Construction of Cantor Type Sets in R 2 and R 3 and Study of Their Properties

Mathematical Theory and Modeling www.iiste.
org
ISSN 2224-5804 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0522 (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013-Selected from International Conference on Recent Trends in Applied Sciences with Engineering Applications

81
Construction of Cantor Type Sets in
2
And
3
and Study of
Their Properties
Divate B.B.
Department of Mathematics, H. P. T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nasik-422005.
(Affiliated to University of Pune)
E-mail: rykmathsbbd@gmail.com

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to construct general Cantor like sets in two dimensional space
2
and three dimensional
space
3
and to study their properties related with areas , volumes , Riemann and Lebesgue integrability.
Keywords: Canter Set, Smith-Voltera, Geometric Series, Compact set, Uncountable Set.

1. INTRODUCTION
The well-known Cantor set is a subset of closed interval [0, 1]. It is uncountable, closed, compact,
nowhere dense and perfect subset of metric space [0, 1] with absolute value metric and is of measure zero.
Moreover, it is a subset of all those real numbers in [0, 1] whose ternary expansi on contains the digits 0, 2
and not 1. In the year 2008, Smith- Voltera defined Cantor li ke subsets in [0, 1] of nonzero measures and
studied their properties. Author has defined Cantor l i ke sets in [a, b] and their studied propert i es, in [4].
In this paper we wi l l construct general Cantor type sets in two dimensional space R
2
and in three
dimensional space R
3
. We also study t hei r pr oper t i es r e l a t ed wi t h areas and volume. We wi l l also
use these Cantor t ype sets to construct e x a mp l e s of Lebesgue integrable functions which are not
Riemann integrable.
In this paper section 2 is devoted for construction of Cantor type sets K
|u,b]
2
9
in square and
evaluation of its surface area. In section 3, we will construct Cantor type set K
(ks)
in rectangle and
evaluate its area. Section 4, is devoted for construction of Cantor type sets K
|u,b]
3
27
in cube and evaluation
of its volume. In section 5, we will see construction of Cantor type sets K
(kst)
in parallelepiped and
evaluate of its volume.
2. Construction of Cantor type sets K
|a,h]
2
9
and computation of its area in a closed and
bounded square of area A = (h a)
2
:
Step 1: Divide square |o, b] |o, b] = |o, b]
2
of area A in nine equal parts then remove middle open square
1,1

of area
A
9
. This will give eight closed squares S
1,1
, S
1,2
, S
1,8
each of area
A
9
.
Step 2: Divide each of these eight squares
2,1
,
2,2
,...
2,8
in nine equal parts, that is in all 72 squares each of
area
A
9
2
. This will gives sixty four (8
2
) closed squares S
2,1
, S
2,2
, , S
2,64
each of area
A
9
2
.
Step 3 : Divide each of these sixty four squares in nine equal parts that is in all 8
2
9 = S76 squares and
remove the middle open squares
3,1
,
3,2
,...
3,8
2 each of area
A
9
3
. This will gives (8
3
) closed squares S
2,1
,
S
2,2
, , S
2,8
3 each of area
A
9
3
.
Step 4: Continue the process. At n
th
step remove the middle open squares

n,]
, ] = 1,2, , 8
(n-1)
of area
A
9
n
from S
n,]
, ] = 1,2, , 8
(n-1)
respectively then it will gives 8
n
closed squares
S
n,]
, ] = 1,2, , 8
n
each of area
A
9
n
.
Step 5: Define P
n
= S
n,]

8
n
]=1
, n
Step 6: Define K
|u,b]
2
9
= ( P
n
n=1

This is our Cantor type set in |o, b]
2

Property 1: Cantor type set K
|a,h]
2
9
is of area zero.
Proof: By construction of Cantor type set
0 = [K
|u,b]
2
9
c
= _ _
n,]
8
(n-1)
]=1
n=1

is open set formed by countable number of disjoint open squares where
A(I
n]
) = m(
n,]
) =
A
9
n
, ] = 1,2, S, , 8
(n-1)
.
Mathematical Theory and Modeling www.iiste.org

