I 7t...\ S

I
66
A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMA1
(s
cos s
S
sins
1to
2i (s cos s Icossxds+j I 1c-os S )
sin
S1flSXCLS
tJo
(since
(sc0ss_sins
cossxds
the integrand in the first integral is even and that in the second integral is odd)
j0
Putting
(
x
= _(1_x2),
s
1
=
ss)COSsXdSnf(X)
iflxl<1
iflxl>1
we
have
r(scosssins
j
x
j j
dx
3it
=
cos
ds =
it(
i
=
3ic
Hence
r(xcosxsinx
0 J
Y. 8 1 Example 12. Find the inverse Fourier transform ofF(s) = e_ 8 1 Sol. The inverse Fourier transform of F(s) = e_ is given by
fix)
F(s) e
ds =
-i--
Je
ISIY
e_SX
ds
8 e
e ds
ds
fe_8
ds]
e =
e8e
ds]
1 yix
y
1e1
ii
+
1
i( 2y 2 +x
i( 1 [yix
y+ixj
+x 2 (y )
Example 13. Solve the integral equation
f(x,) cos px dx
{1
Hence deduce that

Sol. Here F( C
I o
dt =
2 t
=
(K.U.K. 2005)
_1i Opl
0
,
f(x) cos px dx
p>l
F(p)
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
67
By inversion formula for Fourier cosine transform, we have
f(x)=-J F(p) cos px dp

Ito
F(p) cos px dp
=
fF(p) cos
px
dp]
(1 p) cos px dp
=
fo dP]
cospx
2
(Integrating by parts)
1
10
cosx 2 x
2(1cosx) 1 +jj= 2
fix)
=
Deduction. Since ff(x)cos px dx= o,

0
Oji 1 ,wh ere >1
2(1 cosx)
I1p, Opl 2 1cosx JCOSPXdX=t 0, p> 1 2 x

2
It
2sin
When Putting
0, we have t so that dx
Jo
lCOSXdl
or
2 x
.10
,t
dx
2 X
2dt, we have
t 2 sin
Example 14. Find the
finite Fourier sine transform of 1
2k x, (1 x),
1 Ox 2
x 1 is
Sol. Finite Fourier sine transform of fix) in 0 n)= F ( 8

=
f(x)sinjdx
f(x) sin
nItx
112
dx
I f(x) sin Jl/2
dx
.1/2
=
I JO
nirx Il 2k nnx 2k (lxjsin-dx _xsin__dxJ 1/2 1 1 1 1
2k 1 nirx 2k 1/2 xsin__-dx+_j 11/2 1 l.io
(lx)sindx
flux
COS
j--+
2k
I
cos---
-
sin--J
-(-1).
(nir\
/
nit
1 i(
iJ
112 .i
68
.
A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATiCS
12 12 2k E 12 nit nIt nit 2k1 12 i----cos+ smi+icos + 22 sm 1 2nit 2 2 2 l 2 ic n j 2 2 L
1 nit
2 2 it n 2 Examp1e 15. Find the finite Fourier cosine transform of

2
2k 2 . nit . nit . 22 sin= 4kl sin.

i
fix)__1) ,Ox<it.
So!. Finite Fourier cosine transform of fix) in 0

F(n)
=
it
is (Integrating by parts) sin nx n
f(x) cos
dx
It)
cos nx dx
E(i_ . 2 sin _2(1_(__ cosnx 2 [L\ , t) 1 cJ 2
lt)
it)
when n
0.
2 Itfl
If n
0, then F(0)
2 .r(i_
ok... n)
=
dx
[.. cosOx=1]
.!(0 3
1)
2
F(n)= 3
if n =1,2,3,...
ifn=0. 1 cos flit
= 2 2 nit
Example 16. Find f(x), ifF (n) 9

So!. Here 3 F ( n) fix)
where 0
it.
1cosnit
= = 2 2 nit
is the fimte Founer sme transform of fix) m 0
it.
inverse finite Fourier sine transform of F (n) 8 2

C n=i
nitx F ( 8 n)sin----
.
C =
(1cosnit I I ,) nit %
Siflnx
(...
herec=it)
2
=
(1cosnit
2
I smnx.
n=i
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
69
EXERCISE 2.2
1. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of the function fix) x sin mx 7t -m C05 7fl3Z 7t dx = dx = je and . m 30 1 + 1+ 2 Find the Fourier sine transform of
=
e and hence show that (Anna, 2006)
2.
0<x<a
(i)fiX)={
0, Ox<a (ii)fix)=f: axb
3.
(Anna, 2007) Find the Fourier cosine transform of

2 x
(i)fix)=e+e,x>0 (M.D. U. May, 2006) for 0<x<1 x (iii)fix)= 2x, for 1<x<2 0, for x>2 (J.N. T. U. 2006)
,
(ii)fix)= e 2
(iv)fix)=2e,+5e
-
x,
0<x<(i)(1_)
(v)fix)= 1x, .<x<1 x>1 0, 4.
(P.T.U. 2006)
Find the Fourier sine and cosine transforms of
5.
Ii, for 0x<a (i)fix)= 10, for xa (ii)fix)=e,a>0 [Note. Remember the results of Q. 4.] Find the Fourier transforms of the following functions:
(i) fix) (iii) fix)
=
{: I
1 e ikx
,
() fi.2) (iv) fix)
{x
=
, 2 e
<X <
0o
(M.D. U 2005, May 2007) (v)fix)= a<x<b x<aandx>b 0, x<c (vi)fix)= 1, x<x<J3 0, x>[3 r iIxX 1>1 (K U.K 2009; Madras 2006; V.T. U 2006)
6.
(i) Find the Fourier transform of fix)

=
Hence evaluate
(ii) Find the Fourier transform of the function fora<x<0 a x 1, for 0<x<a a otherwise 0
,
dx.
--
70 (iii) Find the Fourier transform of the function 1 , for2<t<--1 2 , for1<t<1 1 , for 1<t<2 0, otherwise Using inverse Fourier sine transform, find fix) if ) (i) 8 F O 8.
=
7.
(M.D.U. 2009)
(ii) F 0j 5
12
Find the finite Fourier sine and cosine transforms of the following functions: (ii)fix)=x(lx),0 xl (i)fix)=2x,0x4 Ox2 (iii)fix)=x , 2 kx (u)fix)=
,
(iu)fix)=a (ijJ,oxi
k(itx),
9.
Find the finite Fourier sine transform of the following functions:

--,
0x
3
(i) fix) 10. If fix)

=
cos x, 0 x
it
(ii)flx) x
it
sin kx, where 0
and k is a positive integer, show that 0, ifnk ifn=k
F(n)=
,
11.
Find the finite Fourier cosine transform of the following functions: kx (i)flx)= sinx, 0 x
it
,
(ii)flx)= k(lx),
Ox1 2
12.
Findflx),if n)= (i)F ( 8 (iii) F(n) (iv) F(n)

=
ltn 2l
4 (1 cos nit), 0 x 1 and F(0)

=
(ii)F(n)= ---sin,0xn ,2 3
--:in
----
ac, where 0x
(v)F(n)=
(1+cos nit) and F(0)= --,whereOxl
cos (vi) F(n)

