WiVal Final Document PDF

! !
!
Senior!Design!I!
EEL!4914!
!
!
!
!
WiVal!
Project!Documentation!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
December!8th,!2008!
!
Group!10!
James!O’Mara!
Stephen!Cover!
Henry!Plange!
!
! WiVal!Project!Documentation!
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Executive Summary
Chapter 2: Introduction
2.1 Motivation for Project
2.2 Examples of Wireless Valet Systems
2.2.1 JTECH
2.2.2 Sindan Electrical Trading
2.2.3 ZipPark
2.2.4 Horizon Wireless
2.2.5 Wireless Valet Systems Comparison
Chapter 3: Goal and Objectives

3.1 Brief Design Summary
3.2.1 The main station
3.2.2 The Portable receiver
3.2.3 The Pushbutton pager
3.2.4 The Microcontroller
3.3. Programming Code
3.4.1 Project Requirements
3.4.2 Desired Results
Chapter 4: Specification and requirements

4.1 Introduction
4.2.1 The Main Station
4.2.2 The Portable receiver
4.2.3 The Pushbutton pager
4.2.4 The Antenna
4.3.1 The Microcontroller
4.3.2 Software Code
Chapter 5: Research
5.1 Transmitters
5.1.1 Transmitters
5.1.2 RF Transmitters
5.1.3 RF Transmitters Parameters
5.1.3.2 Noise
5.1.3.3 Sensitivity
5.1.3.4 Dynamic Range
5.2.1 Receivers
5.2.2 RF Receivers
5.3 Antennas
5.3.2 Types of Antennas
5.3.2.1 Helical antenna
5.3.2.2 Loop antenna
i!
!
5.3.2.3 Whip antenna

5.3.3 Antennas Parameters
5.3.3.1 Antenna Gain
5.3.3.2 Antenna Radiation Pattern
5.3.3.3 Antenna Polarization
5.3.3.4 Antenna Efficiency
5.4 Encoders
5.5 Decoders
5.6 Power Supply
5.6.1 Power Supply Analysis
5.6.1.1 LM 317
5.6.1.2 LP3999
5.6.1.3 TPS65050
5.7.1 Microcontroller
5.9.1 Push Button Pagers
5.9.2 Pager Transmitters
5.9.3 Isaacs TECH Two Button Transmitter
5.9.4 Inovonics Two Button Transmitters
5.9.5 Linx Two Button Transmitters
5.9.6 Transmitter Comparisons
5.10.1 Mounting Options
5.10.2 Super Bantam Clip
5.10.3 Bantam Clip #500
5.11 Weatherproofing
Chapter 6: Design Preferences / Component Selection

6.1 Design Preferences / Component Selection
6.2 RF Transmitters
6.2.1 RF Transmitter Selection
6.2.1.1 ES Series RF Transmitter
6.2.1.2 HP-3 Series RF Transmitter
6.2.1.3 LC Series Transmitter
6.3 RF Receivers
6.3.1 RF Receiver Selection
6.3.1.1 Microchip UHF rfRXD0420 Receiver Module
6.3.1.2 LC Series Receiver
6.3.1.3 LT Series Transceiver
6.4 Antennas
6.5 Encoders
6.6 Decoders
6.7.1 Display
6.8 Microcontroller
6.8.1 Programming
Chapter 7: Final Design

7.1.1 The main station
ii!
!
7.1.2 RF Transmitter
7.1.2.1 The RF Transmitter Connection
7.1.3 The RF Receiver
7.1.3.1 The RF Receiver Connection
7.1.4 The RF Transmitter and RF Receiver Combined
7.1.4.1 The Main Station Antenna
7.1.4.2 The Main Station Voltage
7.2 The Portable Receiver
7.2.1 The Portable Receiver Connection
7.3 The Pushbutton Pagers
7.3.1 The Pushbutton Pager Connection
7.4 PCB
7.5 Final Design - Microcontroller
7.6 Final Design - Software
7.7 Weatherproof Casing
Chapter 8: Design Summary

8.1 The RF Transmitter Connection
8.2 The RF Receiver Connection
8.3 The RF Transmitter and RF Receiver Combined
Chapter 9: Testing
9.1 Testing Introduction
9.2.1 The RF Transmitter
9.2.3 The main station and portable receivers
9.2.4 The Antennas
9.3 Microcontroller
9.4 Programming
Chapter 10: Finances and Milestones

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Finances
10.3 Project Milestones
Chapter 11: Final Comments
iii!
!
Appendices
I Figure 7.2.1 the LR series Transmitter Pin Assignment
I Table 7.2.1 Pin description of the LR Series Transmitter
II Figure 6.2 the LR series receiver Pin Assignment
II Table 6.2 Pin description of the LR Series Transmitter
III Table 10.2
Appendix IV Works Cited

IV Works Cited
Appendix V Permission Letters

V Granted Permission Letters
V Permission Pending Letters
Table of Figures
Figure…..………………………………………………….…………….………
Figure 3.4.2 Desired Results of WiVal System

Figure 4.1.a Basic Drawing of WiVal Units
Figure 4.1.b WIval Portable Receiver Block Diagram
Figure 4.1.c Wival Base Unit Block Diagram
Figure 4.2.3 WiVal Push Button Pager Block Diagram
Figure 5.1 RF Transmitter
Figure 5.2 Components of RF transmitter
Figure 5.3 General Operation Mode of HT640/S encoder
Figure 5.9.2.a Drawing with dimensions of TXM-916-ES transmitter
Figure 5.9.2b show a block diagram of the TXM-916-ES
Figure 5.9.3 Photograph of the 612T SmartSwitch
Figure 5.9.4 is a picture of the battery placement in the EE1235D
Figure 5.9.5 Linx Technologies OEM Transmitter dimensions
Figure 5.10.2 shows the Super Bantam Clip
Figure 5.10.3 show the Bantam Clip #500
Figure 5.11 Linx Technologies Key Fob casing
Figure 6.1 Battery supply of the Linx Technologies 2 button Key Fob
Figure 6.3 RH series whip antenna
Figure 6.4 Permanent mount PW Series 1/4-wave whip antenna
Figure 7.1 Schematic of the operations of the main station
Figure 7.2 Basic antenna switches
Figure 7.2.1-1 Program Overview
Figure 7.2.1-2 Structure information for the sCarData structure.
iv!
!
Figure 7.3 Basic supply filters

Figure 7.4 Schematic of the portable receiver
Figure 7.5 The schematic of WiVal’s pushbutton pager
Figure 9.1 Basic Testing Overview
Figure 9.2.1 on the left, expected modulation delay
Figure 9.2.2 on the right, current consumption vs. power output
Figure 9.3 shows the turn on response time from VCC to PDN
Figure 9.4 show the turn on response time from VCC to PDN
Figure 9.5 on the left samples of expected results RSSI response time
Figure 9.6 on the right shows consumption Vs power
Figure 10.1b shows an Overview of WiVal’s Milestones
Table of Tables
Table…..………………………………………………….………….….………
Table 5.1 Responsibility Legend

Table 5.1.2 Outline of the basic operations of an RF transmitter
Table 5.2.2 Outline of the general functions of an RF Transmitter
Table 6.2 Specifications of the LR Series Transmitter
Table 6.3 Specifications of the LR Series Receiver
Table 10.1 First Budget
Table 10.2 Final Budget
Table 10.3 Finished Milestones
Table 10.4 Future Milestones
!
v!
!
! !
! WiVal!Project!Documentation! !
Executive Summary
1.1 Executive Summary

The human race lives in a world where society pushes technology into our
everyday lives. As years go by, technology adds ways in which people know
longer use what was once considered conventional. For example, the elevator is
as beneficial as an invention could be. From a perspective, one can notice that
the elevator is simply a design that created an easier, more advanced way of
walking up stairs. The PDA is another example of a technological product that
created an innovative way of taking notes and keeping track of appointments,
etc. Both of these were created not out of need but out of the encouragement of
technological advances within what we do.
It takes moments of driving or walking down a metropolitan area to recognize

lavish restaurants and facilities that capture the eye. In this day, when a
restaurant opens in fine dining or if a company has expensive clientele, it is rare
not to notice a valet service that accompanies the entrance. The concept of valet
as a service has been around since horses and carriages were ridden for
transportation. In history, with money, comes luxury and valet is a perfect
example of a luxury that wasn’t created out of need but out of the purpose of
making something easier for the person who can rightfully afford the service.
Since the beginning of valet, the idea of the service being a luxury is one that is
unquestioned throughout the world. One could easily disagree with this
statement today. Valet is a service that appears to inhabit any level of service.
The traditional use of valet has been for lavish parties and restaurants that
require a certain level of appearance, but in recent times, hospitals, department
stores and even a few grocery markets have adopted the concept of offering their
customers this service. With this expansion in the use of valet, the involvement
of technology within our society is seeping into the Valet industry.
WiVal will consist of three basic units that will be simple and reliable for ease of
use. The WiVal will use a simple pager with two buttons that a customer will
receive upon arriving to the location. That pager’s two buttons will be pressed by
the customer when they want to leave or get to their vehicle. The pager will then
send a signal to the Base Unit that receives and displays the requested vehicle,
which will be assigned by the number that is given by the pager. The Base Unit
then sends the signal to the portable receivers that a few of the employees will
have on them. The three main units are all weather protected as to
accommodate the weather conditions at the given areas.
WiVal is another example of technology changing a traditional method. With the

valet industry relying heavily on the “pen and paper” method, the concept of
technology replacing this was inevitable. WiVal seeks to eliminate the use of the
! 1!
! !
“pen and paper” method and bring forward a technological product that can
accomadate customers and hopefully allow the Valet industry to profit in a way
they never have. The WiVal brings a product that will only benefit the service.
The companies that use this product will be moving their customer service into
the next millennium.
The members of WiVal have several core goals for the WiVal Project. WiVal
wants to design and build a project that challenges their abilities in engineering.
This project will challenge WiVal’s group in ways that ultimately become the
educational “light at the end of the tunnel” in the pursuit of their engineering
degrees. WiVal’s group is determined to design and build a project that will
enhance themselves in their respective areas for future occupations.
The WiVal design represents a challenge to the group in many ways. The areas
in which the group will be challenged by this project can be grouped in two
completely different categories.
! Explore, utilize and maximize our electrical and computer engineering

skills in which we have been formally trained.
! Experience and gain knowledge in areas where our electrical and
computer backgrounds have not trained the group. This project allows
the group to venture into the unknown.
2!
!
! !
2.1 Motivation
Finding a project to settle on became an awkward task. Ideas were thrown from
every direction. Ultimately the project chosen was the one that seemed the most
technologically feasible and the most needed or the most likely to be used of the
ideas. The motivation behind this project stems from several reasons but the
root of it all comes from one of the people in the group who had prior experience
within a valet company.
Working within a profession allows one to see the negatives in the job that occur
in everyday processes. As mentioned earlier, valet as a service has been around
in some form for many years. For the last several decades, valet has employed
the “pen and paper” method. The “pen and paper” method is one in which the
valet employee gives the incoming person or customer a piece of paper that can
later be collected and matched with the identifying ticket on the key chain. This
method still works and is still used in most places that employ a valet service.
This method is just another service that people who use that method are just
waiting to improve.
The traditional “pen and paper” method is where the improvements will be made.
The disadvantages aren’t outrageous but they can clearly be improved upon by
WiVal. Some of the disadvantages to the traditional method include:
! Customers have waiting times when arriving to pick up vehicle.

! The “pen and paper” method can be distracting to a customer.
! Customers often lose paper that includes identification to the vehicle
they are looking for.
! The paper ticket can easily be lost but at the same time the ticket is so
small that a person or customer doesn’t even recognize that the ticket
maybe in their pocket rather than lost.
! Paper tickets take up lots of space in high frequency locations.
! If location is busy, tickets need to be on hand at all times which can be
difficult due to cost and manufacturing time.
! Tickets are clearly paper and the paper manufacturing comes from
trees.
The WiVal product allows the person or customer to take full advantage of a valet
service. Though the disadvantages seem ignorable, the benefits of changing the
method are worth the investment. The three main units that are part of the WiVal
eliminate the problems that come from using the traditional method. The
advantages of the WiVal include the following:
! Customers can avoid as much of a wait time as possible by hitting both

buttons simultaneously a minute prior to needing their respective
vehicle.
3!
!
! !
! Restaurants want a level of class; the WiVal brings this to the table.
Technological upgrades within a company show a level of progress
and commitment towards giving the customers the best experience
possible.
! The pager system is less distracting. When a customer arrives, all an
employee has to do is hand a person or customer a designated
receiver that goes with the vehicle and the customer can move on with
their day.
! Paper gives the customer or person the ability to lose their car
identification. Paper valet tickets are lost frequently during lavish
evenings or events that require the customer to be aware or thin piece
of paper.
! The pager given to customers is a small yet noticeable piece of
equipment that looks similar to a cell phone. From experience, one
notices that the the customer finds the pager easily due to its
recognizable size and shape. Rarely will a pager be misplaced within
a purse or pocket.
! The WiVal pagers allow the valet companies to avoid using as much
paper. Paper costs are extremely high for imprinted tickets and this
can be eliminated with the use of a pager.
! Within the valet industry, ordering tickets can be delayed for unknown
reasons and then a chaotic mess occurs for the employees. Pagers
will always be on hand. Enough pagers for parking spots and for wear
and tear reasons will always be available.
As restaurants begin to flourish, so do there neighboring areas and with this the
areas in which parking is available, begins to be less accommodating for their
customers. This process has created a wave of companies hiring valet services
to allow the customers to avoid the hassle. This project will be intended for valet
companies around the world, but can also be used in clinics, hospitals, schools,
restaurants, shopping centers and hotels.
Currently there are few companies who manufacture similar products like the
WiVal. Having experience in the valet field has allowed the group to recognize
that most products do not work when customers have single button pagers.
These pagers are ‘hit’ several times throughout an evening, whether by accident
or for the simple purpose of amusement. This alone makes the idea a problem
for the valet service. When customers ‘hit’ pagers without any intention of
leaving, this creates traffic jams where the valet service is situated and it negates
the whole purpose of the product, accommodation. By adding another button on
a pager, the service can easily be confirmed and in within that action,
accommodate the customer. WiVal would like to enter into an Industry that has
few competitors. This will allow the WiVal system to be able to add specifications
to the system that have yet to be made on other’s.
4!
!
! !
2.2 Examples of Wireless Valet Systems

There are currently a few companies that manufacture a product similar to the
WiVal. Fortunately the WiVal can compete in a market in which there isn’t
distinct leader. The companies that manufacturer these similar products are all
wireless systems designers who create systems for areas in hospitality. The
major company in this market is a well known Systems Manufacturer, JTECH.
Like JTECH, the other companies have wireless systems that work within a
restaurant for areas such as hosting, employee paging, etc.
2.2.1 JTECH
JTECH is a company that is well known throughout the hospitality industry with a
leading presence amongst other wireless systems manufacturers. JTECH’s
design is a simple one that consists of three basic units. They created a pager for
customers that are a small, black, and sleek design that has a rubber button in
the middle of a plastic casing. The plastic casing is their version of
weatherproofing the pager’s electrical components and also protects it from
normal wear and tear damage. The second unit is the paging receiver that the
valet employees carry with them while working. The receiver is similar to a
traditional Motorola pager. It has the ability to store previous vehicles and to
keep the notification setting to vibrate or ring. The third unit is UHF transmitter
that is usually located within a building structure. The unit doesn’t display any
information but it has the ability to activate new pagers and to test signal range.
JTECH’s design is a simple and successful idea in which a lot of our ideas are
based from. Some of JTECH’s ValetAlert specifications are:
! Their pager consists of a 900 Mhz transmitter that with a plastic

weatherproof casing.
! A UHF transmitter that works in FM mode and that has 2 watts of
power for superior signal strength.
! Their design for the receiver is called InstaCall. It has an LCD screen
that display the paged number and works on AAA batteries.
! Weather casing
! LED notifiers
! Ease of pager addition to the network
! Small slick size (similar to a cell phone)
2.2.2 Sindan Electrical Trading (SET)

Sindan Electrical Trading is another company that heavily competes in wireless
systems within the hospitality industry. Their wireless systems specialize in
paging for customers and employees in areas such as hotels, restaurants,
5!
!
! !
hospitals and corporate offices. Their company’s version of a Valet paging

system is known as ValetCall. The system they incorporate has a few great
advantages but the flaws can’t be ignored.
They have a system that still relies heavily on the “pen and paper” method.
When a customer arrives, they are still given a loose leaf piece of paper. This
whole process is one that the better valet paging systems are avoiding. SET’s
ValetCall appears to have only two main units. A docking station and pagers are
used for their system to work. When the customer or person wants their
respective vehicle, they still have to go to the Valet stand to notify that they want
their car. At that moment is when the customer is given a pager. This pager has
an LCD screen and notifies by sound and vibration when the vehicle has arrived
for pickup. When the pager notifies, the customer or persons then go to the valet
stand to accept their vehicle and return the pager. Some of ValetCall’s
specifications are:
! It has two main units: pagers and a docking station.