82
Therefore
m(0) = m(
n,]
)
8
(n-1)
]=1
n=1

m(0) =
A
9
n
8
(n-1)
]=1
n=1

m(0) = A
8
(n-1)
9
n
n=1

m(0) =
A
8
.
8
9
8
n
9
n
n=0

m(0) =
A
8
.
8
9

1
1
8
9

m(0) = A
Now, m(0
C
) = m K
|u,b]
2
9
= m|o, b]
2
m(0) = A A = u
Thus Cantor type set K
|u,b]
2
9
is of area zero.
Example 1: Define |o, b]
2
as
(x) = c , if (x, y) K
|u,b]
2
9
= F
= J if (x, y) jK
|u,b]
2
9
[
C
= F
C
= |o, b]
2
F
This is continuous function at each (x, y) jK
|u,b]
2
9
[
C
= F
C
= |o, b]
2
F and discontinuous at every
(x, y) K
|u,b]
2
9
= F , where m[ K
|u,b]
2
9
= F = u . Therefore is continuous function i.e. on |o, b]
2

and is also bounded function . Hence, is Riemann integrable function on |o, b] . Since any Riemann
integrable function is Lebesgue integrable. Therefore is also Lebesgue integrable on |o, b]
2
.
Now,
_
|u,b]
2
= _
|u,b]
2
= _
P
+ _
P
C
= _ c
P
+ _ J
P
C
= cm(F) + Jm(F
C
)
= c. u + J(b o)
2
= J. A ,
Where, A is area of square.
3. Construction of General Cantor type sets in rectangle D = |a, h] |c, d] and computation
of its area in a closed and bounded rectangle of area A = (h a)(d c) :
Step 1: By using middle vertical strip of length
b-u
k
on X-axis and horizontal strip of length
d-c
s
on Y-axis where
k, s S , divide rectangle of area A in nine parts and then remove middle open rectangle
1,1
of area
A
ks
.
This will gives eight closed rectangles S
1,1
, S
1,2
, S
1,8
each of area
A
9
.
Step 2 ; Divide each of these eight rectangles in nine parts that is in all 72 rectangles by using middle vertical
strip of length
b-u
k
2
on X-axis and horizontal strip of length on
d-c
s
2
on Y-axis and remove the middle open
rectangles
2,1
,
2,2
,...
2,8
each of area
A
(ks)
2
. This will gives sixty four (8
2
) closed rectangles S
2,1
, S
2,2
, ,
S
2,64
each area
A
9
2
.
Step 3 : Divide each of these sixty four rectangles in nine equal parts that is in all 8
2
9 = S76 rectangles by
using middle vertical strip of length
b-u
k
3
d-c
s
3
on Y-axis and remove the
middle open rectangles
3,1
,
3,2
,...
3,8
2 each of area
A
(ks)
3
. This will gives (8
3
) closed rectangles S
2,1
,
S
2,2
, , S
2,8
3 each of area
A
9
3
.
th
step remove the middle open rectangles

n,]
, ] = 1,2, , 8
(n-1)
of area
A
(ks)
n
from S
n,]
, ] = 1,2, , 8
(n-1)
n
closed
rectangles S
n,]
, ] = 1,2, , 8
n
each of area
A
9
n
.
Step 5: Define P
n
= S
n,]

8
n
]=1
, n
Step 6: Define K
ks
= ( P
n
n=1


83
This is our Cantor type set in the rectangle.
ks
is of area A
A
ks-8
.
0 = (K
ks
)
C
= _ _
n,]
8
(n-1)
]=1
n=1

is open set formed by countable number of disjoint open rectangles where
A(
n,]
) = m(
n,]
) =
A
(ks)
n
] = 1,2, , 8
(n-1)
.
Therefore,
m(0) = m(
n,]
)
8
(n-1)
]=1
n=1

m(0) =
A
(ks)
n
8
(n-1)
]=1
n=1

m(0) = A
8
(n-1)
(ks)
n
n=1

m(0) =
A
8
.
8
(ks)
8
n
(ks)
n
n=0

m(0) =
A
8
.
8
(ks)