=
(2nit
where 0 x
1.
2 (2n+1)
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
71
13.
Solve the following integral equations: (1, 0t<i f(x) sin tx dx = 2, 1 t < 2 (i) t2 [0,
(M.D. U. May 2006)
(ii) Jf(x) cos Ax dx jjj
e, A >0
liA
(Anna 2007)
iv jf(x)inAxdx
A
2
f(x)snAxdx
0<A<1
2 k
Answers
(i)
2.
1 sin(is)a sin 1+8 1s 2 2 6+3s
(1s)al
j
U:)
a cossab cossb + sinsbsinsa

S S
3.
(i)
4+582+54
2 10
c (
2
()
2coss(1coss)
s
1
(iv)
1 +25
+ 2
1 s +4
(v)(2C0S_1_c08SJ
(vj)j s a
(:)
cos as sin as s s
zi)
s+a
s+a 2
2
5.
(i) 2i
(iii)
as
cos as)
(ii)
s 2 [(a
2) sin as 2as cos as]
()
i(k+s)b ] [e i(k+s)a e
(v)
6.
(vi)
(i) (iii)
sin s(1 + 2 cos s)
=
() _(1_ COS as)
7. 8.
(i) fix)
(z)
1 tan
32(1Y
(ii) fix)
32[(1y
nit
32
11
COS fl7t =
nit
nit
2 2
+
F(0)
=
16
(ii)
2l
16
[1 ( 1Y] ; -- [( iY
1], F(0)
1)
16(
1), F(0)=
(iv) (v)
1)],F(0)=
72 a
[1+( 1) 1 [1+ C4
)n],
(ii)
.1. flIt sin

-1-
12.
(i)
F(O) =2
() fix) 2
n=i
(- 1)n] F(O) =
flIt.
(z) fix) =
nit. nitx 2 1. sin i-- sin nirx 1 -(1cosnit)sin

.
1.
(ii)
sin
sin nx
nsa ntx
(uz)fix)=
412
(zv)fix)=
1 T+
ac
2c
Sin-
12 2 (v)fix)=--- -(1+cosnit)cos---
2nn cos
(vi)fix)=12
13.
OSnhtX 3 C 2
(2n+1)
+
(i) fix)
(1
cos x 2 cos 2x)
(ii) fix)
2
It(1+x )
2
(iii) fix)=
(iv)f(x)=e,x>O.
x
2.6. PROPERTIES OF FOURIER TRANSFORMS
1. Linearity Property. If F(s) and G(s) are Fourier transforms of f(x) and g(x) respec tively, then F[af(x) + bg(x)] = aF(s) + bG(s) where a and b are constants. Proof. By definition of Fourier transform, we have F(s) and F[afix)
+
=
F{fix)}
f(x) e dx
. .
G(s)
bg(x)1
F{g(x))
fg(x) e dx
f[af(x) + bg(x)] edx

.
= ajf(x)
edx
g(x) e dx
.
= ciF(s) + bG(s). Cor. (i) If F (s) and Ga(s) are the Fourier sine transforms of fix) and g(x) respectively, 3
then where a and (ii) If Fe(s) and Ge(s) are the Fourier cosine transforms of fix) and g(x) respectively, then F{afix) + bg(x)] = aFt(s) + bG(s) where a and b are b are constants. F[afix)
+
bg(x)J
aF(s)
bG(s)
constants.
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
73
2. Change of scale property (Similarity Theorem). IfF(s) is the complex Fourier trans form of f(x), then F[f(ax)]
=
0.
(Anna 2006, 2007)
Proof. By definition of complex Fourier transform, we have F(s)

=
F(fix))
f
=
f(x).e
dx
F[fl:ax)] Putting
$
t
f(ax).e
dx
...(2)
ax =
i.e.,
-f-, we have dx
-4
oc,
When x , 00, t From (2) we have
and when x
>
F[fiax)]
=
J .1:
1
f(t)e
1(t)
dt
2- F
[by (2)1
Cor. (i) If F (s) is the Fourier sine transform of fix), then 8 [fiax)] 8 F
=
8 F
(s
(ii) If Fe(s) is the Fourier cosine transform of fiz), then 1 (s F[fiax)1= Fj,a a 3. Shifting Property. If F(s) is the complex Fourier transform of f(x), then (Anna 2007) F[f(x a)] = eF(s). Proof. By definition of complex Fourier transform, we have
F(s) FE/tx
a)]
F{fix)}
=
f(x). e
dx
..
$ I:
eisa
f(x
a)e
dx
.(1)
Puttingxa=t i.e., x=a+t,wehavedx=dt When x , t oo and when x , -4 From (1) we have F[fix
a)]
f(t) e0+t) dt
.
f(t) e
.
dt
f(t) e dt
F(s)
74
3. (a) Shifting on time axis. If F(s) is the complex Fourier transform of f(t) and to is any real number, then (M.D.U. May 2009) F[f(t t )] = e1St0F(s). 0
Proof. By definition of complex Fourier transform, we have

F(s)
=
F{fit)j
f(t)
dt
)= FJfltt ) 0
I: J $
t e t ) 0 f(tt d
t dT T,wehavedt= 0 t= T i.e., + Puttingtt = 0 When t * oo, T * oo and when t * o, T * From (1), we have F[fit
] t ) 0
f(T) e30 T) dT
f(T)eLs(0 F(s). F(s) is fit
. t ) 0
.ei8T
dT
= ei3to
s:
f(T)e dT
= e8t0
Remark. Inverse Fourier
transform of eL8to axis.
3. (b) Shifting on frequency 0 is any real number, then s

F[e0t
If F(s) is the complex Fourier transform off(t), and (M.D. U. May 2009
f(t)1
F(s
F(s)
t F[eiso
F[fit)]
1: f(t) e dt
.
f(t)]=$
e0t f(t).et
dt dt
F(s
L.
f(t).ei(3+80)t
) is e0tttt). 0 Remark. Inverse Fourier transform of F(s + s 4. Modulation Theorem. If F(s) is the complex Fourier transform off(x), then
F[f(x) cos ax]
[F(s
+ a) +
F(s
a)].