! The pagers are operated on rechargeable batteries that get their power
from the docking station.
! Each pager has an LCD screen that displays a minimum amount of
notifications. The pager rings and vibrates simultaneously when the
car has arrived to the valet booth for pickup.
! Each docking station holds ten pagers for recharging. The docking
system also allows the pager to be notified.
! Information on the ValetCall’s wireless specifications was not given
under their general information.
! Pagers are designed in black and cell phone shape design. The pager
looks similar to a Motorola Razr.
2.2.3 ZipPark
ZipPark is a company that specializes in the Valet industry only. ZipPark is
currently the most innovative of the Valet solutions in the market. They are
working in small parts of the US but they are testing and selling their products
within some of the most financially fiscal business around. Their system is run
on their own product known as zControl. zControl is designed for usage at
hotels, restaurants and airports.
The system ZipPark is designed around what is known as zControl, this program
has been created to work on IBM terminals that are based off windows 2000.
This program is also ported to windows mobile that is used on some of the
handheld PCs on the market today. Some of the handheld PCs used are the
Hewlett Packard IPAQs and the Casio Casseiopeia. The training involved with
the technology is an extensive program that all parking employees must attend
6!
!
! !
due to the abundance of electronic equipment. Many of the advanced

specifications that belong to the ZipPark Valet system are extremely unique from
the rest of the companies. Some of their advances in technology within the
industry are:
! Four desktop POS cash terminals

! Two IBM stand alone kiosks that allow for self payment before or after
retrieving the vehicle
! Eight wireless realtime handheld PCs that are used parking employees
during peak times to cash out customers
! The ability to track up to 500 vehicles a day.
! Data stored for repeat customers
The technology used within the ZipPark is clearly more advanced than the rest.
With the advancements comes an increase in cost. The ZipPark isn’t available
for direct sales. They are currently designing and perfecting their product to
accommodate a larger clientele base.
2.2.4 Horizon Wireless

Horizon Wireless is another company that competes in the hospitality industry.
Their systems are less accommodating to the valet service industry. Their
products can be used for valet, but they are generally directed towards the
restaurant side. Many of their products are for employees calling or hostess
calling. Their products are similar to the earlier designs mentioned. The Horizon
Wireless paging system has three units. A pager is used for notification.
Customers and employees are notified with a sound and vibrating feeling.
2.2.5 Wireless Valet Systems Comparison

Several companies model a certain idea within the valet industry. Most of them
have three bas units designed around a one way pager, base transmitter and
portable receivers. JTECH stands out amongst the standard design of valet
systems. JTECH’s company is a leader within the wireless design directed
towards any area of the hospitality industry. Even though JTECH’s ValetAlert is
a strong product, ZipPark is gearing towards a different more expensive
direction. ZipPark’s system works better in standard payment parking and high
frequency areas such as airports and expensive hotels. They are currently in
creation stages and testing it in specific areas. Although they have a strong idea,
the product is not very affordable for the common valet company. For this
reason, JTECH’s design is one in which WiVal will be based from.
7!
!
! !
Goals and Objectives
3.1 Brief Design Summary

The goals and objectives of the WiVal begin with the three basic units. WiVal’s
design will have a pager. The pager used is similar to JTECH’’s version in which
it is designed with a one way transmitter. The second unit is the Main Station.
The Main Station is similar to a ‘home base’ in which everything goes through
this piece of equipment. This unit will have information being sent to it from the
pager that the customer or persons are given. The Main Station has a display
that alerts the employees who are nearby. The Main Station also reroutes the
information to the next unit. The final unit is the portable receiver used by the
employees. The unit is vital for the success of WiVal. The portable receivers are
what the employees will heavily depend on to make sure a smooth shift occurs.
The WiVal’s pager will be designed with a sleek, cell phone like shape that has
two rubber buttons for valet notification. This unit will be as inexpensive as
possible. With this in mind, the team behind WiVal recognizes that this unit will
be replaced often compared to the other units. From basic wear and tear to
customer damage, these all are the main reasons behind the goal of an
inexpensive pager with a good weatherproof casing protecting its electrical
components.
The Main Station will be the main antenna and unit that controls all the
information flow. It will be self powered and will also have a display for home
base notification. This unit must consist of strong weatherproofing. The Main
Station will have the most expensive units and thus must be protected from
common weather such as rain, cold air and humidity.
The main goal behind the employee receiver is to have a reliable design that is
easy to use for the common worker. The receiver will have three buttons for full
control. The receiver also will be fully functional under all conditions. Whether it
be night or day the receiver will have a display that can be seen at all times of the
day. The notification of the customer’s page will come in the form of a beeping
noise and display of the vehicle number.
The goal behind WiVal is to have three basic units. WiVal will be optimal for all
levels of valet service. The equipment will be inexpensive and as protected as
possible for maximum protection. The WiVal will accommodate to the employee
who does not have a lot of technical knowledge. All of this will come together to
create a strong product known as WiVal.
8!
!
! !

The main station is the broadcast center of our wireless communication design
project, which sends a data envelope to all the Portable receivers within our
desired range by means of an antenna delivering data through free space. An
antenna would receive a communication signal from the Portable receiver and
the pushbutton pager. This signal would then be passed to the microcontroller, to
be added to a list of cars waiting to be returned back to the customers. Each
Portable receiver decodes the data envelope to determine which car to make
available to the departing customers. The output from the main station goes to a
microcontroller, where appropriate interpretations are made to determine what
action to take. The results are then sent in the direction of the transmitter to
wirelessly send data en route for the Portable receivers.
The main station has a LED component that illuminates (flashes) at the station to
let the supervisor know that the message signal has been sent to the assigned
Portable receivers informing the valet clerk of a customer’s departure. The main
station will be used to keep track of each Portable receiver and push button
pager being used on the network. A small database system will be available to
keep track of fifty cars. A database server may also available for storage. This
main system will be portable for easy maneuvering however it will be placed on a
desk or countertop so as to allow for the connection to a nearby computer. The
main station can also be mounted if desired in favor of better transmission. The
connection to a computer will be accomplished by using a portable usb port built
in the main station. Power to the main station would be supplied directly from a
plug in wall outlet. As far design is concerned, the main station would be built in a
tough and rigid plastic casing that is stylish, lightweight and waterproof.
Future upgrades
There are so many ways to improve upon this design such as the use of Flash
memory devices to store a database server, the addition of a touch screen LCD
panel and the construction of a web based application system. These additions
will allow WiVal to compete with the industry in the upcoming years.
For the web based application system we can reorganize the in service
techniques of the valet service. This can be done by keeping track of all license
plates of vehicles, employees using the Portable receivers and the various
customers using the push button pagers. The web application can then be run
on a local web server as well as a being connected to the internet. With the
installation of the portable usb port, we can accomplish the above upgrades as
well as make our product more satisfying to interested buyers and users.
9!
!
! !
3.2.2 The Portable receivers

The Portable receiver is the central point of our communication system. The
Portable receiver includes a RF receiver which receives a communication signal
from one or more pushbutton pager units via the main station, informing the valet
clerk of a customer’s departure. Once the communication signal is detected, the
data from the receiver goes to the microcontroller, which outputs the
pushbutton’s pager number to LED of the Portable receiver. With this information
the valet clerk can determine which car to retrieve for the departing customer by
sending a request out to the main station. Each request would then be sent to the
main station thereby retrieving the car numbers from the main station. An
additionally important component of the Portable receiver is the transmitter which
sends a data envelope to the main station by means of a smaller antenna
conveying data through free space. The antenna at the main station would
receive a communication signal from the smaller antenna of Portable receiver.
This signal would then be passed to the microcontroller, to be added to a list of
cars that the valet clerks checked in and checked out. The LED at the main
station would then illuminate when a message from the Portable receiver is sent
to the main station.
The Portable receiver has three function push buttons which allow the valet clerk
to request the previous and next car retrieved, the previous and recent car
checked in, and a clear list for retrieved cars. It also has a on/ off switch. An
alerting system such as sounds (ring tone) and a vibration mode will be included
in our design for the receiver, subsequently informing the valet clerk of a received
signal. The car number would be displayed on two 7-segment LEDs, for a range
of cars from 00 to 99. The Portable receiver needs to be powered by a constant
DC source. Our desired DC source will be AA or AAA rechargeable batteries.
The Portable receiver will be protected by a plastic casing that is stylish,
lightweight and portable. The plastic casing will be rigid, robust, and able to
withstand tumbling, run over’s, and bangs. Since the Portable receivers will be
used primarily outside, it will be waterproof to withstand intense heat and cold as
well as constant rainfall.
Future upgrades
Since the Portable receiver is the centerpiece of our messaging system, it has
the most potential for hardware upgrades. We can replace the LEDs with a LCD
screen which will be used to display the messages. GPS can also be added to
the design so as to keep track of the Portable receivers. The LCD can also
displays data concerning current GPS position and the RF connection strength.
The Portable receiver unit may also include a switch for adjusting the volume of
the ringtone as well as a button for muting the speaker. The Portable receiver
may also display on its front panel that the correct Transmitter currently
10!
!
! !
broadcasting in order to avoid confusion with other networks. We also hope that
we can have a clip for the Portable receiver so that they can fit securely on belts.
3.2.3 The Pushbutton Pagers

The third part of our wireless communication system is the pushbutton pager
which is based on an encoder and a decoder. The pushbutton pager which is
given to the customers after their cars are checked in will have two buttons,
which must be pressed simultaneously in order to activate a request. This two
button system was designed to avoid the confusion associated with a customer
accidentally hitting a button which could send out creating a confusing situation.
Upon activation, the encoder in the pushbutton pager will send a messaging
signal identifying itself through the antenna. Once it has been identified, the
output from the pushbutton pager will go to a microcontroller, where appropriate
interpretations are made to determine what action to take. The pushbutton pager
will then receive a signal from the main station, which will then be decoded in
addition to indicating a light on the pushbutton pager to flash and confirm the
reception of the messaging signal.
Powered by a button cell battery, alkaline or lithium button cell battery for a long
service life and its size, the pushbutton pager may also use a rechargeable
battery, which will recharge at a charging station. Bodily, the pushbutton pager
will be small enough to fit into a pocket. The plastic casing will be rigid, robust,
and able to endure plummeting incidents.
The microcontroller used in the WiVal system is the powerhouse that drives the
system. It is responsible, not only for controlling the signals being sent between
the various components, but also for monitoring these signals, and taking from
them the information required in order to build an accurate list of the cars
requesting pick-up. One microcontroller is installed in each main station, and
another is installed in each portable receiver. The microcontroller is responsible
for handling various inputs and outputs, and is more than capable of doing so
during even the busiest of shifts.
For inputs, the microcontroller receives signals from a variety of sources. It

receives an analog signal from the antenna, which it then has to verify as a
correct signal, and not just noise. It also receives input from three buttons that
the user can use to interface with the system. One button will advance the list of
cars in the forward direction. Another button will advance the list of cars in the
reverse direction. The final button will be used in order to advance the list of cars
to the most recently added car.
11!
!
! !
The microcontroller also sends several signals through outputs. It sends analog
signals to the antenna. It also sends signals to the 7-segment LED displays, in
order to let the user know which car needs to be picked up. Additionally, it sends
a signal to the speaker, playing a tone, so that the user knows a new car has
been added to the list.
Future Upgrades
There are several possible upgrades to be considered for the microcontrollers.
These include expanded data storage, USB connectivity, multiple processors,
and an LCD screen. All of these would benefit the WiVal system, though they
would also increase the cost to the final user.
Expanded data storage would be very beneficial for larger establishments, who
need to keep track of a larger list of cars. The additional data storage space
would also allow for more complex options, such as screen brightness (for LCD
screens), programmable frequencies for when multiple WiVal systems are in
close proximity, and perhaps even storage of compiled information on all cars
processed, for statistical use. The additional data storage would also allow for
more robust code, as the code could be made larger, allowing more in the way of
verification and error checking. Overall, expanded data storage would be an
excellent addition to the WiVal system, if the schedule and the resources permit.
USB connectivity would allow a computer to connect to the WiVal system. This
would allow the user to download statistics from the WiVal system, to obtain
information such as when the busiest times are, or the average length between
when a car is dropped off, and when it is picked up. These statistics would aid in
the business aspect of the companies using the WiVal system. They would allow
managers to better organize break schedules, or figure out just how many
parking spaces to set aside for valet parking. In short, it would be another fine
addition to an already impressive system.
An LCD screen would allow for an improvement in the amount of data that could
be supplied to the user. The current configuration, with two 7-segment LEDs has
the limitations inherent to the seven segment display. With an LCD, however,
any alphanumeric character could be displayed, broadening the possibilities of
information. Simple graphics, for menu options and function confirmation, could
even be incorporated.
3.3.2 Software
The software used in the WiVal system is optimized for use on the
microprocessor. It is designed to require only a very small amount of storage
space, and to run the required functions efficiently. It is capable of storing the
data of the last twenty cars, and then displays whichever of the twenty cars is
12!
!
! !
requested of it. It is designed to ensure that the program does not miss any
inputs.
3.4.1 Project Requirements

WiVal’s design requires precision across the board. In today’s society, wireless
companies are able to create Valet Pager systems that function and look
aesthetically pleasing to a customer or person’s eye. The WiVal must compete
in a small market but in one that has strong and consistent companies that have
been developing Pager Hardware for years. Companies like JTECH, Horizon
Wireless and SET have been able to build and redesign prototypes to ensure
that their product is fully functional in all areas mentioned. WiVal’s requirements
include:
! Fully functional wireless system