1
1
8
(ks)

m(0) =
A
ks 8

Now, m(0
C
) = m (K
ks
) = m() m(0) = A
A
ks-8

Thus, Cantor type set K
ks
is of area A
A
ks-8
.
Remark: If k = s = S then m (K
ks
) = u and if k or s > S then (K
ks
) > u .
Example 1: Define as
(x , y) = p , if (x, y) K
ks
= F
= q if (x, y) |K
ks
]
C
= F
C
= F
Case i) if k = s = S then is a continuous function at each (x, y) F
C
= F as F
C
is open set
containing open rectangles and discontinuous at every (x, y) F , as F contains no open set. Therefore is
continuous a.e. on as m(F) = u , if k = s = S and is also bounded function. Hence, is Riemann
integrable function on . Since, any Riemann integrable function is Lebesgue integrable. Therefore, is also
Lebesgue integrable function on .
Now,
_
= _
= _
P
+ _
P
C
= _ p
P
+ _ q
P
C
= pm(F) + qm(F
C
) = p. u + qA = q. A ,
Where, A is area of rectangle.
Case ii) If k or s > S from k, s S then is continuous function at each (x, y) F
C
as F
C
is open set
containing open rectangles and discontinuous at every(x, y) F as F contains no open set. Therefore is
not continuous a.e. on as m(F) > u and hence is not Riemann integrable function on .Moreover, is
bounded function as range of is {p, q] .
Now, we prove is measurable function.
Let r be arbitrary real number and without loss of generality suppose p < q , then
Sub case i) If r < p then
-1
{(r, )] =
-1
{p, q] = is measurable.
Sub case ii) If p r < q then
-1
{(r, )] =
-1
{q] = F
C
is measurable as any open subset of is measurable.
Sub case iii) If r q then
-1
{(r, )] =
-1
{] = is measurable.
Thus, for any r the set
-1
{(r, )] is measurable subset of . Therefore, is measurable and bounded
function on .
Therefore, is Lebesgue integrable on .
Now,

84
]
= ]
P
+ ]
P
C
= ] p
P
+ ] q
P
C
= pm(F) + qm(F
C
) = p jA
A
ks-8
[ +q j
A
ks-8
[ ,
Where, A is area of rectangle .
Example 2: Define : as
(x, y ) = xy , if (x, y) F
C
= F
= x
2
y
2
if (x, y) K
ks
= F
Case i) If k = s = S then is continuous function at each (x, y) F
C
= F as F
C
is open set containing
open rectangles and discontinuous at every (x, y) F, if k = s = S as F contains no open set . Therefore is
continuous a.e. on as m(F) = u and is also bounded function. Hence is Riemann integrable function on .
Since, any Riemann integrable function is Lebesgue integrable. Therefore, is also Lebesgue integrable function
on.
Now,
_
= _
= _
P
+ _
P
C
= _ _
P
+ _ _
P
C

= ] ] xy JxJy
d
c
b
u
+ ] ] u JxJy
d
c
b
u
, as m(F) = u and m(F
C
) = A
=
(b-u)
2
(d-c)
2
4
+ u =
(b-u)
2
(d-c)
2
4

Case ii) If k or s > S from k, s S then is continuous function at each (x, y) F
C
= F as F
C
is open set
containing open rectangles and discontinuous at every (x, y) F, as F contains no open set. Therefore is not
continuous a.e. on as m(F) > u and hence is not Riemann integrable function on .
Now g(x, y) = xy and (x, y) = x
2
y
2
are continuous and bounded functions on . Moreover, F and F
C
are
measurable subsets of . Therefore = g_
P
+ _
P
C is bounded and measurable function and hence, is
Lebesgue integrable function on .
4. Construction of General Cantor type sets K
|a,h]
3
27
in a closed and bounded cube of volume
F = (h a)
3
:
Step 1: Divide square |o, b] |o, b] |o, b] = |o, b]
3
of volume I = (b o)
3
in twenty seven (S
3
= 27)
equal parts then remove middle open cube
1,1
of volume
v
27
. This will give twenty six closed cubes S
1,1
,
S
1,2
, S
1,26
each of volume
v
27
.
Step 2: Divide each of these twenty six closed cubes in 27 equal parts i.e.in all 26 27 cubes and remove the
middle open cubes
2,]
, ] = 1,2,S, ,26 27 , each of volume
v
27
2
. This will gives 26
2
closed cubes S
2,1
,
S
2,2
, , S
2,26
2 each of volume
v
27
2
.
Step 3: Divide each of these 26
2
cubes in 27 equal parts that is in all 26
2
27 cubes and remove the middle
open cubes
3,1
,
3,2
,...
3,26
2 each of volume
v
27
3
. This will gives(26
3
) closed cubes S
2,1
, S
2,2
, , S
2,26
3
each of volume
v
27
3
.
th
step remove the middle open cubes