F(s)
=
F{fix)}
I:
f(x) e8X dx
FOURtER TRANSFORMS
75
F[fix)cosax]=
I: J
1
x f(x)cosax.e d t f(x)[e
iax
+e -iw
]e1dx
f(x)ei0)x
dxf f(x).e dx]
[F(s
a) F(s
a)].
Cor. If F (s) and Fe(s) are Fourier sine and cosine transforms of fix) iespectively, then 3 fix) cos F [ (i) 8 (ii) Fjfix) sin (iii) Fjfix) cos (iv) F[fix) sin
ax]
s {F ( 3 [F(s [F(s s [F ( 8
a)
s F ( 3 F(s F(s s F ( 8
a)] a)] a)] a)].
ax] =
a)
a)
ax] =
ax] =
a)
-
5. If F (s) and Fe(s) are Fourier sine and cosine transforms of f(x) respectively, 5 then
(i) (ii) Proof. (i)
5 Ix f(x)) F F(x f(x)) {F (s)}
(F (s)}
5 (s)) (F
=
.--
{f
f(x) cos sx cix}
=10
fix)(xsinsx)dx
{xf(x)}sinsxdx =L {xfix)} 3 =F xfi)}= (F(s)} F { 8 (ii) 3 (s)} IF

=
f {f
f(x) sin sx clx}
ff(x)(xcossx)dx
76
=
f{xf(x)}cossxczx F {xftx)}
s)}. F{xfix)}=-{F ( 5 . Hence find the Fourier transform of 2 Example 1. Find the Fourier transform of e_X (i) e, (a >0)
(iii)
2 (M.D.U. May2009) (ii) e (iv) e_X cos2x

=
2
2 4(x3)
SoL Fourier transform of fix)

F{fix)}
2 e_X
is given
by e
x2
f
e
f(x)
eSX
L.
eiSXdx
2
[
= fe i5 2
dx=$
2)
4J
2)
= e_fe_22
dz
wherez
4 =2e
Fe_22dz=2e_.
Jo
2 S
-.Je
2
=F(s)
=
(i)
f(-Jx)
By change of scale property, we have

F{f(.,Jx))
=
F(e2)==/e4j =qe
(ii) Putting a
in deduction (i), we have

x2\
2 e2J=.ie_5 1 F 2
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
77
2 =f(2x) 2 =e tjji e By change of scale property, we have
F{fl2x)}
1
r
(s
1(s2
2
F{e4E}=e42) =-e 2 2 By shifting property F{/(x a)} = e F(s) 4 F{e
3)2)
=
LL!- e 3 e
2
16
16
(iv) By modulation theorem, F{ftx)cosaxj=

2 cos F{e_x
[F(s+a)+F(sa)]
S+2) 4 ( +
eZ8_2)2]
2x}=[e
+e__2)2
Example 2. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of x e. So!. Let us first find the Fourier sine and cosine transforms of e_ox.
ax
V
(Madras 2006)
F 8 (e) F (e)
( xe 8 \
Jo
e sin sx dx
=
a+s 2 [
ax
( a sin sx s cos sx)]

a cos
2 2 a+s
and
cos sx dx
=
j
sx
in :: 5 5
2 22
sx)]
=
+
S2a(_
2 a
2 s
,
ds
=
, -axj
IJ
dsa
+s}
(a
+s)
and
F(xex)
8 (e)}= {F .1s(2s) +s ) 2 2 (a +s (a ) 2
(a2 -f-s 2
s 2 +s (a ) 2
2 a
2.7. CONVOLUTION
The convolution of two functions fix) and g(x) over the interval (
oo, oo)
is defined as
flx)*g(x)=
f(u)g(xu)du.
78
2.8. CONVOLUTION THEOREM FOR FOURIER TRANSFORMS (Anna 2007; M.D. U. 2007, 2008; K U.K 2009) (or Faltlng Theorem) The Fourier transform of the convolution of f(x) and g(x) is equal to the product of the Fourier transforms of f(x) and g(x), i.e., F[f(x) * g(x)] = F[f(x)]. F[g(x)] = F(s)G(s). Proof. By definition of Fourier transform F(s)=F[flx)]= G(s)=F[g(x)]= and by definition of convolution, f(x)*g(x)= *g(x)j
=
s:
J
x, f(x).e d t
x g(x).e d t
f(u)g(xu)du
[flX)
[f(x)*g(x)1edx
s: [f 1: f(u)E$
J I
f(u)
f(u)g(x_u)du]edx
g(x_u)edx]du
(By changing the order of integration) Puttingxu=t i.e., x=u+t,wehavedx=dt. When x * oo, t oo and when x * oo, t 4 F[flx) * g(x)]
=
[r
g(t) ei8+t) dt]du
f(u)[$
g(t).esu
.ei8tdt]du
[s:
f(u)et81du][f
g(t)etdt]
[ff(x)
dx] [s:cx e dx]

.
F[ftx)J F[g(x)] = F(s) G{s). Remark. The following properties of convolution can be easily proved. (i) fix) * g(x) =g(x) * fix) (ii) fix) * [g(i) * h(x)1 = [fix) * g(x)] * h(x) (iii) fix) * [e(x) + h(xiI = fix) * g(x) + fix) * h(x).
=
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
79
2.9.. RELATION BETWEEN FOURIER AND LAPLACE TRANSFORMS (P. T. U. 2005)

=
{e_xtg(o.
If
f(t)
then F[f(t)] = L[.(t)].
Proof. By definition of Fourier transform, we have
F[/tt)] =
f(t)e tst dt
+
= $O.e dt
etg(t) e dt
.
[By def. of /tt)]
f e f e_tg(t)dt,
where p = x
is
= L[g(t)].
2.10. PARSEVALS IDENTITY FOR FOURIER TRANSFORMS lithe Fourier transforms of /(x) and g(x) are F(s) and G(s) respectively, then (i) (ii)
i--f
F(s) G(s) ds
12
f(x) (x) dx
12
I F(s) ds fIf(x) dx. $ where bar stands for the complex conjugate.
=
Proof. (i) By definition of Fourier transform F(s) = F{fix)} and

=
s:
f
.
f(x). e8X dx
g(x).e dx G(s) = F{g(x)} = By inversion formula for Fourier transform fix)

= =
F(s). e8X ds G(s) f(x)

e
and
g(x)
ds
f(x) (x) dx
[__f
(s) e ds] dx f(x) ds
(Changing the order of integration)

=
G(s) [F(s)] ds
80
=
ii-
F(s) G(s) ds.
(ii) By definition of Fourier transform F(s)

=
F{fix)}
f(x) e dx
By inversion formula for Fourier transform
fix)
--f 1 L
F(s)
ds
L11x)I2dx=Lf(xfxdx
f(x)
F(s)
eiSX
ds] clx
F(s)
[f f(x) e dx] ds
(Changing the order of integration)
J
rni-_f
F(s)[F(s)] ds
s. IF(s)I d 2
2itJ- Remark. The following Parsevals identities for Fourier sine and cosine transforms can be easily proved:
(s)G(s)ds=f f(x)g(x)dx 8 F
2 ds [F(s)]
$ iii --f (iv) J

(ii)
Fe(s) Ge(s)
2 dx f [f(x)] ds =J f(x) g(x) dx 2 dx. 2 ds f [f(x)] [F(s)]
Example 1. Using Parsevals identities, prove that
)(9t 2 (4+t )
f;(429+2)
dt=
SoL Let
s::
=-
(iv)
=
dt=_jY..
2)2 r( 9
fix)
and g(x)
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
81
Ge(s)
Then
Fe(s)
2 +s
2 4+s
(s)= 8 G
2 9+s
f(x)=e
L
F(s)G(s)ds=J 1(x) We have
t 0 g(x)
F(s)=
i.e.,
a
a+s
,(s)= 2
2 2 a+s
(i) Using Parsevals identity for Fourier cosine transforms, dx dx
2 ds )9+s = 4+s ) 2
it
X 2 e_
X 3 e
ds Jo 2 )(9+s (4+s )
=Fe_5xczx
O
=II
it ds Jo 2 60 )(9+s (4+s )
Ee_5xi
=-.-(O1)= 5 5
it dt Jo 2 60 )(9+t (4+t ) (ii) Using Parsevals identity for fourier sine transforms, i.e.,
J
We have
(s)ds=J f(x)g(x)dx 8 F(s)G