! Strong wireless signal for all weather conditions and unique wall
structures
! Sleek and small design
! Inexpensive
! Fully Modifiable and expandable
! Compliable with FCC rules and regulations
! Weatherproof and simple wear and tear protection
! Pagers need to be simple and easy to use for customers
! WiVal Main Base Unit needs to be capable of being transported from
one area to the next and power itself with a 110 V connection.
! WiVal Main Base Unit needs to be functional to the point that if
receivers fail, it still works displaying car numbers
! WiVal Employee Receivers need to display numbers at all times of day
(bright or dark)
! WiVal Pagers and Receivers need to have power last for long amounts
of time
3.4.2 Desired Results

WiVal’s group has high expectations about the prototype that is being built. The
group expects results that satisfy the requirements mentioned earlier. The WiVal
relies on simple electrical and analog signal fundamentals.
WiVal’s Main Base unit should become the key component to the WiVal’s
functionality. WiVal’s Main Base Unit’s dependence is shown in Figure 3.4.2.
The main base should be able to power itself with a 110v outlet and easily be
discarded or used for long amounts of time. WiVal’s design should allow a Valet
Company to have the opportunity in deciding whether to use the Main Base Unit
13!
!
! !
as the main wireless signal device while also using it as another way to
determine what vehicles are being summoned. The group behind WiVal hopes
to create a Main Base Unit that will be used by other employees who do not have
portable receivers, or the valet employee who doesn’t leave the booth can
coordinate around the key rack the Main Unit’s display. Some valet companies
like to avoid a certain clutter around their booths so the group would like WiVal’s
Main Base Unit to also have the ability to be stored in a hidden area in the booth
or inside a building.
Figure 3.4.2 shows basic drawing of WiVal’s signal direction
WiVal’s group would like to see that the WiVal Push Button Pager and the WiVal
receiver are both functional and compatible with the WiVal Base Unit. Another
result that the final product should have is the look that will please companies
who purchase the product but also catch the attention of customers who use
WiVal. WiVal should be able to attract customers and the aesthetic look and on
the idea that the Restaurant or Building has fully committed to a Valet system.
The WiVal has several technical desired results. With all that needs to work, the
WiVal should be able to benefit the company employing the technology. The
WiVal has a strong idea aimed towards resolving prior problems with older
methods and to reach goals that Valet Companies couldn’t reach before. Some
of these expectations that WiVal hopes to meet are:
! To avoid and eliminate wait lines that occupies the front of the
entrance and degrades the overall look to the restaurant.
! Improve guest flow
! Maximize in profits for employees during times in which traditional ‘pen
and paper’ method can slow down business
! Improve Valet experience and overall quality
! WiVal should allow the Valet Company to maximize employee work
hours.
14!
!
! !
! WiVal should allow fewer employees to work and to save on labor

expenses and hourly rates.
! WiVal should become a level of service within the Valet Industry that
can separate companies from competition in the area.
15!
!
! !
Specifications
4.1 Introduction
From research, a paging system contains a main terminal or transmitter that
provides the signal over a wide region. The other items include the actual
customer pagers, and the employee’s portable device that receives the pager’s
identification request. All work within the specified signal range that is given by
WiVal’s Main Base Unit. The signal strength will in the 900 MHz range.
Paging systems consist of RF technology. The pager design will consist of a

transmitter that formulates, and formats the signal from the customer’s pagers
and sends a message identifying the pager number to the employee’s receiver.
The paging information will be coded with identification and then transmitted to
the WiVal Base Unit within the specified range. WiVal’s Base Unit will then
display the incoming pager number and simultaneously retransmit the signal to
the WiVal’s receiver. The WiVal receiver will be able to demodulate, decode the
message, and be able to recover the message and present it to the employee
with the proper identifying vehicle number. In Figure 4.1.a the three units are
displayed with the desired direction of signal transmission.
WiVal Overview
Customer! Employee!
Base!Transceiver!
Paging/Customer’s! Master/Receiver!
Unit! Unit!
Figure 4.1.a shows a basic drawing of the units that WiVal consists of.
WiVal has specific transmission ranges that are respective of FCC rules and
regulations. The design will have a radio frequency range that is capable of
penetrating several walls made of different types of material. At the same time
the signals must be able to travel through rain. The designs are all capable of
secure data transmission over high speeds. The units will all be dependable and
precise under a 50m distance. WiVal needs to be reliable under several
conditions. The specifications in the design are made to operate in difficult
weather and they will all be weatherproof. The weatherproofing material is still
under research and there hasn’t been specific choice as to which one is most
16!
!
! !
reliable. WiVal will be able to operate properly and accurately in undesirable

weather conditions such as thunderstorms and lightning. WiVal’s system is
designed accordingly as to allow the easy adjustment and attachment of
additional features without requiring any major design changes or complications
with the systems stability. The system will have backup storage to keep all
information safe in case of power interruptions or computer related issues. The
range of the wireless pager system must be able to extend beyond 50 meters
and in addition have the capability to transmit through walls and heavy
equipments. WiVal’s main Base Unit will also be able to connect to a standard
computer so as to appeal to various consumers.
Another main area in WiVal’s specifications is the antennas employed. The

signal directions employed in the Portable Receivers are shown in Figure
4.1.bThe antennas will be easy to mount and lightweight to avoid distracting the
customer. Each antenna used in the devices is a small inexpensive attachment
that is capable of sending and receiving information under the strict FCC rules
and regulations.
WiVal!Receiver!
Signal!from!
Base!Unit
Receiver!
Processor!
Display!Car!
Number
Figure 4.1.b WiVal Employee Receiver Block Diagram
All three units have similar specifications in the area of style. Each unit will be
black and comparable to new technology in style of looks. WiVal’s design will be
competitive due to its reliability with its hardware and software but also its
aesthetic look as well. They will all have the WiVal symbol displayed on the
casing. Each unit will be of small enough size as to accommodate for even the
smallest of areas. Some basic specifications employed within WiVal are
Power Supply:
! Our master terminal will connect to a regular 110V outlet.
! Pagers will use batteries (CR2032 lithium, 3V lithium, or AAA)
17!
!
! !
! Input Power will not be greater than 5 Volts

!
Microprocessor:
! The microprocessor will provide fast and reliable communication.
! The microprocessor will be low in cost and available to purchase
! It will be able to process information fast and will be small in size
! Recognizable programming language platform ( Assembly, c)
WiVal’s specifications for the software portion of the Main Base Unit design
include the interface between microcontroller, software and hardware. These
interactions are shown in Figure 4.1.c. There will be code for the master unit
and base transceiver. The master unit’s code will be able to receive messages
from the base transceiver. WiVal’s design is created to be easy to use. It will
also be robust enough that an error in the other units does not cause failure in
the master unit. WiVal will be able to display to the valet which customer is
ready. WiVal will also be able to transmit to the base transceiver with information
requests.
WiVal Base!Unit
Signal!
Signal!Receiver! Transmitter! User!Input
Processor
Output/Display
Figure 4.1.c WiVal Base Unit Block Diagram
WiVal’s base transceiver’s code will be able to take in signals from the paging
unit. It will be able to arrange the signals in order of time received and be able to
add new paging units to the system when necessary. WiVal’s programming is
robust enough that an error in other units does not cause failure in the base
transceiver and not be able to take in requests from the master unit, and transmit
messages back.
The project can be divided into six parts: The main station, The Portable
receivers, antennas, the pushbutton pagers, microcontroller, and software.
18!
!
! !

As the transmission tower of our communication system, the main station plays a
significant role in the transmission of data from the pushbutton pagers to the
Portable receivers. This has implication for the design of the transmitters in
Portable receivers, the main station and the push button pagers. Our goal is to
build a RF transmission station that has a very low power consumption rate, high
sensitivity to noise and other interfering frequencies and an extensive
broadcasting range. We started the project with the idea of using an
unambiguous performance specification for the main station. The most important
parameter of our project’s performance is the intended communication
frequency. Our design frequency ranged from a best performing 418 MHz to a
less regulated 900MHz, that
! Complies to all FCC rules and regulations

! Has a secure data transmission
! Transmits data at a high speed
! Compatible with other rf based modules
! Has sufficient signal strength to transmit over 50m
! Has an inexpensive implementation
! Is precise
! Can penetrate through thin walls and furniture
4.2.2 The Portable receivers

The purpose of the Portable receiver is to capture signals transmitted wirelessly
from the main station and the pushbutton pagers through an antenna. We have
two options toward accomplishing this task by purchasing a transceiver or by
placing a transmitter, receiver, and antenna control on both sides of the
communication link .The portable receiver should be flexible enough to
correspond with other RF based transmitters with no alterations. We must
overcome several limitations of the design system by minimizing the size of the
RF modules and microcontroller so as to constraint the size of the Portable
receiver. WiVal’s choice of architecture is primarily determined by the criteria of
! Complexity
! power dissipation
! High data rate
! Low cost modules
! Secure data transmission
! Fulfill FCC rules and regulations
19!
!
! !
4.2.3 The pushbutton pagers

In developing this model, several design considerations needed to be addressed
in order to develop an appropriate pager. The general process needed for the
Pager or show in Figure 4.2.3. The main concern was attaining an encoder and
decoder that is small as much as necessary to correctly fit in the frame but also
powerful enough to send data to the Portable receiver and the main station. In
view of the fact that the main development of this project is to give customers the
ability to save time and money by having a convenient and friendly
communication system, this piece is designed particularly with the customers in
mind. It is quite necessary to have a system by which we can have a trustworthy
and consistent service. To facilitate all of this, it was useful to acquire a device
with hardware which is appealing to the customer and can be easily carried
around and stored in the pocket or purse. Each pager should also have a
different address for which a can be changed. The areas of concern for the
proposed system are:
! FCC rules and regulations

! Security
! Data rate
! Compatibility
! Precision
! Cost
! Durability
! Battery life
WiVal!Customer!Pager
User!Input!
Transmitter! Output/LED!
Figure 4.2.3 WiVal Customer Pager Block Diagram
4.2.4 The Antennas

In our up-to-the-minute wireless communication system, both transmission and
reception are achieved by the antenna. And as the crossing point between
wireless communication systems and free space, antennas perform an important
role in the transmission of data. These antennas help determine whether or not
our wireless communication system can transmit accurate and reliable data.
20!
!
! !
Antennas range in all sizes and shapes. However for this project our goal is to
acquire the antennas that meet the following specifications for maximum
performance and design.
! Portable and small in size

! Easy to mount and install
! Have an excellent frequency range
! Lightweight
! Meet FCC rules
! Weather proof
At least two microcontrollers will be required for the WiVal system. The main
station must have one, and each portable receiver must have one. Both
microcontrollers must be able to receive analog signals from the antenna, as well
as be able to send analog signals to the antenna. Both microcontrollers must
have large enough capacity to hold the control code. Both microcontrollers must
be fast enough to handle the incoming requests. Additionally, both
microcontrollers must be small enough to fit in their respective physically
constructed units.
The microcontroller in the main station must be able to maintain a list of all the
currently activated pager units. The microcontroller must be able to add new
pager units to the list, and display active pagers. The microcontroller must be
able to take in a pager’s signal. The microcontroller must be able to maintain the
order in which the signals arrive. The microcontroller must be able to send the
signal out to the portable receiver. The microcontroller must have at least 1KB of
storage space for the program. The microcontroller must have at least 1KB of
RAM. The microcontroller’s footprint must be smaller than one square inch. The
microcontroller must be less than one quarter inch thick. The microcontroller
must be able to run on 4.5 volts or less. The microcontroller must, in fully active
mode, draw less than 1 mA. The microcontroller must cost less than $50. The
microcontroller will need to have at least one analog input. The microcontroller
will need to have at least two analog outputs. The microcontroller will need to
have at least four digital outputs. The microcontroller will need to have at least
three digital inputs.
The microcontroller in the portable receiver must be capable of receiving a signal