n,]
, ] = 1,2, , 26
(n-1)
of volume
v
27
n
.from S
n,]
, ] = 1,2, , 26
(n-1)
n
closed
cubes S
n,]
, ] = 1,2, , 26
n
each of volume
v
27
n
.
Step 5: Define P
n
= S
n,]

26
n
]=1
, n
Step 6: Define K
|u,b]
2
27
= ( P
n
n=1

This is our Cantor type set in |o, b]
3
.

|a,h]
3
27
is of volume zero.
0 = jK
|u,b]
3
27
[
C
= _ _
n,]
26
(n-1)
]=1
n=1

is open set formed by countable number of disjoint open cubes where
I(I
n]
) = m(
n,]
) =
v
27
n
, ] = 1,2, S, , 26
(n-1)
.
Therefore
m(0) = m(
n,]
)
26
(n-1)
]=1
n=1


85
m(0) =
I
27
n
26
(n-1)
]=1
n=1

m(0) = I
26
(n-1)
27
n
n=1

m(0) =
I
26
.
26
27
26
n
27
n
n=0

m(0) =
I
26
.
26
27

1
1
26
27

m(0) = I
Now, m(0
C
) = m K
|u,b]
3
27
= m|o, b]
3
m(0) = I I = u
|u,b]
3
27
is of area zero.
5. Construction of General Cantor type sets in parellelopiped P = |a, h] |c, d] |e, J] and
computation of its volume in a closed and bounded parellelopiped of volume F =
(h a)(d c)(J e) :
Step 1 : By using middle vertical strip of length
b-u
k
d-c
s
on Y-axis and
strip of length
]-
t
on Z-axis where , , 3 , divide parellelopiped P of volume I in 27 parts and then
remove middle open parellelopiped P
1,1
of volume
v
kst
. This will gives 27 closed parellelopiped S
1,1
, S
1,2
,
S
1,26
each of volume
v
27
.
Step 2 : Divide each of these 26 parellelopiped in 27 parts that is in all 26 27 parellelopiped by using middle
vertical strip of length
b-u
k
2
on X-axis and horizontal strip of length on
d-c
s
2
on Y-axis and strip of length on
]-
t
2
on
Z-axis and remove the middle open parellelopiped P
2,1
, P
2,2
,... P
2,26
each of volume
v
(kst)
2
. This will gives 26
2

closed parellelopiped S
2,1
, S
2,2
, , S
2,26
2 each volume
v
27
2
.
Step 3 : Divide each of these 26
2
parellelopiped in 27 equal parts that is in all 26
2
27 parellelopiped by
using middle vertical strip of length
b-u
k
3
d-c
s
3
on Y-axis and strip of length
on
]-
t
2
on Z-axis and remove the middle open parellelopiped P
3,1
, P
3,2
,... P
3,26
2 each of volume
v
(kst)
3
. This
leaves (26
3
) closed parellelopiped S
2,1
, S
2,2
, , S
2,26
3 each of volume
v
27
3
.
th
step remove the middle open parellelopiped P
n,]
, ] = 1,2, , 26
(n-1)
of
volume
v
(kst)
n
from S
n,]
, ] = 1,2, , 26
(n-1)
n
closed parellelopiped S
n,]
, ] =
1,2, , 26
n
each of volume
v
27
n
.
Step 5 : Define P
n
= S
n,]

26
n
]=1
, n
Step 6 : Define K
kst
= ( P
n
n=1

This is our Cantor type set in parellelopiped P.
kst
is of volume I
v
kst-27
.
0 = (K
kst
)
C
= _ _ P
n,]
27
(n-1)
]=1
n=1

is open set formed by countable number of disjoint open parellelopiped where
I(P
n,]
) = m(P
n,]
) =
v
(kst)
n
] = 1,2, , 26
(n-1)
.
Therefore,
m(0) = m(P
n,]
)
26
(n-1)
]=1
n=1

m(0) =
I
(ks)
n
26
(n-1)
]=1
n=1


86
m(0) = I
26
(n-1)
(ks)
n
n=1

m(0) =
I
26
.
26
(ks)
26
n
(ks)
n
n=0

m(0) =
I
26
.
26
(ks)