=
S S 2 ds itJo ) ,R,9+s 2 4+s
X dx 3 X e 2 e_
.
S
lcJo 2 )(9+s (4+s )
ds=Fe_5xdx
.O
=[-j
Jo 82 )( 4 ( 1 )d5 982 d_it t_j.
)(9+t (4+t ) 2
2 s it
1
=(O1)=
Jo
(iii) Using Parsevals identity for Fourier cosine transform,
i.e.,
!$
2 ds [F(s)]
2 [f(x)]
82
Wehave
2J 4 0 J
ds 8 f
m
0
x ds=f(e2j d 2
=,
2 ) 6 + 4 ( 2
fe
dx
1 =-(O-1)=
=Li
re_4x1
JO
ds (4+s)32
dt n Jo 2 2 (4+t) 3 (iv) Using Parsevals identity for Fourier sine transform, i.e.,
-.f
We have 2
i-JO
2
(s)1 ds 8 [G 2
$
I
2 dx [g(xXI
) dx 2 3 (e
X 6 e_
2 S
9+sJ
S
ds =
itJo (9+s ) 2
r
O
dx
1 =(O1)=
re_6xl =[___j
2 s 0 ) 2 (9+s
12
2 dt=---. 12 ) 2 (9+t Example 2. Using Parsevals identity, prove that
Jo
sin at
Jo t(a 2 +t ) 2 Sol. Let then fix) Fe(s)

= e, a >
. e_a ) 2
g(x)
=
and
to
Ii,
O<x<a x>a
sin as s Using Parsevals identity for Fourier cosine transforms,

a
= a 2
and Ge(s)
i.e.,
It .O
Fe(s) Ge(s) ds
f(x) g(x)
dx
Wehave
(snasJ_e_ax.g(x)dx
ia2+s2J
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
smas
83
It
s(a
+s
ds=J e .g(x)dx )
0
= ja
0
e .idx+J
e .g(x)dx
.Odx
1 1 _2 2 a _l)_(l_e_a) =I +0=(e a a 0 LaJ
Fex1
it
sinas
2 2 +s)
JOs(a
ds=- (l__a ) 2a
2a ) Example 3. Find the Fourier transform of

JO t(a
It 0 sin at dt=-(1e r 2 a ). 2 2
+t
1 f(x)=
f1IxI, IxI<1 lxI>1 0

,
and hence find the value of

Sol. Fourier transform
f
=
Sifl
of
=
dt.
fix) is given by
F{fix)}
f f(x)e t dx
SX dx t ff(x)e dx + $f(x) e clx + ff(x) e
Odx I Odx+J --1(1IxI)edx+I J1 . 0 J I (1IxI)(cossx+isinsx)dx

I (1IxI)(isinsx)dx I (1IxI)cossxdx+ Ji
.1 i.1
pi
pi
p.o
Ji
.1i
=2 I (1IxI)cossxdx +0 Jo
(1
I x I) cos sx is an even function of x where as (1 I x I) sin sx is an odd function
of xl
=2 I (1x)cossxdx Jo
=
[
Co:sx)]
Ix I =x wherex>O]
2 [u_x.
smSX
_(_
1)(.
84
=2
coss
ii
+
= 2k,,
(1coss
s2
) = F(s)
Using Parsevals identity for Fourier transform,

i.e.,
I F(s) 12 ds We have
2 4(1:oss)
11(x) 12 dx
2 dx ds=f (llxI)
f(l_cos: 4
=2J(1_Ixl)2dx
(: Both integrands are even functions)

s/2) ds=2j 4f(2sin 2 (1_x)2dX 0
16 4 sin s/2 E(1x)1 ds=2i I lcJo 3 j 4 s 0
Putting
= t i.e., s = 2t, we have

(2dt)= 3
It
ItJO
4 16t
t 4 fsin Jo t 4
EXERCISE 2.3
1. Verify convolution theorem for fix) = g(x) = e_X. 2. Using Parsevals identities, prove that 2 x (ii) dx=. + 1)2 4 + 1)2 Jo 4 2 (x Jo 2 (x [Hint. Use Parsevals identity for Fourier sine and cosine transforms of fix)
(i)
e_x1
(May 2005)
3. Using Parsevals identity, show that
dt = t 2ab(a+b) (b (a ) + ) 2 [Hint. Use Parsevals identity for Fourier cosine transforms of fix) = e, g(x)
f Jo
= e]
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
85
4.
Ifttx)=
Ii
o,
IxI<a 2sinas ,(sO),thenprovethat IxI>a andF(s)=
srna
dx=.
5.
Using Parsevals identity, prove that 2 sin x it dx= 2 2 .o x Using Parsevals identity, prove that
(z) I
(u)
C 1 cos 2x dx=it. Jo x2
6.
2 fO_s)
it
4 / 2.11. FOURIER TRANSFORMS OF THE DERIVATIVES OF A FUNCTION
r Jo
sin 4 2 t
dt=i
The Fourier transform of the function
u(x,
t) is given by
F[u(x, t)j
ue
dx
(i) Fourier transform of

Suppose u 0 as x
Do, hfl the Fourier transform of
is given by (Integrating by parts)
F[]=j
-.e
dx
=J
.dx
= [e .uj
ise
.udx
=o_isfu.edx
[..
u0asx--*oo]
=isF(u)
Hence F
a1
[j
=
is F(u).
(ii) Fourier transform of
2 a
__
Suppose
and
0 as x
oo, then the Fourier transform of
u 2 a
is given by
Ea2ul
[j
I
[e .
u. 2 a
dx
= j
- dx
(Applying general rule of integration by parts)

=
ise uf
.
2 (is)
. u dx
86 2 =0s
=
u.edx
u and
au
s F(u), 2
2 F(u). F(u) = ( is) 2 s
Hence
F[14]
(iii) Fourier transform of
Suppose given by
u 2 au a
u,
0 as x
00,
then the Fourier transform of-- is
au
.edx=I F= ] J 0 [ax
ra1
e.dx
(Applying general rule of integration by parts)
r [
Ie8
,n2
.ise
.__J+(is)2
.o
e
axn_a
( jsY
e udx
.
=0+(isY
Hence
1: u.edx=(js)F(u)
u 2 a
t) are given by
Fl s I = ( is) F(u).
ran 1 [axJ
2.12. FOURIER SINE AND COSINE TRANSFORMS OF
The Fourier sine and cosine transforms of the function

u(x, t)] F { 8 and Fju(x,
t)]
=
u(x,
f $
sin sx dx cos sx dx.
(i) Fourier sine transform of Suppose u and
u 2 a
then the Fourier transform of
au
-
0 as x
> oo,
is given by
Fs[]=J-H.sinsxdx=$ sinsx..4dx
(Integratingbyparts)
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
87
= [S1fl8X..j
r.
aul
j
(scossx).-dx
=0_sf (cossx)dx o ax
r [
---4Oasx-4oq
au
(Integrating again by parts)