from the main base unit. The microcontroller must be able to visually output to
the user which number pager is next. The microcontroller must be able to handle
inputs from the user for calling the next number. The microcontroller must be
able to handle inputs from the user calling for the previous number. The
microcontroller must be able to handle inputs from the user calling for the most
recent number added to the list. The microcontroller must have at least 1KB of
21!
!
! !
storage space for the program. The microcontroller must have at least 1KB of
RAM. The microcontroller’s footprint must be smaller than one square inch. The
microcontroller must be less than one quarter inch thick. The microcontroller
must be able to run on 3 volts or less. The microcontroller must, in fully active
mode, draw less than 1 mA. The microcontroller must cost less than $50. The
microcontroller will need to have at least one analog input. The microcontroller
will need to have at least one analog output. The microcontroller will need to
have at least four digital outputs. The microcontroller will need to have at least
three digital inputs.
4.3.2 Software
All software used must be compatible with the microcontrollers, and must be able
to compile to a size capable of fitting on the microcontrollers. The software will
need to handle inputs and outputs connected to the microcontrollers. The
software must also be able to manage a list of up to twenty active pagers. The
software must be able to contain at least 500 lines of code. The software must
have a total file size of less than 1KB. The software must be able to contain a
structure consisting of one piece of integer data, and two pointers. One pointer
must point to the next structure, and the other structure must point to the
previous structure.
The software must be able to order the structures into a bi-directional linked list.
The software must be able to form the bi-directional linked list into a ring-like
structure. The software must be able to ensure that the ring-like bi-directional
linked list is capable of storing twenty cars. The software must be able to handle
floating point numbers up to eight decimal places. The software must be able to
handle integer numbers up to two to the eighth. The software must be able to
run with only 1KB of RAM. The software must be either object oriented or
function oriented. The software must be able to analyze analog data. The
software must be able to pull integer data from the analyzed analog data. The
software must be able to handle digital data output to multiple lines. The
software must be able to send an analog signal to a speaker to produce an
audible tone. The software must be able to encode an integer into an analog
signal. The software must be able to then send that analog signal to a
transmitter.
22!
!
! !
Research
5.1 Research
In order to effectively deliver WiVal, it is important to have an exhaustive building
and implementation strategy in place to serve as the basic framework of
operations. The end goal is to provide a working prototype at the end of next
semester. As such, it was important to adequately research and develops ideas
and methodology before formulating an implementation strategy around it. The
very first step in the implementation of this project was research and
development. Of course, it was imperative that the group established a clear
project definition. As such, the group routinely met to brainstorm ideas about
prospective ideas, with the end goal of selecting a project that presented an
adequate challenge given the available resources at our disposal. WiVal proved
to be the general consensus for the project to pursue based on interests and
financial status shared by the group.
After creating a clear and concise project definition, the next step was to seek to
understand the functionalities of the WiVal prototype. The key question we
sought to understand was, “What key functions do we expect this prototype to be
able to perform?” This led to the initial research phase. At this research phase,
each member of the team was tasked with blanket researching and
documentation of important information. This documented information was
discussed during team meetings. This next phase assisted the team in
understanding what functionalities could actually be built given limited time and
resources. Due to this, the project had to be significantly scaled back.
After this, WiVal’s group began a series of more focused research geared
towards achieving the goals and objectives defined. This time, the key question
for the project became “What tools do we need to be able to perform the
functionalities set for the prototype? “First, we brainstormed various design ideas
to realize our objectives. This phase required understanding the various
alternative methods of achieving our goal and agreeing on the most acceptable
and practical design. Subsequently, the discussion shifted towards acquiring
parts and chips for the design. There is a great amount of research that must be
done in order to complete WiVal in the allotted time. The research is important in
bridging our knowledge and skills of Computer and Electrical Engineering with
the current state of technology. It is mainly through research that engineers gain
insight into current market developments and possible solutions to any given
problem.
The team worked independently to gain the information we needed to provide the
content of this document. A majority of the information enclosed was generated
from prior knowledge gained during our education or from other sources. The
23!
!
! !
other sources that we used were mostly available true the internet. We
searched, sent emails, and browsed to find the information we needed. Our
group interaction will be the key for our success in the course of this project.
Various meeting times were set up to discuss the project and come up with ideas
and solutions.
The research done for this project, involves a wide range of items and
disciplines, such as research on microcontroller, radio frequency, transceiver,
receivers, power supplies, and wireless communications specifications design.
These are just the items that we needed for our initial project design, but the
research also spanned into topics such as product price & ease of use, ease of
programmability, and feasibility of design, given limited time and resources.
In view of the fact that WiVal’s group picked this project without the knowledge of
how we were going to complete this task, we focused our research on
understanding the fundamental concept on how our RF based messaging system
will work. With a lot of time spent investigating on the internet and all the way
through books in the library, WiVal’s group was proficient enough to understand
the concepts that make up a communication system. Even as most of the group’s
first months in class were exclusively devoted to research, the group was able to
locate and strategize as a group the appropriate workings for the design and
completion of the project. Following comprehensive research, the team was able
to choose the appropriate parts to meet WiVal’s specifications.
A vast amount of chips exist in today’s market place, all of which perform various
tasks. Given this plethora of options, it became somewhat of a challenge to
identify which chips would be most efficient for WiVal. It was established that to
achieve the objectives earlier set, based on the acceptable design we had
chosen, it was essential to split the chips analysis and research into key parts
that would maximize our efficiency based on division of labor. It was agreed
amongst team members to select several key parts and perform more focused
research on each respective part. After selection of the chips compatible for
prototype implementation, the next step is to go about acquiring those chips.
Most companies send out sample chips to advertise products. WiVal’s first
course of action was to try to acquire as many samples as possible in order to be
able to get familiar with the technology. Unfortunately the parts the WiVal design
has settled on were not available for samples. Eventually, all chips will be
acquired.
Each team member took ownership of one or more blocks highlighted in the
block diagrams shown in Figure 4.1a. One team member took ownership of the
microcontroller chips, another overseeing the transceivers and antenna, and the
final group member managing the power chips portion of the project. This
division of labor is captured by group member in the table shown in table 5.1.
The product of this directed WiVal to in depth research in these three different
components of the project which led to the initial compilation of different chips
24!
!
! !
that could be feasible for use in the WiVal Units. It was then imperative for the
team to take into consideration how easy and cost effective it was to use one
chip over the other, as well as, how seamless the interfacing of various chips
would be. Most of the information gathered on these chips was based off data
sheets pulled from the internet, and one-on-one telephone conversations with
representatives from respective companies.
Responsibility!Legend
Stephen!Cover!
James!O’Mara!
Martei!Plange!
Table 5.1
5.1.1 Transmitters
The purpose of wireless communications devices such as televisions is to
capture electromagnetic signals through antennas and propagate them through
air. This exchange of messages is carried out by a transmitter. As we studied in
Analog and Digital communication class, there are an assortment of category of
transmitters such as the amplitude-modulated, frequency-modulated, the phase-
modulated and radar. With this in mind, this project will be centered on radio-
frequency transmitter. In the electromagnetic spectrum where the RF region,
referring to the electromagnetic field that is generated when an alternating
current is input to an antenna, covers 10 kHz to thousands of GHz. WiVal can
therefore transmit a signal in the form of electromagnetic waves traveling at the
desired frequency of the group.
Over the years, the advancements in the developments of transmitter have made
frequency-modulated transmission an accepted standard technique for
transmitting information wirelessly. Transmitting data reliably has prompted many
different types of wireless devices such as mobile telephones and satellite
communication systems to make use of RF fields. However one major problem
wireless transmission is facing is interference between the intended message
and the unwanted signals captured by the antennas such as noise which can
cause data misplacements when trying to recover the original signal. The
25!
!
! !
wireless communication system follows a line of investigation aimed to improve

on the developed technology and avoid these concerns of relevance by using an
RF-based transmitter.
5.1.2 RF Transmitters
Wival’s wireless communication system consists of an RF Transmitter that
broadcast a signal wirelessly. The designs of RF transmitters for various wireless
applications require many architecture, communication and circuitry challenges
to transmitters support existing analog and digital standards. As shown in the
Figure 5.1 below, an RF transmitter is made up of main components which
include the data modulator, a frequency oscillator, a free space point source (an
antenna) and a power amplifier.
Figure 5.1 a basic RF Transmitter
Unlike the RF receiver, the RF transmitter is made up of four main components

outlined in Table 5.1.2. First in hand is the data modulator which deals with the
exchange of baseband signal from the requested operation button. The nest
component is the frequency oscillator.
26!
!
! !
Table 5.1.2 Outline of the basic operations of an RF transmitter
The frequency oscillator retrieves frequency and mixes the baseband signals
from the data modulator. The power amplifier takes in frequency and transmits it
to the antenna. Finally the transmitter takes the signal and propagates it through
the antenna to the various receivers available.
5.1.3 RF Transmitters Parameters

Since all RF Transmitter are not perfect, they have certain short comings that
need to be overcome and shunned in order to satisfy the requirements for this
project. The RF receiver limitations that will be considered are listed below:
1. Gain
2. Noise Figure
3. Transmitter Sensitivity
4. Transmitter Dynamic Range
5.1.3.1 Gain
Defined as the ratio of available output power to available input power, the gain
plays an important role in determining the efficiency of a transmitter. Practically, a
higher gain performance is achieved through an antenna. An antenna gain is
described as the power output, in a specific direction, as compared to that
produced in several directions by a present antenna.
27!
!
! !
5.1.3.2 Noise
In practical wireless communication systems, the transmitted signal is frequently
impaired by prevailing obstruction sources. This impairment or unwanted signals
trapped in the transmission data is noise. Noise is an important system
parameter that is closely related to the overall receiver performance. It is
commonly used to characterize the ability of a receiver to process input signals.
Noise figure on the other hand is a key counter measure taken against noise
through the use of noise filters. A measure of how communication systems are
affected by random noise, it is designed to allow only frequencies that are lower
than the cut off frequency of the filter, while attenuating other frequencies higher
than the cut off frequency.
5.1.3.3 Sensitivity
Sensitivity is the ability of a receiver to pick up weak signals close to noise level.
It known also as the minimum input signal required to produce a specified output
signal. On the other hand there is no standard description of the sensitivity level
of an RF transmitter. The minimum sensitivity is determined by the transmitters’
direction, the bandwidth of a signal and the noise factor. The RF transmitters’
sensitivity also depends on the direction and size of the antenna as well as heat
dissipation.
5.1.3.4 Dynamic Range

The dynamic range of an RF transmitter is generally the range of signal levels in
which an RF transmitter can function effectively. The ability to distinguish
between different signal levels in or out of range is attributed to the transmitters’
sensitivity as well as signal strength.
When it comes to selecting a transmitter, we are going to have a good balance in

the midst of the noise figure, gain and dynamic range, in order to prevent
performance dreadful conditions. The limitations discussed above guide us with a
clear path to select the most suitable RF transmitters.
5.2.1 Receivers
A receiver is made up of an interconnection of several main components of radio
frequency which include RF Amplifier, a mixer, an oscillator, an IR filter and an
antenna. After a signal is sent to the antenna and is confirmed by the receiver as
a friendly message, it goes through to the preselecting filter which is the first
component of the receiver. Next in line is a Low Noise Amplifier, which together
with the preselecting filter makes up the RF Amplifier. The Low Noise Amplifier
28!
!
! !
then boosts the signal level while reducing noise and other unwanted
interferences. At that moment the Mixer takes the RF signal and converts it to a
lower intermediary Frequency. This conversion is accomplished by mixing the RF
signal with the Oscillator signal. Finally the IF filter removes unwanted frequency
components to generate the recovered data.
5.2.2 RF Receivers
The function of the receiver is to detect modulated signals in the presence of
noise and interference, and demodulate the detected original signal. An RF
receiver normally receives an RF signal, converts the RF signal to a baseband
signal and then coupled with an antenna recovers the data. We can satisfy much
of the requirement for our design by using a RF receiver. The perception of the
design of a RF receiver represents a combination of specific parts illustrated in
Figure 5.2 below and outlined in Table 5.2.2. As shown in table 5.2.2 below, the
antenna first receives an electromagnetic signal from a nearby transmitter. Once
this transpires, power is applied to the signal in the Low Noise Amplifier to
increase the range of the signal.
Table 5.2.2 Outline of the general functions of an RF Transmitter
29!
!
! !
After the signal is amplified, a noise filter is then utilized to remove all the
unwanted signals that occurred after the original signal was amplified. The next
stage is the mixer, followed by the local oscillators which in combination with the
mixer amplify the frequency signal for a lower bandwidth and a desired frequency
range. The final stage is the IR filter which sorts out all unwanted data
transmitted in the original signal, for effective data recovery and interpretation.
Figure 5.2 a RF Transmitter with its basic components
Although RF receivers offer a lot of advantages over other technologies, there

are many design challenges involving the integration of these components into
wireless communication networks. In addition because of the severe size
requirements placed on the portable receivers, it is very important to define the
necessary decisive factors to assist us in the selection process of a unique
receiver.
5.3 Antennas
Antennas have been of great interest to many manufactures and engineers in
recent years because of the high demand from the wireless communication
industry for improved technology. This in return has led to the development of
small, lightweight and reliable antennas.
The antenna plays a responsibility in the expansion of WiVal’s data transmission

and reception range of broadcast, as well as the interpretation of data signals. In
order to achieve an utmost range of broadcast, the team has to go with the best
combination of modules and antennas.
30!
!
! !
5.3.2 Types of Antennas

As the group narrowed down the selection of receivers and transmitters, group
members began an intense research for the most appropriate antennas for
WiVal’s design. While researching different types of Antennas, it was found that
there are three types of fundamental antennas that are a balance between size,
cost, and noise. These three types of antennas are recommended and
standardized for use with WiVal’s hardware design.
5.3.2.1 Helical antenna

Made of conducting wire wound in the form of a helix,!this antenna is directional.
The conductor wire is normally connected to a ground plane. They are also
significantly smaller in size.
! A very efficient antenna given its small size

! They are more challenging to use in applications
! The antenna is prone to vigorous interference
5.3.2.2 Loop antenna

The loop antenna is basically a wire coil twisted into the shape of a closed curve
mainly as a sphere. Similar to the dipole with desirable characteristics, a loop
antenna has a distinctive radiation pattern.
! They are frequently used for pagers

! They are excellent for most low cost applications
! They are used a lot as a receiving antenna
5.3.2.3 Whip antenna

The whip antenna is the most commonly used antennas in portable RF systems.
It is generally very effective and reliable with general characteristics such as
rigidness and sturdiness. This antenna is known to have great antenna gain and
noise rejection.
! It is a single-element antenna made out of wire

! This antenna offers excellent performance and signal strength
! Majority of the whips used today are either a 1/2 or 1/4 wave
31!
!
! !
5.3.3 Antennas Parameters

These characteristics and advantages make each type of antenna most
advantageous in different situations. However, considering that one of the teams
design goals was to make a small portable receiver, the team owes it to each
member to take into consideration specific issues that affect the performance of
an antenna.
5.3.3.1 Antenna Gain

The gain is the relative increase in radiation power at the utmost peak expressed
as a value in dB compared to the effective radiated power of some reference
antenna. The gain is assumed to be the average maximum power.
! The greater an antenna’s gain the narrower the antenna’s model which in
turn leads to better performance
! When an isotopic model is used instead of a standard dipole, its antenna
gain figure is increased by approximately 2.15dB
5.3.3.2 Antenna Radiation Pattern

The radiation pattern is an indication of radiated field strength around the
antenna. It is normally a graphic representation used to measure the radiated
electromagnetic fields of transmitted or received data from a source through an
antenna.
! It also defines the way in which the radio frequency energy is propagated
! The radian pattern is the collective distribution characteristics of an
antenna
! Radiation patterns are normally based on frequency and polarization
5.3.3.3 Antenna Polarization

Polarization is the direction of the electric field or the orientation of the
electromagnetic flux lines in an antenna. In reality, the electric field of the
electromagnetic wave is always orthogonal to one another and orthogonal to the
direction of propagation. The polarization quality is expressed as the ratio of co-
polarized and cross polarized responses. Polarization may be further classified
as being curved, horizontal, vertical based on the general classification of circular
and linear polarization.
! The polarization of an antenna is normally parallel to transmission

! Polarization plays a role in attaining maximum antenna range
32!
!
! !
5.3.3.4 Antenna Efficiency

Antenna efficiency is the ratio of power actually radiated to the power put into the
antenna terminals.The antenna efficiency is also a measure of limitation which
takes into account the amount of losses within an antenna.
In the above discussion, several antennas and their essential features were
analyzed, in view of the fact that the wireless part of a wireless communication
begins and ends with the antenna. The information acquired from these
procedures will be strategically analyzed to assist in the selection of an antenna
for WiVal’s miniature and efficient system.
5.4 Encoders
Serving as an intermediary between data and code, the encoder could be built in
the lab as we have studied in previous classes. However, the team has decided
on purchasing a commercially manufactured decoder because of its sensitivity
with noise and challenging design requirements. Figure 5.3 shows the genera
operation of an encoder. The fundamental encoder generally uses a wireless
communication medium that correlates signals to represent information. The
encoder is the device that corresponds to a message sent from the main station.
It does this by taking in incoming data from the main station along with a little
security signal that verifies whether the inward bound data is being sent from the
main station. Once this checks, a signal is sent back to the main station to
validate the reception of data. Finally the data is interpreted by the encoder.
33!
!
! !
Figure 5.3 the general operation mode of HT640/S encoder (With

permission granted by Linx Technologies)
5.5 Decoders
A decoder is the device responsible for receiving data from the main station,
through an antenna and converts them back to messages. The decoder operates
in a reverse order of an encoder and then takes the data from the antenna and
produces the original message from the main station. It is important in wireless
communication systems to protect against unwanted signals. As with the
encoder, the decoder takes in incoming data from the main station along with a
little security signal that verifies whether the inward bound data is being sent from
the main station. However, the decoder checks to see whether the incoming
signal contains any errors.
5.6 Power Supply

Since both our RF transmitters and RF receivers do not have an internal voltage
regulator, the members of WiVal are responsible as a group to provide a reliable
34!
!
! !
and well-regulated power source. For that reason, the power supply plays an
important role in our project and wireless recharging of the battery through the
selected RF modules is periodically necessary. From the system content
standpoint, the RF Power supply circuit must take into consideration quite a few
provisions.
! The Power supply must be designed and tested to meet strict safety
requirements.
! The Power supply should be small enough to fit out design.
! The Power supply must have efficient power saving techniques to
increase battery life.
! The Power supply must prevent noise from affecting the performance of
the RF components.
5.6.1 Power Supply Analysis