1
1
26
(ks)

m(0) =
I
ks 26

Now, m(0
C
) = m (K
kst
) = m(P) m(0) = I
v
kst-26

kst
is of volume I
v
kst-26
.
Remark: If k = s = = S then m|K
kst
] = u and if k or s or > S then m|K
kst
] > u.
Example 1 : Define P as
(x , y, ) = p , if (x , y, ) K
kst
= F
= q if (x , y, ) |K
kst
]
C
= F
C
= P F
Case i) If k = s = = S then continuous function at each (x , y, ) F
C
= P F as F
C
is open set
containing open parellelopiped and discontinuous at every (x , y, ) F , as F contains no open set.
Therefore is continuous a.e. on P as m(F) = u , if k = s = = S and is also bounded function. Hence is
Riemann integrable function on P. Since, any Riemann integrable function is Lebesgue integrable. Therefore,
is also Lebesgue integrable function on P.
Now,
_
= _
= _
P
+ _
P
C
= _ p
P
+ _ q
P
C
= pm(F) + qm(F
C
) = p. u + qI = q. I ,
Where I is volume of parellelopiped P .
Case ii) If k or s or > S among k, s S then is continuous function at each
(x , y, ) F
C
= P F as F
C
is open set containing open parellelopiped and discontinuous at every
(x , y, ) F, as F contains no open set. Therefore is not continuous a.e. on P, as m(F) > u and hence is
not Riemann integrable function on P. As range of is {p, q] implies is bounded function.
Now, we prove is measurable function.
Let r be arbitrary real number and without loss of generality suppose p < q , then
Sub case i) If r < p then
-1
{(r, )] =
-1
{p, q] = P is measurable.
Sub case ii) If p r < q then
-1
{(r, )] =
-1
{q] = F
C
is measurable as any open subset of P is measurable.
Sub case iii) If r q then
-1
{(r, )] =
-1
{] = is measurable.
Thus, for any r the set
-1
{(r, )] is measurable subset of P. Therefore, is measurable and bounded
function on P.
Therefore, is Lebesgue integrable on P.
Now,
_
= _
P
+ _
P
C
= _ p
P
+ _ q
P
C
= pm(F) + qm(F
C
)
= p jI
v
kst-26
[ + j q
v
kst-26
[ ,
Where I is volume of parellelopiped P.
Conclusions
(i) We construct Cantor type sets in
2
and
3
of zero measure as well as of nonzero measures.
(ii) We study their properties related with Riemann and Lebesgue integration.

Acknowledgment:
I am very much thankful to Dr. K.C.Takle, Department of Mathematics, RNC Arts,JDB Commerce and NSC
Science College, Nasik Road, Nasik , Associate Professor J.P.Jadhav,Department of Mathematics, H.P.T. Arts
and R.Y.K.Science College, Nasik and Assistant professor P.S.Mistry, Department of Mathematics, H.P.T. Arts
and R.Y.K. Science College, Nasik, for their valuable suggestions and continuous guidance to complete this
paper.


87
References
[1] G. de BARRA, Measure Theory and Integration, Wiley Eastern Limited, 1987.
[2] Richard R. Goldberg, Methods of Real Analysis, OXFORD AND IBH PUBLISHING CO. PVT. LTD.NEW
DELHI.
[3] Robert G. Bartle, Donald R. Sherbert, Introduction to Real Analysis,Willy Student Edition, Third Edition.
[4] Divate B.B.,"Extension of Cantor set and its applications to construct examples of Lebesgue integrable
functions which are Riemann integrale", International J. of Math. Sci.and Engg.Appls. (IJMSEA) ISSN 0973-
9424, Vol.6 (Nov.2012) pp.165-173.

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Construction of Cantor Type Sets in R 2 and R 3 and Study of Their Properties

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Construction of Cantor Type Sets in R 2 and R 3 and Study of Their Properties

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Mathematical Theory and Modeling www.iiste.

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