=_s[fcossx.u}_f(_ssinsx).u dx]
sJusinsxdx] =_s[o_(u) 0
=
[. uOasx-.-oe)
0 s(u)
u) s ( 8 F 2
Hence F.[4] = s(u)o
u), s ( 8 F 2
(ii) Fourier cosine transform of l ax Sl4ppose u and
u 2 a
au
0 as x
> oo,
then the Fourier transform of
u 2 a
is given by
F[]=
u 2 fa
c:s sx dx
=10
cos sx
0 ax]
Jo
s sm sx
::
ax
sx.
dx
dx
du r 0ii
j 0 ax}_
+
au 1 +s r sinsxdx
JO ax
1
L
--,Oasx--+eo
ax
(au
X:=O -_j
sj sin sx
au dx
(Integrating again by parts)
s [{sin sx. u} fs cos sx u dx]
0 axj
(au
_s2fucossxdx
0
[...
u0asxoo]
s 2 F(u)
Hence F[]=_()_s2F(u)
r P
88 2.13.. APPLICATION PROBLEMS OF FOURIER
TRANSFORMS
TO
BOUNDARY
VALUE
r Fourier transforms are very useful in solving boundary value problems. We take Fourie ons. transform of the given partial differential equation using given boundary and initial, conditi choice The rm. transfo inverse onding corresp The required solution is then obtained by taking problem. of particular transform to be employed depends on the boundary conditions of the (i) If the interval is <x < co and if boundary conditions are
u and
ax
oc
0 as x
00
use infinite Fourier transform. (ii) If the interval is 0 < x<
and
- *
(a) boundary conditions are u and all t, use Fourier sine transform. (b) boundary conditions are u and all t, use Fourier cosine transform. For the interval 0 <x
< oo,
au
0 as x
*oo
and u(x, t)
0 or fit) at x
0 and for
au -b---
0 aex
*00
and -j--- =Oorftt)atx= 0 and for
au
we always assume a and
--
0 as x
* oo,
even if it isnot
given in the problem. (iii) If the interval is 0 <x <L and (a) boundary conditions are u(0, t) form.
(b) boundary conditions are
u(L, t)
0 for all t, use finite Fourier sine trans
(0, t)
(L, t)
0 for all t, use finite Fourier cosine
transform.
Example 1. Solve the equation
_-
a a 2 at ax 2
=
__,
x> 0, t
>
subject to the conditions (i)u=O, whenx=O,t>0 11 O<x<l (u)u= 1, x1 whent=0
and (iii) u(x, t) is bounded.
Sol. Given
au
at i-, ax
=
x> 0, t> 0 0
Boundary condition is u(0, t)
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
89
Initial conditions are u(x, 0)
and u(x, t) is bounded.
1 .(2)
Since u(0, t) is given, we take Fourier sine transform of both sides of (1). Thus
F ()
rau
FA
--sinsxdx
=
u 2 ra j-sinsxdx.Integratingbyparts j 1 0
dr au1 I usinsxdxlslflsx.1 dtio 0 axJ L
r.
au .dX r SCOSSX. so ax ax
=0si cossx..dx
[.
=s
u(x, t) is bounded
0 when x
_f_ssinsx.udx]
=_s[osJ
[
when x
co,
0 and when x
0, u
u(O, t)
01
dtso
u sm sx dx
so
u sin sx dx
where iZ
( 8 s, t)
=
3 i 2 s
Separating the variables,
3 [u(x, t)] F
3 du
us
s d 2 t t 2 s
+
Integrating
log
log c
=
t or 2 s
t 2 ce_5
Putting
t =
0 in (3),
c=
u (s,0)=F [u(x,0)j 8
Cl
Ju(x,0)sinsxdx
I u(x,0)sinsxdx+ I u(x,0)sinsxdx Jo Jl
90
1.1
=
JO
I 0. sin I 1. sin sx dx + .11
8X
dx
[from (2)]
1C058X1
8
1coss
8
..
From (3),
1 u
(8,
t) =
(1coss e
8
2 _,
Taking its inverse Fourier sine transform, we get
2 r(1cos8je
2tJO 8
t 2 g
sinsxds
which is the required solution.

Example 2. Solve
=
for x
>
0, t
>
0 under the boundary conditions V

=
0 V
when x =0, t> 0 and the initial condition V = 0 when t
0, x >0.
Sol. Given
at
x> 0, t> 0
...(1)
Boundary condition is
, t> 0 0 V(0, t) = V V(x, 0) 0, x> 0 Initial condition is of (1). Thus Since V(0, t) is given, we take Fourier sine transform of both sides
F(aV F(Kav
. .
.(2)
2 i. ax
oax
fYsin sx dx=Kf _-Ysin sxdx.
oat
Integrating by parts
4$
=.
dto
V sin sx dx =
KFf sin sx.
clx rs cos sx ax Jo
.
=K[O.sJ cossx.cix]
r av
when x*
=_is[{cossx.V}
So_ssinsx.Vdx]
_V Vsinsxdx] s$ =_ic[ + 0
x*oo,V*Oandwhenx=O,V=V(0,t)=V 0 when [.. j
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
91
Jvsinsxdx=Ksvo_Ks2fVsinsxdx 0 KsV 8 2 Ks where
s, y ( 9
[V(x, t)j 9 t) = F
which is a linear differenUal equation. I.F.=e

..
t Ks d 2
=e
Its solution is
2 e
KsVo.e1 dt t =f 2
. 0 =KsV
t 2 eK8
2 Ks
or Putting t
=
t 2 +ce Ka V = 9
0 V
0 in (3), we hay: c
=
V (8,0) =
+
9 (8,0) V
F 9 [V(x, 0)J [from(2)]
=_!Q-+fosinsxdx 0 V
8 (8,t)=.(1_e2t)
9 From (3), V
Taking its inverse Fourier sine transform, we get V(x, t)

=
--(i_ -f ito
S
) e2 t 2
sin SX ds
t 2 Ks
[s:
0 2v it
e
sin sx cis]
2Jo
[i
2

s
e
sin sx ds
Fj
ds =
t 2 Ks
or
V(x, t)
0 v
92
Example 3. The temperature
it
is a semi-infinite rod 0
<
co is determined by the
differential equation
au
---
= k p- subject to the conditions:
u 2 a
(i) u=Owhent=0,xO. (ii) Ji. (a constant) whenx= Oandt> 0. ax Determine the temperature formula.
Sol. Given
at
au
2 ax
----=-ii
Boundary condition is Initial condition is Since

-
whenx = 0,
>0 .(2)
u(x,
0) = 0
at x = 0 is given, we take Fourier cosine transform of both sides of (1). Thus

F
= F (k
.4J
Integrating by parts
rau u 2 ra j --cossxdx_kj rycossxdx.

dr au Ji i ucossxdx=kiicossx. dto 0 axj LI
88ifl8X.dX
au
ax
= k[0_(_$.IJsf
sin8x.-dX]
r
k[8{
au au -+0 whenxoo and=i.twhenx=0
sinsx.:r}_rscossx.u]
k[P.+8{0_s$ scossx.uaz]
[: :$o
ucossx.dx=kI.L_ks2f ucossxclx
= ki.i ks i4 2
where
Cs, t) = F[u(x, tYl
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
93
=kp. dt which is a linear differential equation.
I.F.=e Its solution is