While it is preferable to power the RF components from a battery, this task can
also be accomplished by directly purchasing a power supply. Switch-mode
Power Supplies are mainly used in today’s designs as an alternative to linear
power supplies which take incoming ac voltage and step it down to a lower ac
voltage. The Switch-mode Power Supplies usually take in DC input signals and
normally operate at much higher frequencies than their counterparts. They are an
excellent choice for WiVal’s design because of their size and efficiency.
However, the Selection of a suitable power supply for this design has been
limited due to the above specifications. The following are a few of the voltage
regulators that the group looked examined.
5.6.1.1 LM317 – 3 - Terminal Adjustable

Regulator from National Instruments
Exceptionally easy to use and install, it requires only two external resistors to
implement the output voltage. This voltage regulator is also capable of supplying
an extended output voltage range of 1.2V to 37V. In addition to performance, it
offers full overload protection. Enclosed in a standard transistor package which is
easy to assemble and effortlessly adjusted to make other regulators.
5.6.1.2 LP3999 - Low Noise Voltage Regulator

from National Instruments
Ideally fitting for our small design, this device provides an accurate output voltage
with low noise and low. Used to meet the general requirements of portable
35!
!
! !
wireless battery powered applications, this regulator aids in the extension of

battery life.
The Selection of a suitable power supply for our design has been limited due to
the above specifications.
5.6.1.3 TPS65050 from Texas Instruments

Recommended for wireless devices that are powered by one Lithium ion
batteries, the TPS65050 is designed specifically for the very small devices.
Comprising of two step- down converters, this chip accommodates for low noise
applications. The TPS65050 also features internal protection against short circuit
currents. This device in addition has two integrated 400mA LDO and 200mA
LDO voltage regulators which operate with an input voltage between 1.5V and
6.5V.
After going through each voltage regulator, the group was not convinced enough
to purchase one. As a result, the group is going to stick to making a voltage
regulator in the senior design lab. The basic design for this case would be to
connect in series a resistor with our RF component, which will be followed by a
capacitor connected from the ground. The actual values for the resistor and
capacitor would not be determined until the members of WiVal have actually
experimented with the circuit.
Several microcontrollers were considered for use in the WiVal system. The
microcontrollers were primarily those of three companies: Texas Instruments,
Parallax Inc., Microchip Technology Inc.
The Texas Instruments MSP430 family microcontrollers were the first

microcontrollers under consideration. They are very cheap, starting at only $0.49
per chip. The MSP430 line is designed for use with either C or assembly,
running on 16-bit RISC architecture. It also functions on the concept of ultra-low
power, meaning it runs on 1.8-3.6 volts in active mode, and draws a maximum of
250"A when active, and only 0.1"A when not active, to retain the RAM. The
Texas Instruments TMS470 family microcontrollers were the next
microcontrollers under consideration. The TMS470R1B1M, specifically, costs
$9.95 per chip. It is designed to be used with C or assembly, and can run using
either a 16-bit or 32-bit architecture. It comes with 1MB of Flash memory, and
also has 64KB of static RAM. The Texas Instruments TMS320C2000 real-time
microcontroller platform families were the next microcontrollers under
consideration. Pricing starts at $3.95 per chip. The TMS320C2000 line is
designed for use with assembly, and runs on 32-bit architecture. They can come
with up to 512KB of Flash storage, and 68KB of RAM.
36!
!
! !
The Parallax Inc. BASIC Stamp family microcontrollers were the next
microcontrollers under consideration. The BASIC Stamp 1 costs $29.00. The
Stamps tend to be a bit on the large side, especially as they seem primarily
designed for through-board soldering. The BASIC Stamp 1 has only 256 B for
the program, or about enough for 80 instructions, and only 16 B of RAM. It runs,
obviously, on a form of BASIC, known as PBASIC, which is less familiar to the
group than C. It runs on 5 to 15 volts, and in active mode, draws a whopping
1mA of current, even when running at only 5 volts. The Parallax Inc. Spin Stamp
microcontroller was the next microcontroller under consideration. The Spin
Stamp costs $49.99. The stamps are the same size as the BASIC Stamp, and
are still of the through-board soldering design. The Spin Stamp has 32KB for the
program, and 32KB of RAM. It runs on Propeller Assembly, which is less familiar
to the group than C. It runs on 3.3 volts. The Parallax Inc. Javelin Stamp
microcontroller was the next microcontroller under consideration. The Javelin
Stamp costs $89.99. The stamps are the same size as the BASIC Stamp, and
are still of the through-board soldering design. The Javelin Stamp has 32KB for
program storage and 32KB of RAM. It runs on a version of Java. It runs on 5 to
24 volts, and in active mode, draws an overwhelming 80mA at 5 volts, without
any sort of sleep mode.
The last microcontroller considered was the Microchip Technology Inc. PIC
series. The PIC series is available in 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit architectures. The
architecture examined for the WiVal system was the PIC32, specifically the
MX320. The PIC32 MX320 costs only $4.25. The chip has an impressive 32KB
of storage for the program, and roughly 8KB of RAM. The PIC32 MX32000uses
C programming language as it’s driving force. It runs on 2.3-3.6 volts, though no
reliable information could be found regarding the current draw for the PIC32
MX320.
5.7.2 Microcontroller Programmer Kit

Developer’s kits allow for easy access to the microcontrollers for the purposes of
programming and debugging. For some microcontrollers, the programming kit is
itself small enough to allow it to be implemented into the project. Of the
companies researched, Texas Instruments and Parallax Inc. were the only ones
that had developer’s kits.
The Texas Instruments ez430 line was the first developer’s kit considered. It has
a simple USB interface, and the chip and the kit together are small enough to fit
inside a case about the size of a large flash drive. The ez430-F2013 is
compatible with both the standard ez430-T2012 as well as the ez430-RF2500T.
This is beneficial in the event that the group decides on making improvements
that could benefit from the addition of on-chip radio communication. Additionally,
the ez430-F2013 is only $20.00, and the ez430-RF2500 is only $49.00.
37!
!
! !
Replacement ez430-T2012 boards are three for $10.00. Replacement ez430-

RF2500T boards are $20 each.
Unfortunately, the other companies, Parallax and Microchip Technology Inc., did
not have integrate-able development boards available for purchase at the time of
this writing.
5.8 Research - Display

The display on the portable receiving unit is the primary means by which the
WiVal system will communicate with the user. The display is responsible for
showing to the user which car is available for pick-up. To this end, the display
must be able to, at the very least, display a range of integer numbers at least as
large as the largest number of cars possible to have in the system. When
looking at possible display types, the two forerunners that immediately sprang up
were LCDs and LEDs, both of which had a good deal of potential in aiding the
WiVal system.
LEDs were looked at for their simplicity of use, and also for their low cost. A
seven segment LED can be purchased for less than a dollar, and all that is
required is to hook up a resistor and power, and it is fully functional. Additionally,
an LED draws very low power compared to other types of displays, extending the
battery life for portable devices, and saving on utility bills for stationary, wall-
powered devices. The downside is that there are severe limitations as to what
an LED is capable of displaying. A seven segment display is not really capable
of displaying more than digits, and perhaps a few letters. However, for the
purposes of the WiVal, two seven segment displays would be able to display
digits from 00 to 99, which should be more than enough for all but the largest of
businesses. Also, LEDs are rather durable, and fingerprints, bumps, and
scratches are all unlikely to damage an LED beyond use, except in the most
extreme cases.
LCDs, on the other hand, can be much more versatile. Some LCDs are capable
of displaying any number of characters, or even graphics. However, they do
draw considerably more power than LEDs. Also, they are considerably more
delicate. An LCD that is not protected can be scratched through normal use. It
is also considerably easier to crack an LCD screen, and even simply touching
one with a bare finger can, over time, dirty it to the point of hampering it’s use.
Another disadvantage with LCDs is their cost, which can be prohibitively high,
and moreover, the fact that ready-to-use units are extremely scarce. In fact, no
mass-produced LCDs fitting the requirements of the WiVal system were available
for purchase for commercial purpose at the time of this writing.
38!
!
! !
Due to the scarcity of LCDs, it was decided that LEDs were a far better choice.
Though using them would mean limiting the amount of information capable of
being displayed, it was felt that all of the necessary information could be carried
out via LEDs. Additionally, the lower power consumption and higher overall
durability of LEDs mean less long-run cost to the consumer, which will make the
WiVal system more desirable for purchase.
5.9.1 Push Button Pagers

Paging transmitters consist of RF technology. We are hoping to design or find a
transmitter that receives, formulates, and formats the signals from the customer’s
pagers and sends a message identifying the pager number to the employee’s
receiver. The paging information should be coded with identification and then
transmitted to all receivers within range.
WiVal has done extensive work in research with the pager. We have come
across several ideas utilizing LEDs that activate an area on the pager that light
up when pager has worked. It is a certainty that the customer or even the
employee can lose the pager. Cost in this item is more important than others
because we want the valet company to be able to replace pagers as
inexpensively as possible or expand and by more as business increases.
In comparison to other companies, several designs include a one button pager.

From experience, valet employees realize that the one button pager can be a
major distraction to the employees on duty. The one button pager is extremely
susceptible to accidental hitting. Often times, customers or people in the group
have the pager in their pocket. With this came several instances in which key,
phones, coins, etc end up hitting the button and accidently notifying the
employees to retrieve the vehicle that isn’t needed yet. Another example of a
problem associated with the one button pager, is kids. On several occasions
when customers arrive with kids, the child or children decide to take or ask for
the pager. When this happens, children consistently hit the button without any
knowledge of the ramifications involved. Kids will hit the button numerous times
over the course of a shift. All of this had made the decision for WiVal simple.
Our research in this pager will be directed towards a way of creating or finding a
two button 900 MHz pager (transmitter). With the two button pager, the problems
will be avoided due to the necessity of a simultaneous push, which would occur
less often during shifts.
Another major factor involved in researching this unit is in which way power can
be maximized. WiVal’s reliability is very dependent on how long it lasts. One of
WiVal’s goals is to have the equipment last for a long time and finding ways of
power was a main area we spent time on. We asked ourselves the question,
“Will this be powered by basic batteries? Lithium batteries? Will this pager be
rechargeable?” These are all major questions that were researched for the most
39!
!
! !
optimal design. With our research, we found that to design the power supply
could end up being major time consumption in comparison to all the allocated
time we have to design and build everything. This led to a few paths. We
originally wanted to create the pager and choose the battery, but WiVal was put
in a corner and had to choose a different direction.
An area that can’t be neglected is in the protection of the vital electronics that the
WiVal Pager consists of. The pager will be used in all weather conditions. Valet
companies who work in southern areas need a casing that can protect against
rain and humidity. Valet Companies who are located up north are in an area that
is susceptible to freeze and these units need to be as freeze resistant as
possible. WiVal’s Pager research included the types of protection that can be
used to maximize life of the WiVal Push Button Pagers.
Studying designs in the market, WiVal knows that this is the unit that needs to be
the most aesthetically pleasing. This unit is the one that is given to the customer
or person who will valet their vehicle. With that in mind, WiVal realizes the
importance that this first impression can make for the rest of the service. Valet
Industry usually works on tips and in this respect, WiVal needs to benefit the
valet company, not diminish its worth. Several customers, who valet, aren’t
familiar with the technology that is being spread into the Valet Industry. If a
customer comes to valet service, WiVal wants the customer or person to be
stunned at the fact that a company or restaurant has committed to higher level of
service. The WiVal Pager is essential to the success of this project. With our
research we will try to move forward with the most cost effective and aesthetically
pleasing method that works.
All of this has come to truly affect the direction that WiVal is taking the Pager. At
first our research put us on a path towards designing and building our own pager.
This led to several conclusions:
! WiVal Pager needs to have a long battery life

! Design in the WiVal Pager needs to be as little time consuming
as possible for completion of WiVal
! Design in the WiVal Pager needs to be eye-catching
! Simple and Easy
! Small yet distinguishable
! Two buttons instead of one
! Inexpensive (Under $50)
40!
!
! !
5.9.2 Pager Transmitters

We found only a few transmitter chips that were capable of implementing the
actions needed for the WiVal Pager to succeed. The main example of the
transmitters researched was the Linx technologies ES transmitter TXM-916
shown in Figure 5.9.2.a. The TXM-916-ES module is a single-channel
transmitter designed for the wireless transfer of digital or analog information. The
TXM-916-ES is capable of sending signals over distances of up to 1,000 feet
outdoors and up to 500 feet indoors. These chips are extremely cost effective in
comparison to other FM transmitters. This chip is designed for use of 900 MHz
band. This allows the capability of a strong stable signal. 900 MHz allows the
ability and meets the goal of having a transmitter that can send a signal through
various types of structures. Several structured walls in facilities or restaurants
can create problems that eliminate wireless signal usage. With a 900 MHz
signal, WiVal can conform to FCC rules and regulations and create a design that
meets our specifications. Similar to other Linx ES equipment, these chips
requires no other external components except the purchase of an antenna.
Some of the key capabilities of this chip are:
! Wireless Data transfer

! Low power consumption
! Compact design
! Great cost/performance ratio
Figure 5.9.2.a Drawing with dimensions of TXM-916-ES transmitter

(Permission granted by Linx Technologies)
This chip is truly capable of catering to several needs and requirements that
WiVal consists of. This chip is also cost effective which is one of the main
objectives to this unit. To further understand the design aspect of the TXM-916-
ES the block diagram in Figure 5.9.2b illustrates the components that consist of
this chip.
41!
!
! !
Figure 5.9.2b show a block diagram of the TXM-916-ES

5.9.3 Isaacs TECH Two Button Pager

After plenty of research, WiVal’s group noticed that to design a pager with the
requirements needed, would be a strenuous task. In today’s technological
society, creating a pager could easily become a project in itself. We previously
mentioned the Linx TXM-196-ES and its capabilities. This product created by
Isaac TECH is a product that is comparable to what WiVal needs. Like JTECH
and other companies, the pushbutton pager is sometimes manufactured by
outside companies like Isaac Tech. Isaac designed and created a transmitter
that has the proper signal transmission in the area of 900 Mhz. This transmitter’s
signal transmission of 900 MHz allows the signal to travel through walls and
structures. Several signals have trouble traveling through restaurant structures,
so WiVal’s ideal area is around 900 MHz. The transmitter described is the 612T
SmartSwitch Handheld transmitter shown in figure 5.9.3.
Figure 5.9.3 Photograph of the 612T SmartSwitch

(permission pending from Issacs Tech)
42!
!
! !
Isaacs Tech’s design is extremely optimal for everything needed for the WiVal
Push Button Pager. One of the major specifications involved within WiVal is the
ability to withstand normal wear and tear and protect itself from major weather
conditions. The 612T has a design that is perfect for common wear and tear.
The design is a strong plastic that keeps all internal components in place and
protects them from customers or employees dropping them accidently. The
design also incorporates the two buttons, one function design that follows our
initial motivation. This two button concept allows for a stronger protection against
accidental hitting. The accidental hitting is a major reason for the creation and
improvements of WiVal over other Valet Systems in the market. Another key
specification of the 612T is its weather protection. The 612T has been tested in
high levels of humidity and has been tested in a cold chamber a temperature
below -30 degrees Celsius.
Isaacs Tech power supply is one that stood out amongst other products. It
utilizes a 3V lithium battery. This battery is expected to have a lifetime of three to
five years. This lifetime is perfect for satisfying the requirements of potential
WiVal clients. The 3V lithium battery design eliminates the need for a recharging
power supply or the need to create a recharging dock. The 612T is a product we
stumbled open during research. These transmitters appear to be an optimal
choice for WiVal.
5.9.4 Inovonics Two Button Transmitter

Inovonics is a wireless company that specializes in components such as
transmitters, repeaters and receivers. The last transmitter discussed was the
Isaacs TECH 612T. The 612T is a product that appears to be a great fit for
WiVal’s specifications and requirements. After assuming to have found the
optimal transmitter, we continued to research a few more transmitters. We
stumbled upon the Inovonics EE1235D pendant transmitter. This transmitter
appears to be the competition to the 612T smartswitch. The Inovonics
transmitter’s signal transmission of 900 MHz allows the signal to travel through
walls and structures. Several signals have trouble traveling through restaurant
structures, so WiVal’s ideal area is around 870 MHz. The Inovonics design also
includes a lithium battery that is suited for a long battery life similar to the 612T.
The battery placement is shown in figure 5.9.4.
43!
!
! !
Figure 5.9.4 is a picture of the battery placement in the EE1235D

(permission pending from Innovonics)
The EE1235D has a design that will protect itself against the everyday use of the
Valet Industry. The Inovonics transmitter has a strong plastic design similar to
Isaacs Tech’s 612T. The EE1235D has a two button, one function design as
similar to the one shown in figure 5.9.3.
The Inovonics transmitter is another product that appears to fit well for WiVal.
One specification that wasn’t clear was whether this product was FCC
compliable. We couldn’t find out whether this product is aimed towards
European markets instead of American.
5.9.5 Linx Key Fob Transmitter

After further research, the group was able to find a transmitter that may outdo the
others being considered. Linx manufactures a key fob known as the Linx OEM
Transmitter. The Linx OEM Transmitters is has similar functions as the other
transmitters mentioned. The Linx OEM transmiiter can be purchased in several
different specifications that accommodate designs such as:
! Amount of buttons (1,2,3,4,5)

! Color for a restaurant aesthetic matching
! Weatherproofing (plastic protection)
! Size
! FCC certified
The Linx OEM transmitter is a small compact key fob that allows for FCC
compliance under the range of 433.92 Mhz. This range allows for a distance up
to 1000 ft. The Linx OEM transmitter is ideal for usage in situations of remote
control and command operations. The Linx OEM transmitter shown in Figure
5.9.5 is a general look for the transmitter sold by Linx technologies. The other
pagers manufactured by them are with more buttons and look similar but with
added rubber. The Linx OEM transmitters power themselves with a single 3V
44!
!
! !
CR2032 lithium battery. The linx OEM transmitter’s specifications that can
benefit WiVal are:
! Configuration for two button one function transmission needed for

WiVal’s requirements
! Up to 1000 ft of range
! Selectable addressing for security and accuracy
! Up to 1024 receiver transmitter relationships
! Cost effective (range from $20- $40 dependent on amount of buttons
chosen)
Figure 5.9.5 Linx OEM transmitter and its dimensions

5.9.6 Transmitter Comparison

The last four transmitters mentioned are all well built components. With this in
consideration it became difficult to narrow down a selection to move forward with.
We originally started our research in looking for a transmitter that could be
purchased and then designed around. After design, we would implement our
own weatherproof casing. With further research, we ran into better more
accommodating transmitter components. This led us to possibly adapting a push
button pager that has already been designed but not programmed. The
45!
!
! !
specifications needed in the transmitter for WiVal that were adamant to our
research are:
! Two button one function

! Programmable for addressing
! Battery life that allows for minimum worries (lithium batteries preferable
for long life 2 - 4 years)
! Weatherproofed for rain, snow, humidity, and cold weather
! Aesthetically pleasing for customer
! Small in size for pocket or purses
! Cost effective (under $40)
! Compatible with mentioned microcontrollers and receivers in Chapter 4
! FCC compliant
! Range and signal strength that accommodates for all wall structures
and respective distances
All pagers researched allowed for most of these specifications. Ultimately WiVal
settled on pager. The pager that appears most suited for WiVal appears to be the
LINX Technology OEM Transmitter. All of this works best for the conditions that
are required for WiVal’s success. The LINX OEM transmitter will allow WiVal to
move forward and capitalize on the necessary specifications.
5.10.1 Mounting Options

Two of the main units of the WiVal System are designed for portability. The
WiVal Push Button Pager is designed for the customers to carry. As an option
for customers who don’t like items in their pockets, WiVal is researching the
ability of designing or purchasing a belt clip that can attach to any of the
researched push button pagers. The belt clip concept can be excluded on the
Push Button pager if costs get higher than expected. Though WiVal may exclude
the belt clip for a Pager, the Portable Receiver absolutely requires a belt or body
attachment. The Main Base Unit mounting options are rather simple. The Main
Base Unit will be laid down or stood up on the valet stand while being connected
to a power outlet.
5.10.2 Super Bantam Clip

Of the researched clips, one of the designs that WiVal is interested in is the
Super Bantam Clip. This clip is a small black plastic piece (shown in Figure
5.10.2) that can be glued and attached to any other piece of solid material with
the included 3M VHB removable adhesive. The Super Bantam attaches by
squeezing the ends to clip onto a belt. This clip has the capability of working on
46!
!
! !
both the WiVal’s Push Button Pager and the Portable Receiver. The Bantam
Clip fulfills our specifications and it cost is $6.00.
Figure 5.10.2 shows the Super Bantam Clip

(Permission pending from theclip.com)
5.10.3 Bantam Clip #500

This is another clip from the same company who made the Super Bantam Clip. It
is similar in that it is small slick and black (show in Figure 5.10.3). The material
is also made out of plastic. The key difference is that the Bantam Clip #500 has
a clip that is removable instead of needing to squeeze every time. The Bantam
#500 allows for WiVal to be used in fast swift motion without having to take the
whole clip off each time.
Figure 5.10.3 show the Bantam Clip #500

(Permission pending from theclip.com)
5.11.1 Weatherproofing
WiVal’s design requires everything to be weatherproofed. Each component
within each unit cannot be exposed to any kind of extreme weather. Rain, snow,
humidity or cold temperatures can affect the components within the Main Base
Unit, Push Button Pager and Portable Receiver. The Push Button Pagers that
are under research are all qualified for several different weather conditions. The
Push Button Pagers will be purchased and all manufactured with a plastic casing
for protection and aesthetics. The pagers all have rubber material protecting the
47!
!
! !
button portion from wear and tear. The design shown in Figure 5.11 shows the
weather casing on the Linx Technologies Key Fob.
Figure 5.11 Linx Technologies Key Fob casing

(Permission Granted from Linx Technologies)
Each unit will have as maximum of protection as possible under the budget that
was made for WiVal. The weather casing will be water proof and be strong
enough from breaking easily when dropped. The Portable Receiver and the
Main Base Unit are both being designed by the WiVal team. Each unit will have
components on a board. When the board’s final dimensions are complete,
WiVal’s group can accommodate the plastic housing to fit. The housing that we
researched is basic plastic that can be cut or molded to fit anything. Several
companies sell the type of plastic needed for WiVal such as Ben Franklin’s,
Michaels or hobby shops. A plastic company that has caught the attention of
WiVal’s group is Tap Plastic. This company manufactures all levels of plastics
from all sizes and dimensions.
The plastic WiVal’s group is researching, is a type of PVC plastic sheet. These
sheets can be ordered in small dimensions and then cut and sized down to
accommodate the unit it is housing. The plastic is weatherproofed by being
water resistant and cold weather does not permeate through as naturally due to
the thickness and material of the PVC sheet. The sheets are the color and
aesthetically pleasing material that WiVal is trying to acquire. These sheets are
sold at the low price of $7 a square foot.
48!
!
! !
Design Preferences
6.1 Design Preferences / Component Selection

The hardware section of this report will document the planning, research, and
design of the hardware section of the WiVal Project. The hardware section is
made up of six main parts: the Main Base Station, the Portable Receiver, the
Push Button Pager, software and communications. When combined and
integrated with the WiVal software, the hardware will provide the physical means
by which WiVal can fully function and maximize its potential.
Unique to most senior design projects, the specifications and requirements for
this piece of hardware had no predefined schematics or designs by existing
systems, rather than WiVal being able to adopt and modify an older project.
These requirements forced the hardware to be designed based on our specific
needs and requirements. The units being designed are nonexistent for a
consumer to purchase in today’s market. A company can finance a wireless
company to engineer the systems, but rarely will these systems be sold to
common companies without proper planning for manufacture.
When compared to any of the traditional Wireless Valet systems in operation in

today’s industry, the WiVal project has a very small data processing requirement.
The project’s small processing requirements mean that the Main Base Unit
needs only minimal processing capabilities. This fact should prove to be a benefit
to the project in that a second hand personal Receiver which is similar to a
portable Main Base Unit that will make a sufficient master station computer for
valet employees that are currently away from the valet stand. Though the
Portable Receiver may have plenty of technical capabilities, this unit and the
Push Button Pager rely on the Main Base Unit for functionality.
The concept of the design is to put together an arrangement of explicit parts

capable of accomplishing our goal of a successful wireless Valet system known
as WiVal. Initially WiVal’s group had high expectations for the optimization of this
project to effectively transmit data from the customers to the main station and
then the valet clerk. Through all of the planning and design, our expectations
were met with the chosen component selection. Most of the components are
acquirable from Linx Technologies. This company has provided WiVal with the
opportunity to purchase components that will be capable of WiVal’s specifications
and affordable to WiVal’s budget.
The Main Base Unit is the projects biggest hardware and software challenge.
WiVal’s research and planning has led the group to a specific path in the field of
RF technology. The components needed for the project include RF transmitters,
receivers and transceivers. The Main Base unit will utilize all the skills that the
49!
!
! !
group’s engineers have come to learn. The Main Base Unit has three basic
requirements:
! It must be able to receive input data from the Push Button Pagers that are
being occupied by customers
! It must be able to process this data into a usable format
! It must be able to transmit the data to the Portable Receivers being
operated by the Valet employees
The Main Base Unit will be compromised of four main components. The Main
Base Unit has a Linx Technologies LR receiver and antenna. The antenna is
used for the long range signal transfer that will help the receiver acquire the
information sent from the customers. The Linx LR receiver will then send the
Push Button Pager info to an RF microcontroller that will then send the signal to
a LED displaying the car number. This process is then being done
simultaneously while the same signal is being sent to the Linx Technologies LR
Transmitter to send the formatted signal to a valet employee’s Portable Receiver.
The Valet Employee’s Portable Receiver has a Linx Technologies LR receiver
similar to the Main Base Unit’s that captures the signal identifying the car number
being sent by the Push Button Pager via the Main Base Unit’s receiver. The four
main components to the Main Base Unit are:
! RF Receiver
! RF Transmitter
! LED
! RF Microcontroller
! Antenna
Each unit has its own way of supplying power. Each unit has to have an
acceptable means of energy supply by American power standards. The supply
and storage of power place constraints on the features and physical form of the
final product. Determining the energy source, what medium is used to store the
chosen form of energy, and the means by which it is distributed are essential
issues for a prototype that must be resolved by compromising. Two conflicting
requirements are the number of features and the size of the end product. The
more features there are, the larger the power requirement, and hence supply
which must fit inside the units. The power supply for WiVal’s Push Button Pagers
and Portable Receivers will be power by lithium CR 2032 batteries for long life
and small size. The WiVal Push Button Pager’s batter supply is show in Figure
6.1. WiVal’s Main Base Unit’s power components are designed to power itself
from a standard power connection.
50!
!
! !
Figure 6.1 Battery supply of the Linx Technologies 2 button Key Fob
(Permission Granted from Linx Technologies)
The design preferences we had were essential to our component selection. Our
research led WiVal to several paths of design choices. WiVal studied different
versions of wireless systems and existing Valet System to settle on a design.
WiVal took the path of RF technology and moved forward. The world of RF
technology is an inexpensive and accessible world in which WiVal can begin its
journey. Companies like Linx Technologies provide several components that will
allow WiVal to use RF components that are compliant with FCC Standards and
beneficial to a Valet company or restaurant that wants to enhance their customer
experience. The components described in the following sections are all able to
be purchased and tested by common citizens. These next few sections describe
the technology that drives WiVal forward in a competitive market.
6.2 RF Transmitters
The members of WiVal had a few options with the assortment of transmitters for
this project. Initially we had intended to use the 900 MHz modules for the RF
transmission because 900 MHz is the most flexible off all the FCC regulated
frequencies. This permits any analog or wireless data signal transmission without
restrictions on content and distance. However intense research led as to believe
that it was an unstable frequency to operate on because of the popularity of the
band within the RF spectrum making it crowded and the higher-level
interferences cause by many products using this frequency.
6.2.1 RF Transmitter Selection

After weeks of conversing, the 418 MHz frequency was chosen. Unlike the 900
MHz, this frequency is highly restricted, thereby making the wireless
communication system less prone to interferences. The prices for the
transmitters and receivers used at these frequencies are also considerably lower,
51!
!
! !
as compared to those intended for use at 900 MHz. Since less output power is
used, a longer transmission range is attained and battery life is prolonged. One
wonderful attribute of this frequency is that unlike 900MHz which is restricted to
the U.S, many countries worldwide have allocated this frequencies for wireless
communication devices, in this manner making it possible for WiVal’s product to
be sold overseas.
On the other hand the main manufacture of interest was Linx Technologies; a
company that supplies RF based chips for personal and commercial project. Linx
Technologies was a clear choice from the beginning because their RF modules
only necessitate an antenna, as compared to companies that require
supplementary external RF components. We looked into the ES Series, HP-3
Series, LC Series, KH2 Series and LR Series which had very interesting
applications.
6.2.1.1 ES Series RF Transmitter

Excellent for transmitting analog and digital signals, this transmitter is brilliant for
new ground-breaking designs. The ES Series is housed in a small package
making it an exceptional choice for our portable receivers. In terms of
performance, it was built on the latest advance structural design for noise
protection and superiority. However its price tag is a little bit on the pricy side.
The key features include:
! Low current consumption of 2.2mA

! Ultra-compact SMD package
! Supports FM / FSK modulation
! Wide bandwidth (20Hz to 28kHz)
! User power-down input of .45 VDC
! Low-voltage detect output 4dBm
! Power down current of 5.4nA
6.2.1.2 HP-3 Series RF Transmitter

Considering that it is the most up-to-date of the HP Series transmitters, this
transmitter is equipped with! a highly developed microprocessor controlled
synthesized structural design. Enhanced developments analogous with other RF
components also ensure reliable high performance wireless data transmission.
Nevertheless, this complex chip allows for interference and decreased accuracy.
According to www.Linxtechnologies.com, its features include:
! Transparent analog / digital interface

! Wide-range analog capability including audio (50Hz to 28kHz)
! Wide temperature range (-30°C to +85°C)
52!
!
! !
! No external RF components required