1i
t 2 .eks
dt 2 J ks
=$ki.eks2t
dt+c
or
tkitting t = 0 in (3), we have
c=4+zZ(s,0)=4+F[u(x,0)]
=_4+JOcossxdx
[from(2)1
From (3),
) iZc(8,t)4(1e8 t 2
Taking its inverse Fourier cosine transform, we get

u(x,t)= or u(x,t)= )cossxds 4(1e t 2 x(l_e_ks2t)ds .fco: s 2

Example 4. If the initial temperature of an infinite bar is given by
forlxl<a 1O forIx>a determine the temperature at any instant x and at any instant t.
fOo
(x)
(M.D.U. 2006) nal heatone-dimensio the to solve have we t), Sol. To determine the temperature 9(x, flow equation
ai=c ;i t>0
subject to the initial condition
ae
e 2 a
f9 forlxl<a
for Ix I>a
.(2)
94
Taking Fourier transform of (1), we get
=2
eisx
or or
) (s 2 cLx=c 9
=
O where C S 2
(s, t)
F[8(x, t)
(3)
Now taking the Fourier transform of (2), we get
0(s,O)=
0(x,O)edx=j
eoedx=0oI--
[is
re1
a
200
e_1 [ is J sinsa
e&a
= s
2i (4)
From (3),
t c d s 2
=
Integrating log
t log A s 2 c
when t
=
or
t 8 2 Ae
Smce
28 sin sa
=
0, from (4), we get A
20 sin sa
=
0=
in8a 2O s 0
S
e9t
26 sin as
8 2 e
Taking its inverse Fourier transform, we get 0(x, t)

=
e ds
z sin xs) ds
sin as
00
sin as
S
7tJ
t s 2 e -c (cos xs t 8 2 c
00 00
1cLJ-.
r r sin as .e
s
r cosxsdsi i
cosxsds
sin
S
as .e
J.
.e
t _c2 Z 9
sinxsds
t c s 2
7tJ
(The second integral vanishes since its integrand is an odd function)

=
Jo
.9-
sirtas
22 cos xsds = 80 e_C

+
x)s
t 2 e_8
.
2 sin as cos
xs ds
(sin (a
sin (a
x)sJ
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
95
Example 5. Use the method ofFourier transform to determine the displacement y(x, t) of an infinite string, given that the string is initially at rest and that the initial displacement is f(x), (_oo <X < Sol. The equation for the vibration of the string is
00).
2_
2 t
ay 2
subject to the initial conditions (ay = 0 and y(x, 0) Taking Fourier transform of (1), we get
=
fix)
) 2 C 2 c
where
F[y(x, t)]
or
_+c2s25i=O
Its solution is i = A cos cst + B sin cst where A, B are constants. Now taking Fourier transform of (2), we get
=
-
and
7 =
F(s) when t
=
Putting t Also
0, 57
F(s) in (3), we get A

-
F(s) csB
COB
esA sin cst
cst
Puttingt=0,
=O,weget B=O
37 = F(s) cos cst Taking inverse Fourier transform, we get
y(x, t)
if
:j
F(s) cos cst

+
e8X
dx
]eu8xdx
iC8t 1 =_$F(S)[e
iC8t
2
=
s:
[F(s)
Ct) +
fix
Ct)
1 8 + ct) t dx F(s) e_
= -[fx
ct)]
Example 6. Use the complex form of Fourier transform to show that 1 f(u)e u= 2iis the solution of the boundary value problem
(x
[..
=
f(x)
F(s)e dx]
u)2
4t
du
au
at
=
u 2 a
j,
00
<X <
00,
ax
>0;
f(x) when t
0.
96
Sol. Given
2 au = a
at a
Initial condition is u(x, 0) = Taking Fourier transform of both sides of (1)
fix)
dx
=
f
[ei
dx
x ue i 1
isei3x
dx
=O_is$e.--dx
[. .
ise u
-40asx-4oo]
is[{e1. u}
dx]
_is[o_isf
ueuX
ue
dx]
u-_,Oasx_,col
$:1sx
dx=i282J
dii
U
2
U
--=s 2 dt
U
Integrating
log
t + 2 8
log
= ce
Putting
t=O, ii(8,0)=c
c= ii(s,0)=fu(x,0)edx
f(x) edx
[from (2)]
From (3),
11=
= e_8 t 2
f(x)
edx
[by changing the variable x to
Jft)ezSudU
is)
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
97
Taking its inverse Fourier transform, we get

u(x,
t)
f[e_22tff(u)edu]e_i8ds
s: s: s:e82tfuei L [s
Je_22tf(u)et
duds ds du ds] du
f(u)
2 e
(u-x
Jf(u)
t8+L9
2 r
. x 1 u
ds du
._f
2n
-
i(xu) 2 (xu) +2s.----+
(xu) 2 i
-
f(u)[fe[
2 4t
2 4t
]du
=_ffcu $etLJ
2 xrs]
(x
2 u)
ds du
= J:)[J_.
=
2 (x!4)
cs]u
(xu)2
[s:
et[52
cis] du
Put%Js+i-J=Y)then%Jiczs=cLY or
u(x, t)
Lfcu)
f(u) e
-
2 (xu)
[s:
du.
2 e
du
2 (xu)
4t
q du
4t
fe
dy
=
1 f(u)e 2fi
98
Example 7. Using suitable transforms, solve the differential equation i- =
v av 2 a
ax
,
at
it,
0 where V (0, t)
=
V(ir, t) and V(x, 0) 0 x

it,
0 constant. V
Sol. Given
Boundary conditions are Initial condition is Since the interval 0 x Fourier sine transform.
V(0, t) = 0 = V(it, t)
it
.(2) 0 V(x, 0) = V is finite and V(O, t) and V(it, t) are given, we use finite
..
Let y 8 (n, t) denote finite Fourier sine transform of V(x, t), then
n,t) = rV(x,t)sin(!dx=iV(x,t)sinnxdx V ( 8
Taking finite Fourier sine transform of both sides of (1), we have

.o
rav I smnxdx= I sinnxdx o a at

. .
=.
av1 dr i Vsmnxdx=jsinnx.j 0 axj dto L
r.
JO
?cosnx.dx
ax
av
=0n I cosnx.dx
av
=_n[{c.v}s:-nsin.v]
nIOnlVsinnxdxl Jo J L
Vsinnxdx=_n2$ Vsinnxdx J dt
0 0 2
[: VOatx0andic]
Integrating,
3 log V
t + log C 2 n
...(3)
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
99
Putting t = 0 in (3), 5 (n, 0) c= V