! Compatible with previous HP Series modules
! Power-down and CTS functions
! Wide supply range (2.8 to 13.0VDC)
6.2.1.3 LC Series Transmitter

For the most part the Low cost RF transmitter is designed for basic wireless
applications such as remote control and periodic data transfer. Fitted in a
compact surface to mount package this chip offers high-quality performance for
its size and cost. A drawback of the LC Series is the transmitter slower data
transfer rate. According to www.Linxtechnologies.com, its features include:
! No external RF components required

! Ultra-low power consumption
! Stable SAW-based architecture
! Wide supply range (2.7-5.2VDC)
! Direct serial interface
! Low harmonics
! No production tuning (Linx Technologies)
6.2.1.4 KH-2 Series Transmitter

The KH-2 Series is idyllically well-matched for highly protected applications such
as keyless entry and security alarm systems. It is made up of a RF transmitter
and an encoder. Having this combination satisfies our requirements for a suitable
portable receiver. Equipped with ten tri-state address lines this chip offers
superior security for wireless communication when combined with the KH2
Series receiver / decoder module. Its key features are:
! Low cost of $10

! On-board encoder (Tx) / Decoder (Rx)
! 8 Parallel lines allow direct interface
! No external RF components required (except an antenna)
! Ultra-low power consumption
! Compact surface-mount package
! Stable SAW-based architecture
53!
!
! !
6.2.1.5 LR Series Transmitter

This particular transmitter, as its name implies is designed for long range
wireless data transfer. It is capable of communication at data transfer rates of up
to 10,000bps this supports Wival’s design of transmitting data as fast and reliable
pace. It also has a transmitter modulation delay of a maximum of 30nS after it is
turned on. The LR series transmitter which normally operates at 3VDC is an
excellent choice for long battery life as a result of its low voltage requirement.
Transmitting at a frequency of 418MHz allows this transmitter to pass FCC
requirements. Another important parameter of this chip is that the transmitter was
built using an architecture that delivers outstanding stability and exceptional
sensitivity which allows this chip to have a low data input and power down input
of .25VDC. Fabricated in a tiny carton, the transmitter employs FM/FSK
modulation for analog and digital data respectively, allocating for much greater
noise susceptibility and hence making it an excellent choice for our main station.
According to Table 6.2.5 the important specifications are outlined as follows:
Table 6.2.5 Specifications of the LR Series Transmitter (With permission

granted by Linx Technologies)
54!
!
! !
The Linx HP-3 Series transmitter which allows for 8 parallel channels and up to
100 serial channels combined with a long rage of transmission was the group’s
first choice however it was too big for architecture of the main station. The
group’s next target was the Linx ES series transmitter which has a longer range
and is smaller in size than the HP-3 series but higher power consumption as well
as a heavy price tag. After months of deliberation we finally decided to go with
the 418MHz Long Range modules series. Similar to the LC Series, this
transmitter offers high-quality performance for its cost and size. This will be more
than ever useful for fulfilling the group’s project goals. The LC Series interfaces
with virtually any data source including microcontrollers and decoders, making it
suitable for our application. The members of Wival chose this RF transmitter
because the RF Module offers the essential tools to satisfy the requirements of
the main station.
6.3 RF Receivers
The component selection is a critical part of optimizing the receiver performance
and achieving a good balance. There are more than a few important factors that
have to be taken into deliberation when deciding on the ideal RF Receiver to use
in implementing our data reception. With that in mind, the group came up with a
series of identifiable challenges, and then found solutions and products to
overcome them. The operating principles of these receivers are described in the
following.
1. Cost: Since the members of WiVal’s group are responsible for footing the
bill for this senior design project, it is very important that take all the
necessary steps in minimizing the cost. This means that the RF receiver
selected should be worth its value based on the performance ratings of
various competitors.
2. Size: The size of the various components of this project pretty much
defines whether or not WiVal is marketable. In today’s wireless age where
size plays a major role in the use and sale of products, it is important that
our portable receiver is as small as possible. This means that the group
will have to select the smallest possible RF receiver that meets WiVal’s
specification.
3. Sensitivity and noise level: The receiver sensitivity is responsible for

determining the thermal noise level of the wireless communication system.
Furthermore noise directly affects the overall system performance of a
wireless communication system. As a result in the selection process of an
RF receiver, it is essential that the group emphasizes the sensitivity and
noise level of WiVal’s components.
4. Range: The ability to distinguish between different signal levels within a

communication zone is a very important factor in the selection of an RF
55!
!
! !
receiver. As mentioned in the research portion, one goal of the members

of WiVal is to manufacture a portable receiver that can receive message
efficiently. Therefore having a receiver with the capabilities of expanding
its range will make this objective transpire.
6.3.1 RF Receiver Selection

Choosing a RF Receiver to use for this project has been a very challenging
ordeal. This is due to the fact that each receiver must meet strict performance
criteria defined by the various standards of WiVal’s design, since a successful
wireless design often depends on the ability to find the components that fulfill our
design requirements. After exploring some manufacturers of such devices, the
group looked into five major receivers.
6.3.1.1 The Microchip UHF rfRXD0420 Receiver

Module
The rfRXD0420 is an RF receiver module that can be used in applications such
as Wireless remote command and control and security systems. Designed by a
company that is known very well in the wireless communication world, this
component those not dissatisfy the group. The rfRXD0420 has an extended RF
receiver frequency range that covers both 300 MHz to 450 MHz and 800 MHz to
930 MHz.. According to www.Microchip.com, its features include:
! Has a fixed frequency at 315 MHz and 433.92 MHz

! Supports ASK or FSK digital modulation
! Has a signal rate of 4800 baud
! Receiver Sensitivity of -100dBm
! Wide supply range (2.5-5.5VDC)
! A satisfactory cost of $20
! The IF Frequency range is selectable between 455 kHz to 21.4 MHz.
! supports a screw on antenna connection
6.3.1.2 LC Series Receiver

The LC Series is a very basic RF receiver. It is compact, with a built in optimized
SAW architecture for compromising efficiency. The LC Series RF receiver is
capable of transferring data up to a distance of about 300 feet. Its key features
are:
! Outstanding Sensitivity of -110dBm

! Supports Data Rates to 5,000bps
56!
!
! !
! Low cost of $10

! Operates at a voltage of 4.2VDC
6.3.1.3 LT Series Transceiver

The LT Series transceiver is a bidirectional RF module. The transceiver is
capable of generating a +10dBm into a 50-ohm load. It also has a representative
sensitivity of -112dBm. Like the LR Series receiver this module is capable of
transferring data at rates of up to 10,000bps. According to
www.Linxtechnologies.com, its features include:
! Long Range Data transfer distances of up to 3,000 feet.

! Supports Data rates up to 10,000bps
! cost of $22
! Wide supply voltage range (2.7-5.2VDC)
! Support a 260-470MHz band.
! Sensitivity of -112dBm.
6.3.1.4 LR Series Receiver

Described as an ideal receiver for the wireless transfer of serial data and
command information, This RF receiver has 5 to 10 times better reception range
than its other counterparts produced by Linx Technologies. The LR series does
this by having a center frequency accuracy of 50kHz and a noise bandwidth of
280kHz, which together supports Wival’s specifications and design for consistent
receiver. It is housed in a tiny compatible SMD package with advanced
synthesized architecture achieves an outstanding receiver sensitivity of -
112dBm, a dynamic range of 80dB and a receiver gain of 16mVper dB. The RF
receiver also Supports Data rates of up to 10,000bps at extended temperature
capabilities of -40 to 70 degrees Celsius. The general specifications are outline in
Table 6.3 below.
57!
!
! !
Table 6.3 Specifications of the LR Series Receiver (With permission

6.3.1.5 Radiotronix RCR-418-RPR Receiver

The RCR-XXX-RP is designed for very low cost short-range wireless
communication applications. With an ordinary person in mind, Radiotronix built a
module that is very easy to use and implement in a design. The RF receiver
module requires only a homemade wire antenna to operate. According to
www.Radiotronics.com, its features include:
! Very low Cost of $4

! Has a 3MHz receiving bandwidth
! Works with any LC or SAW based transmitter
58!
!
! !
! Needs only 5V to operate

! Has a 4.5mA current drain
! Small Size: 1.76” x .43”
! Has a signal rate of 4800 baud
! It can take up to 750mSec for the data output to become valid
Linx LC Series receivers were the most appropriate choice to allow for a quick
and reliable design. Additionally, the compact low cost LC modules are the
cheapest modules that Linx Technologies currently has to offer. However after
reviewing the RF receivers above, the members of WiVal decided to use the LR
Series receiver. This decision was mainly because we were already using the LR
Series transmitter. Moreover is unique design and specifications shown in Table
6.3 completely met the group’s design specifications.
6.4 The Antennas

The decision to determine which antenna to implement for the portable receiver
was almost certainly challenging, since the group’s ambition was to use the
smallest possible antennas without drastically affecting the performance. Even
though WiVal’s portable receiver will work well with the loop and whip antennas,
a helical antenna was chosen for its compactness and small size. The whip
antenna would have allowed for a more competent outcome since it is Omni
directional. However its long length makes it impossible to have on a very small
device. The RH series from Linx Technologies was chosen. As its name says,
reduced height helical whip antenna offers excellent performance despite its
small size. Another attractive feature of this device is the ability to withstand a
tough environment. According to www.Linxtechnologies.com, its features include:
! Bandwidth of approximately 80 MHz

! Omni-directional pattern
! Approximately 2 inches long and .33 inches in diameter
! Fully weatherized
! Rugged & damage-resistant
! Impedance of 50 ohms
! Connector RP-SMA or SMA
59!
!
! !
Figure 6.3 a RH series whip antenna (With permission granted from Linx
Technologies)
An antenna plays a crucial role in determining the overall performance of a

wireless communication system, because both the performance and range of
transmission depend heavily on the antenna. It was therefore in our best interest
to spend a lot of time on this piece of the main station. After intense research into
the characteristics and advantages of each antenna design, the permanent
mount PW Series 1/4-wave whip antenna from Linx Technologies was selected.
As shown in Figure 6.4 below, It is a lengthy and rigid antenna. One of most
important reasons why we chose this antenna for the main station is because of
its specifications and other performance related features. According to
www.Linxtechnologies.com, its features include:
! Low cost of $ 7
! Outstanding design based on its small size
! Omni-directional pattern
! Wide bandwidth of 80 MHz
! Flexible main shaft as shown in Figure 5.4 below
! Rugged & weatherized
! Integral 8½-inch RG-174 coax cable
60!
!
! !
Figure 6.4 a permanent mount PW Series 1/4-wave whip antenna (With

permission granted from Linx Technologies)
With that in mind the decision won’t be finalized until we start the actual testing of
the group’s wireless messaging system to determine which antennas provides
the best overall performance.
6.5 Encoders
After some research it became clear that the main criterion in selecting the
encoder was to look for an encoder that was simple but small enough to
implement a push button function.
During the design of this project, the team members took every measure to
ensure that the group picks the most compatible and smallest encoders available
on the market.
With this in mind, one of the options we considered to use was the Holtek HT640
encoder from Holtek Semiconductor Inc.
! Low cost of $4
! Uses a eight bit binary address
! Uses a low voltage of 2.4V to 12V
61!
!
! !
! Easily compatible with RF based modules

! Excellent choice for future modification because of its flexibility
! Has a low standby current of .1 to 1 µA
! Comes in a Standard 20-pin PDIP package
! Very easy to use with no programming necessary.
6.6 Decoders
In view of the fact that the group had selected the encoder from Holtek
Semiconductor Inc, the members decided to use a companion decoder which is
the Holtek HT658 decoder. One of the advantages of this combination is the fact
that we can cheaply accomplish the task of building dependable push button
pagers. The group decided to narrow the selectable options down by choosing
the simplest device possible.
! Has the Capability to decode 18 bits of information