=
=r
=
V(x, 0) sin nx dx
0 V
sin nx dx
[from (2)]
From (3),
9 (n, t) = V
t 2 [1 (_1)Th] e
Taking its inverse finite Fourier sine transform, we get

n,t)sinnx V ( V(x,t)=. 9
2 Y[1_(_1yz]e_12tsinnx
=
n 1,3,5,...
! (2)
e 2 e_h1
[...
or V(x, t) = 0 4V
1(1Y=Oforn=2,4,6,...]
sin nx
n =1,3,5,...
which is the required solution. Example 8. Using finite Fourier transform, find the solutioz of the wave equation
a 2 2 at
a __! subject to the conditions: 2
2 a
2 ax
u(O,t)=uOt,t)=O,t>O
u(x,O)=3sinx+4sin4x and
u(x,O)=OforO<x<ic.
Sol. Given -=a

and
2 au
U 2 a
,
0xir,t>0
u(0,t)=u(n,t)=O,t>0 x +4 sin 4x}f 0 <x

<
100
A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHE
Taking finite Fourier sine transform of both sides of (1), we have

2 7 1 j j tj
Jo
2 at
smnxdx=a2fsinnxdx Jo ax
=
V
I n cos nx
r i u sin nx dx
2 d
dt
2 I sin nx a
ri
au1
.
au
.
VV
dx
V
0 axJ
Jo
ax
=a
r 0ni 2
L
au cosnxdx
ax
n [{co 2 a
sin nx.u dx]
n 2 a
n 2 a
[onf:u
nxdx]
u(0, t)= u(n, t)
0]
Jo
I u sin nx dx
11 2 d 22 j--+an 0 9 u dt
where A.E. is D 2
+
8 = 8
(n, t)
=
f:u(x, t) sin ()dX =
u (x, t) sin nx dx
n 2 a
= =
ian
+
cos ant
=
2 sin ant c
Put t
0 in (3),
14(n, 0)
ci=1ls(n,o)=f u(x, 0) sin nx dx [from(2)]
=J:(3sinx+4ssinnxdx
.7t
=3 I sinnxsinxdx-t-4 I sin nx sin 4x dx Jo Jo

=
p1
$ 2 0 sj
3
xsinxdx 2 f2 sin nx sin 4x dx

tlt
A7t
2o
[cos (n
1) x
cos (n
1) xj dx
Jo [cos(n 4) x
cos (n
4) x] dx
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
101
(n4)xi (ni)x1+ sin(n_4)x_sin 2 _rsincn_i_sin r

2L ni
n+i
n4
n+4
=Oexceptforn= iandn=4
For n
1,
= 115
(n, 0)
f u(x,
dx
+
0) sin x dx
rt
Jo 3
I (3sinx+4sin4x)sinxdx
I Jo
2x sin
I JO
+
.1t
2 sin 4x sin xdx 2 (cos 3x cos 5x) dx 3 2
1
ix
cos 2x t 2xT
2 I Jo
dx
ar
2L
Jo
+2i
rsin 3x
L
3
Bin 5x9
I Jo
= it
11 0)= n, 5 = 1 c Forn=4, (
u(x,0)sin4xdx (3sinx4sin4x)sin4xdx
=$ f
=
3t
2o
2sin4xsinxcLx+4f
o
4xdx 2 sin
1
COB
(cos 3x
cos 5x)dx
8x
dx
rjn 3x
3
sn 5x1
2L
1 = C
+2ix
sn 8x1
Jo
=it
Jo
1 2 12it
I3it for n= 1 I
for n=4
+
Again from (3), Putting t

=
an sin ant
2 an cos ant c
0,
=
=0
[. .
1 c
=
whent=0,=0
-=0fort=0]
n Oc a 2
=0 2 c
=
(3) reduces to lZ
3it where 1 c
=
--
cos ant
.(4)
=
for n
and
2it for n
102
A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMJQJ:
Taking inverse finite Fourier sine transform of (4), we have

u(x, t)
=
!
3n
(n, t) sin
1 c
cos ant sin nx
2 --cosatsinx+2itcos4atsin4x
it
(for n = 1)
(for n
4)
or u(x,t)=3cosatsinx+4cos4atsin4x which is the required solution. Example 9. Using finite Fourier transform, solve
O<x<6,t>O (a)u(O,t)=u(6,t)=O, O<x<6. (b)u(x,O)=x(6x), Sol Since the boundary conditions are u (0, t) cosine transform.
_! =
a a 2 at ax 2
__
subject to the conditions:
u, (6, 0)
0, we take finite Fourier
Let
(n, t) denote finite Fourier cosine transform of u(x, t), then

= f6
(n, t)
u(x, t) cos (Jdx
[ L
61
Taking finite Fourier cosine transform of both sides of the given equation
at
we get
i cosdx= i cosdx Joat 6 6 Joax

=
6 Ou r
nitx
u 2 a
rntx
dt Jo
nitx d 6 r I u coB dx
6
r
[
cos
nicx aul 6 I 6 0 axJ

.
Jo
t 6 i
nit sin
.
nir
.
dx
au
ax
=0+
sin J 6
o
.-dxR ax L
=0 at x=0 and x=6
ax
nitEl. ism-.u
6[1 6L
Jo
i cos--.udx 6 Jo6
nxx 6 nnc nitr 10i ucosdx

6.o 6
nirx d r 6 dx I u cos dtJo 6 dii dt du
it C 2 n 6 dx I u cos 6 36 Jo it 2 n 36
it 2 n
dt
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
103
Integrating,
lt fl t 2
tlogA
86 ii=Ae
Puttingt=O, iZ(n,o)=A A= (n, 0)
finite Fourier cosine transform of u (x, 0)
=ru(x,o) CoB !&c=Jx(6_x) cos

flitX = flitX
C08
Sm
flitX
. (6xx ) 2
6._(6_) (niti
+(2).
(nit
6
16\2 162
=6.II cosnit6.I
knit)
216
2 2 nit
(1+cosnic)
(1
+
From (1),
U,
216
cos nit) e
To find inverse finite Fourier cosine transform, we need V (0, t). Now ii(0, 0) is cosine transform of u(x, 0) for n = 0. u(Q,0)= ru(x, 0)cos(0)xdx
=1
u (x, t)
=
3 16 2 x F 6x 36 x(6_x)dx=[-j__ = 0 j 1
From(1)and(2),putting n=0, ii (0,t)=A= i(0,0)=36 Taking inverse finite Fourier cosine transform of (3), we have
1 j ii (0, t) 1 2
+
2_ U j
n1
(ii,
t) cos
22
216
nirx
[.. L61
or
u(x, t)
6 -i
72
cos nit
2
----
cos
nlrx
104
-
EXERCISE 2.4
1.
Solve the partial differential equation
at
&2
subject to the following conditions: (a) u(0, t) = 0, t > 0

(c) a and
(b) u(x, 0)
e, x> 0 (M.D. U. Dec. 2005, Dec. 2006)
ax -.0 as x au
--
Do
2.
Solve the equation

(a)j1
u 2 a
=
-,
>
0, t
>
0 where u(x, t) satisfies the conditions: Ix, (b)u(x,0)= , 10 0x1 x>1
(au
=0,t>0
3.
(c) I u (x, t) I <M. The initial temperature along the length of an infinite bar is given by
f2, IxI<1 Ix I> 1
If the temperature u(x, t) satisfies the equation 4. 5.
au
=
u 2 a
,
00
<x
<Do,
>
0, find the temperature
at any point of the bar at any time t. (M.D. U. Dec. 2005) Determine the distribution of temperature in the semi-infinite medium x 0, when the end x = 0 is maintained at zero temperature and the initial distribution of temperature is fix). (a) If the flow of heat is linear so that the variation of 0 (temperature) with z and y may be neglected and if it is assumed that no heat is generated in the medium, then solve the differ ential equation
ae at
o 2 a
2
by using Fourier transform, where < X < o and 0 = fix) when t = 0, fix) being a function of x. (b) If the initial temperature of an infinite bar is given by
00
lL(x, 0)
Ji, forc<x<c 10, otherwise
determine the temperature of the infinite bar at any point x and at any time t> 0. (U.P.T.U. 2005) 6. Solve the equation
au
--
2 a
<
< i,
t> 0 subject to the conditions (b)u(0,t)=u(x,t)0,t>.O
(a)u(x,0)=l,O<x<ic using appropriate Fourier transform.
7.
Use finite Fo rier transform to solve 9
--
2 a
given that
FOURIER TRANSFORMS 8. Use finite Fourier transform to solve ;=k.,0<x<4,t>O subject to the conditions (a)u(x,0)=2x, O<x<4 9. Solve
105
au
(Rajaathan 2006)
(b)u(0,t)=u(4,t)=O,t>0.
-i-p-, 0< x <6, t> 0 subject to the conditions

=
au
u 2 a
(a) u(O, t)
u(6, t) =0, t> 0

u 2 a
(b) u(x, 0)
4 i (0,
0< x <3 3<x<6
10.
Solve -=4---, given (a)u(0,t)=u(it,t)=0 fort>0 (c)u(x,0)=O for0<x<n. 0 <x <6, t>0 subject to conditions 1 1 (b)u(x,0)= j sinx+j ain4x
u 2 a
11. 12.
Solve
au
u 2
u(0, t)x u(6, t)= 0, u(x, O)= 2x.
Solve by using finite Fourier transform
u 2 a u 2 a =9,0 x2
at
ax
subject to the conditions: u(0, t)= u(2, t)= 0, u(x, 0)=x(2x) and u(x, 0)= 0.
Answers
1. 2. u(x,t)= u(x, t)
--J
Ii
1+s
8
1)e_B2
sxds
3 4. 5.
u(x, t)
!f_e_52t
(sin (1+x)s+sin (1_x)8)
u(x, t) = (a) 0 (x, t) (b) i(x, t) 2
J 1,
=
(8)
22 e
sin sx
ds wherej
(s) =
F, [fix)]
t 2 Jf(s) e_h1S
ax
where f(s) = Fflx)] ds 4
J
1
fl
sin
2 cse
e If
[sin (c + x)s
sin(c
x)s]ds
6.
u(x,
t) =
COS flit
e
1 it
sin
nx
or
It n..1,3,5
! et am nx
106
(1Yf1et.
a1
A TE)CBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

iit 2 kn
e
7.
u(x,t)=4
8. u(x, t) =
1!
it
1Y
16
9.
nx\ u(x,t) ilcosle 2!1( it ni 2)

n-i
sm 6
10.
12. 16 u(x,t)= T
ii=1
24 (-lY-1 e 2
ji=1
t 1 2 n
1 cos nit
3nitt nitx sin5 cos .
2.14. FOURIER TRANSFORM OF AN INTEGRAL

Theorem. Let fit) be piecewise continuous on every interval [ 1,1] and
If(t) Idt
converge. Let F[fit))
F(s) and F(s) satisfies F(0)
0. Then
F[r f(T)dT]=-F(8)
215. FOURIER TRANSFORM OF DIRAC-DELTA FUNCTION
Dirac-delta function (or unit impulse function) 6(t

6(t a) = Jim
1
k,O k(t 8
a)
is defined as
a) where
1(t)
0, fort.<a
k(ta)= ,forat<a-,-k 8 0,forta+k

F(8(t_afl=J
8(ta)edt
Pakl
a
Ilk
=limI
edt
k
a+k
=limI
k+OkLi8
e04_e (ei
11
isk
=
kO
isk
e x 1
e
x-,O X
=e
=1

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CHAPThR

(ii) Fourier Transform. When K(s, x) F(s)

e, we have the Fourier transform offix). Thus

in transform of fix). Thus

(v) Fourier Sine Transform. When K(s, x) form of fix). Thus

sin sx, we have the Fourier sine trans

Its Fourier expansion is flx)=

be inverted to give fix).

Substituting the values of a , a and b in (1), we get 0

If we assume that the integral

rLSc f(t)dt] = o, since

&, the second term in (2) becomes

cos {n&(t x)} fit) dt

This is of the form

F(n&.) &. whose limit as

A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

fit) cos ACt

2.3. FOURIER SINE AND COSINE INTEGRALS

This is called Fourier cosine integral.

Since cos A(t

x) is an even function of A, we have from (3)

Also sin ACt

Multiplying (8) by i and adding to (7), we get

fit)(cos(tx)+isinX(tx)}dtd? . __f f 1 e$f(t)eiXtdtdX dtdX= t Lf: f(t)e

which is known as the complex form of Fourier integral.

for IxI1, for x I >1, ?cos.x d&. (M.D.U. May 2008)

sin ?.(1 + x) + sin (1 1 itJo itjo dk

A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

f(t) sin (At) dt] dA

sin (Ax) sin(Ax)

1cos(At) sin(Ax)dA A 1cos(icA) sin(xA)dA A

for x>it which is a point of discontinuity of fix), we have fix)= -[f(tO)f(t+0)]=-(1+O)= 1

1cosOtA) sin (xA) dX A

ifx<0 if x=0 if x>0

sin A(t x)}l J

0 r cos xa + a sin xa da Jo 2 i+a

ecosx, ifx>0. 2 L(A J 4 sind 4 =

Find Fourier sine integral representation of

A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

2.5. FOURIER TRANSFORMS AND INVERSION FORMULAE

(1) Fourier sine transform and its inversion formula

s), we have F ( Denoting the value of the inner integral by 3

s)sinsxds F ( 3 $f(x) sin ax clx

fix) sin sx dx s) sin sx ds F ( 3

Denoting the value of the inner integral by F(s), we have

A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MAThEMATICS

(V.T.U., 2007) fix)

Sol. In the interval (0, given by {flx)} 3 F

e. Fourier sine transform of

Using inversion formula for Fourier sine transform, we get

Replacmg x by m, we have e Hence I Jo

e. dx = 2 1+m 2 Example 2. Find the Fourier sine transform of

x for Ocx<1 for 1<x<2. f(x)=2x O ,for x>2

Sol. Fourier transform of fix) is

sinsx cossx I (1). +1(2x). 2 S S Jo I.

( cos s sin s ( sin 2s I-+-I+I

(P.T.U. 2006; M.D.U. 2005)

Differentiating w.r.t. s, we have I

a(e r I--sinsxldx as x r e _.xcossxdx=J e cossxdx 0 x (acossx+ssinsx) 2 1

0 Integrating w.r.t. s, we get

A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

s = 0, from (1), I = 0 c=0 0=0+c I

Example 4. Find Fourier sine transform of