! Can be paired with the HT640 encoder for future modifications
! compares the signal and has a valid transmission indicator
! Uses a low voltage of 2.4V to 12V
! Has a low standby current of .1 to 1 µA
! Comes in a Standard 20-pin PDIP package
! Low cost of $4
6.7.1 Display
Initially, the group desired an LCD screen for the purposes of outputting
information to the user. The LCD screen would have to be small enough to fit on
the handheld portable receiving units, while at the same time it would have to be
large enough to be able to read, even if the protection over the screen got dirty or
scratched. Additionally, the screen would ideally be lit, as many businesses that
will use the WiVal system may still offer valet services after night has fallen. In
researching display options, however, the group discovered that pre-constructed
LCD screens for handheld devices on the scale of the portable receiver of the
WiVal system are, for all intents and purposes, completely non-existent.
The next preference, then, was to custom order LCD screens for the devices that
make up the WiVal system. The advantage of this approach would be that the
group would be able to have the LCD screen manufactured to the exact
dimensions necessary, without having excess screen, or a screen that was too
small. Additionally, the group would be able to specify the desired resolution of
the LCD screen, allowing the resolution to remain high enough for the required
details, while still remaining low enough to be manageable. The major downside
to this approach was that the cost of custom ordering LCD screens is
prohibitively high. Though it is not so high as to bankrupt the group if they chose
62!
!
! !
to custom order, the price is still high enough that the cost of the screens would
far outweigh any benefit of having an LCD screen over the much cheaper
alternatives.
In the end, the group decided that what really mattered to the success of the
WiVal system was to keep costs at a minimum, so that the system could be kept
as affordable as possible. To this end, the group decided on using seven
segment LEDs to simply display the number of the car which is ready. The LEDs
are low-power, which will aid in their being powered by a battery. Additionally,
the LEDs can display digits 0-9, so with two LEDs, up to 100 cars can be
uniquely identified, having numbers 00-99. The LEDs also have the advantage
of producing their own light, which will guarantee that the display will be visible
even in low-light conditions.
6.8 Microcontroller
Several microcontrollers were considered for use in the WiVal system. The
microcontrollers under consideration were: the Texas Instruments MSP430
family, the Parallax Inc. BASIC Stamp, and the PIC® family.
The Texas Instruments MSP430 family were the first microcontrollers under
consideration. One of the major benefits of the MSP430 is Texas Instrument’s
ez430 line of products. This series of development kits allows for easy USB
connection of the devices for the purposes of programming and testing. The
devices utilize C programming language for instructions, which has the benefit of
familiarity to the WiVal group. The chip of most interest, the MSP430-F2012, is
very low cost, at only $10 for three development boards. The boards themselves
are small enough that they could themselves be used in the final product, if
necessary. The MSP430-F2012 has 2 KB of program storage, and 128 B of
RAM. This should more than suffice for the purposes of the WiVal, and is
considerably more than several of the other microcontrollers. The power
consumption of the MSP430-F2012 is very low. It is designed to operate at
between 1.8 and 3.6 volts, and even in active mode, it draws only a miniscule
220"A.
The next microcontroller looked at was the BASIC Stamp. The BASIC Stamp 1
also has a development kit, though it is a bit more cumbersome than the ez430.
Additionally, each Stamp costs $29.00. The Stamps tend to be a bit on the large
side, especially as they seem primarily designed for through-board soldering.
The BASIC Stamp 1 has only 256 B for the program, or about enough for 80
instructions, and only 16 B of RAM. It runs, obviously, on a form of BASIC,
known as PBASIC, which is less familiar to the group than C. It runs on 5 to 15
volts, and in active mode, draws a whopping 1mA of current, even when running
at only 5V.
63!
!
! !
The last microcontroller considered was the Microchip Technology Inc. PIC32,
specifically the MX320. The PIC32 MX320 costs only $4.25, though that is for
only a chip, with no development board. Sadly, the PIC line does not have the
option of purchasing with a development board. The upside is that when
installing, one needs only space for the chip, not an entire board. The chip has
an impressive 32KB of storage for the program, and roughly 8KB of RAM. It, like
the ez430, uses C programming language as it’s driving force. It runs on 2.3-3.6
volts, though no reliable information could be found, anywhere, regarding the
standard current draw for the PIC32 MX320.
In the end, the Texas Instruments ez430-F2012 was chosen for both the main
station and for the portable receiver, for several reasons. First, it would is
probably the easiest in terms of development, both because if its development
kits and because of the use of C programming language. Also, at 3 for $10, it is
easily the cheapest of the three microcontrollers. And though it lacks the storage
of the PIC32 series, it was felt that the extra power would not be greatly
beneficial to the WiVal’s operation. It was decided that both the main station and
the portable receiver should have the same microcontroller for ease of
implementation, and to reduce the costs of replacement, as often discounts are
offered for purchasing in bluk..
6.8.1 Programming
The software in the WiVal system must be able to store a list of cars to be
retrieved, as well as be able to quickly process inputs, so as not to miss any
signals. Several different programming languages were available for designing
the software to be used in the WiVal system. Of the variety of languages
available, Java, C, BASIC, and assembly were all looked into, as these were the
most common languages to be found in use with commercially available
microprocessors.
Java was the first programming language considered for use in the WiVal
system. Java is a powerful, object-oriented programming language, which would
more than meet the needs of the WiVal system. However, Java is far more
powerful than is really required by the WiVal system. Ultimately, Java would
likely require more resources, in the way of storage space and processing time,
than is necessary to run a relatively simple system. Additionally, Java is not as
familiar to the group as is desired for this project.
C was the second programming language considered for use in the WiVal
system. C is a very commonly used language, and could certainly handle the
task of running the WiVal system. Though not object-oriented, C definitely has
the capability to run all the features required in the most basic design of the
WiVal system. It runs fast, and yet it is of high enough level that it is easy to
understand. It is also very familiar to the group, and the support for it, both in the
64!
!
! !
library and online, is vast. Overall, C is most likely the programming language of
choice, if available to the project.
BASIC was the third programming language considered for use in the WiVal
system. BASIC is a very easy language to understand, and could most likely
handle the task of running the WiVal system. However, BASIC is not quite as
familiar to the group as is desired for this project. Additionally, it is unknown if
BASIC has the capacity to handle any additional features that the group may
desire to add into the design at a later point in time.
Assembly was the final programming language considered for use in the WiVal
system. As the lowest level of the programming languages considered, it would
take up very little space, and would run very fast. However, it could potentially
be extremely difficult to get some of the more advanced features of the WiVal
system to work in assembly. Additionally, as different hardware setups use
different versions of assembly, the group may or may not be familiar with the
programming language, depending on which microprocessor is used in the WiVal
system.
In the end, C was chosen as the language of choice for the WiVal system. It is
powerful enough to suit the needs of the project without drawing power for too
many unnecessary additions. It is also very familiar to the group, and the variety
of information about it online and in print all but guarantees that any stumbling
blocks encountered will be able to be overcome with but a little research on the
group‘s part.
65!
!
! !
Final Design
7.1 Final Design

The strategy devised by WiVal’s group was to work together on every aspect of
the project. Each group member is responsible to know and understand each
component and work together to achieve the desired outcome, but some tasks
were distributed such as purchasing, planning, designing, programming and
gaining permissions letters.
The project will be done in different stages. A major and critical part of our
design was the WiVal Main Base Unit processor and as a result WiVal took
several steps in determining which one of the chips will be the most appropriate
for our project. In determining the chips to use for our project we looked at
several factors such as the cost of the chip, the accuracy and the type of
programming involved.

A properly designed RF main station structure is an important component of the
group’s wireless communication system. It is therefore imperative that the
members of WiVal use the information gathered from the research and
component selection to create a very sound and stable wireless system that
meets the goals of WiVal.
The design of the main station is divided into two major components, mainly the
Transmitter and Receiver. Both the RF transmitter and RF receiver will be
connected to the same microcontroller and LED. However, this portion of the
design will focus mainly on the RF transmitter and RF receiver. The design for
the microcontroller and LED will be covered in detail in the subsequent sections.
After some consideration it was decided that the easiest way would be to start
with the RF transmitter.

Once the decision had been made to use the LR RF transmitter from Linx
Technologies, the final design of the main station had begun. This component is
an important feature because it allows for the main station to send on the spot
commands to each portable receiver without the need for a valet clerk to have to
travel to it to receive the previously transmitted signal from the pushbutton pager.
Also, WiVal’s design relies enormously on the main stations ability to consistently
transmit data to the portable receivers.
66!
!
! !
7.1.2.1 The RF Transmitter Connection

Figure 7.1 in below and Table 7.1 in the table of contents show the Pin
assignment and description respectively. First, Pin 1, 3 and 6 are set to analog
ground. The transmitter primarily receives input data serially from the
microcontroller which connects through the Pin labeled PDN and then transmits
this data on a selected channel through the antenna labeled ANT. The
microcontroller is the master of all activities in the main station. It reads in an
identification number when receiving an input data. This allows the
Microcontroller to select the parallel channel. Once this happens, the data is then
processed into a data packet which is sent to the transmitter. The transmitter
then processes data, one byte at a time based on the desired signal rate of the
RF Transmitter. At the same time as this occurs, the transmitter processes the
data packet and then transmits this data onto a selected channel through the
antenna labeled Pin ANT. Pin 2 is the Digital Data Output (Data) which is
responsible for outputting demodulated digital data. Also, there is the Level
Adjust (LADJ) Pin which is in charge of adjusting the output power of the RF
transmitter by placing a resistor between Pin 7 and LADJ. However Pin 7 is the
Voltage Supply, which is designed to normally use 3VDC in order to function
steadily. Finally the data is broadcasted through air via Pin 5, where it is picked
up by a friendly portable receiver.

The demands for higher reception data rate and better quality of wireless
communication systems are put forward in determining the overall performance
of a RF receiver. To simplify the overall design as much as possible the
members of WiVal decided to target system parameters for the receiver portion
to be designed for the main station by using the companion LR Series RF
receiver. The RF Receiver is designed to work in hand with the RF transmitter for
it is believed that this combination will be particularly useful to put into operation
a successful main station.
7.1.3.1 The RF Receiver Connection

Starting from the top, Pin 1 through 3 and 9 through 14 has no connections. Next
Pin 4 and 15 are both set to analog ground. Subsequently, the RF receiver takes
in incoming data on a selected channel through the antenna tagged Pin ANT and
outputs it serially to the Microcontroller which connects through Pin PDN. The
transmitter’s Power Down (PDN) Pin can also be used to put the transmitter on
and off. Pin 5, is the Voltage Supply, which is designed to normally use 3VDC in
order to function steadily. The receiver’s Received Signal Strength Indicator
67!
!
! !
(RSSI) Pin serves as a power regulator. It also outputs a voltage proportional to

the incoming signal strength of transmitted data. The next Pin is the Digital Data
Output (Data) which is responsible for outputting demodulated digital data.
Finally, Pin 9 is where the antenna is going to be connected to receive data from
the pushbutton pagers. A description of the pin layout and its functions are also
described in Figure 7.1 displayed below and Table 6.2.5 in the table of contents
respectively.
7.1.4 The RF Transmitter and RF Receiver

Combined
To enhance the circuitry and system performance of the main station, the
members of WiVal focused team efforts on improving the transmission and
reception of data through the scaling of device dimensions and specifications.
The main goal is to establish a 2-way wireless connection for the main station by
connecting the RF transmitter and the RF Receiver with a microcontroller. A LED
and an antenna will also be connected to finalize the design of the main station.
The LED display will be used at the main station by an attendant to observe
which car has been requested to be retrieved. The LED will receive its inputs
from the base stations microcontroller. The signals that the microcontroller
receives from the pushbutton pager will illuminate the LED if the signal is verified
as a signal from the main station. On the other hand the LED and the
Microcontroller will be discussed in details in the later sections.
A transceiver will be made by placing the RF transmitter and RF receiver on each
side of the Microcontroller this is shown in Figure 7.1. The team’s wireless
communication design project will send a data envelope to all the Portable
receivers within the group’s desired range by means of an antenna delivering
data through free space. Each transmitted data packet contains an ID number of
the transmitter. The transmitter then uses a microcontroller to read and control
the functions of the main station. The antenna would receive a communication
signal from the pushbutton pager. This signal would then be passed to the
microcontroller, to be recognized from the list of assigned pushbutton pager
numbers. The output from the main station goes to a microcontroller, where
appropriate interpretations are made to determine what action to take. The
results are then sent in the direction of the transmitter to wirelessly send data en
route for the Portable receivers.
68!
!
! !
Figure 7.1 a schematic of the operations of the main station
7.1.4.1 The Main Station Antenna

The efficient transmission and receiving of RF communication signals in free
space necessitate the size of antennas to be analogous with their wavelengths
and power output. Because the RF transmitter and RF receiver modules are
coming together to form a transceiver, it is very important that the group takes all
possible measures to decrease the size, cost and components selection of the
design for the main station. One such valuable action that can be taken is to
69!
!
! !
share a single antenna as compared to using two separate ones. This can be
accomplishing by using a commercially manufactured antenna switch as shown
in Figure 7.2. However a range test with different configurations of antenna
length and types selected for use in this project will need to be conducted in
order to find the most effective antenna for this system and whether or not a
antenna switch is need. Once this occurs, the antenna will be attached to the
main station so as to effectively transmit data to the portable receivers and
receive signals from the pushbutton pagers. For now we are going to use the
permanent mount PW Series 1/4-wave whip antenna from Linx Technologies.
The team is confident that if this module were to be used in the main station
application, we will have a functional wireless transmission tower.
Figure 7.2 a basic antenna switch (With permission granted by Linx

Technologies)
7.1.4.2 The Main Station Voltage

There are a few main deliberations which are related to the voltage, that expand
the range and efficiency of the main station. Foremost, the higher the input
voltage, the stronger the transmission and receiving signal strength will be. In
view of the fact that both the RF receiver and RF transmitter do not have a built
in regulator, It is therefore important the group builds a voltage supply filter that
can regulate the voltage of the RF receiver, RF transmitter and the
Microcontroller to maintain the voltage of the main station so as to increase the
efficiency of the main station. Secondly, Power supply noise can affect the
transmitter and receiver modulation it is therefore suggested by Linx
70!
!
! !
Technologies to use a low-pass RC filter between the VCC Pin and the Linx
modules to reduce the high frequency noise. Displayed in Figure 7.3 is a basic
voltage supply filter. In Figure 6.3 a 10! resistor is placed in series with the
voltage supply followed by a10"F tantalum capacitor from VCC to ground.
Figure 7.3 a basic supply filter (With permission granted by Linx

Technologies)
7.2 The Portable Receiver

The portable receiver consists of a LED and a Microcontroller connected to the
RF receiver module to receive transmitted data from the main station. Unlike the
main station, the portable receiver is only participating in a one way transmission
system. With this known fact, this portion of the report will focus entirely on the
operation of only the RF receiver in the construction of the portable receiver. The
target system parameters for the portable receiver to be designed are put
forward the growing demands of the mobile telecommunication and Internet
services in developed and emerging countries. This demand is what put the
members of WiVal in position to create a small and inexpensive technologically
advance portable receiver which is the central point of the group’s wireless
communication system.

There will be a single receiver module that will be responsible for the reception of
transmitted data from the main station as shown in figure 7.4. Starting from the
top left corner of the RF receiver, there are several Pins with no connections.
These Pins are 1 through 3 and 9 through 14. Next Pin 4 and 15 are both set to
analog ground. Consequently, the RF receiver takes in incoming data on a
selected channel through the antenna tagged Pin ANT and outputs it serially to
the Microcontroller which connects through Pin PDN. The microcontroller is
71!
!
! !
responsible for all the indirect communication between the RF receiver, the main
station the LED and the vibrator. The RF receiver will only receive data signals
from the main station by first authenticating the main stations identification code.
Each time a message is sent to the portable receiver, the main stations
identification code will be sent along with the data packet. This is done so that
the portable receiver knows that every sent message is from the main station and
not a phony transmitter. This allows the Microcontroller to select the parallel
channel. Once this happens, the data is then processed into a data packet which
is sent to the RF receiver. The RF transmitter will use an incoming voltage 3VDC
in order to function steadily. The receiver’s Received Signal Strength Indicator
(RSSI) Pin which is Pin 7 serves as a power regulator. It also outputs a voltage
proportional to the incoming signal strength of transmitted data. The next Pin is
the Digital Data Output (Data) which is responsible for outputting demodulated
digital data. Finally, Pin 9 is where the RH series antenna from Linx Technologies
is going to be connected to receive data from the main station. A description of
the Pin layout and its functions are also described in Figure 7.2.1 in the table of
figures and Table 7.2.1 in the table of contents respectively.
Figure 7.4 a schematic of the portable receiver (Redrawn with permission

72!
!
! !
7.3 The Pushbutton Pagers

The push button pager is the less complicated portion of the wireless
communication system. It is made up of an encoder and a decoder. The goal of
the members of WiVal is to create a prototype of the Keyfob transmitter from Linx
Technologies that is as lightweight as possible, very small and easy for the
individual to use and carry. As with other commercially manufactured products, it
will be well-organized and dependable. It will also have capability of the Keyfob
to stay on batteries for day and maybe years at a time without a replacement
battery needed. As mentioned before, the encoder is the device that corresponds
to a message sent from the main station. It does this by taking in incoming data
from the main station along with a little security signal that verifies whether the
inward bound data is being sent from the main station. Once this occurs, a data
signal is sent back to the main station to validate the reception of data. Finally the
data is interpreted by the encoder. The decoder on the other hand does the exact
opposite. This pushbutton pager may also be used in combination with a RF
transmitter for future modifications to the wireless communication system.

Figure 7.5 shows a schematic of WiVal’s pushbutton pager. Starting with the
bottom right hand side of the encoder, Pins 13-22 are Input Pins for address A0-
A9 settings. Pins 1-7 on the top right, are Input pins for data D0-D7 settings. Both
Pins 1-7 and 13-22 both have the options to be externally set to VDD or VSS.
When a transmission signal is implemented from the pushbutton pager, the
encoder scans and transmits the data serially to A0 to A9 and then to D0 to
D7.At the very top right corner is the VDD Pin, which is powered by a dry cell
with a maximum input of 12V.On the opposite end is the VSS which is the
connection to ground. The encoder is also equipped with an oscillator frequency
input and output at Pin 10 and 11 respectively. The transmission enable lines
(TE) indicated as Pin 9 begins a three word transmission cycle when it set high.
This in turn starts the transmission process of the encoder as shown in figure 4.3
above. Finally, the essential Pin that connects to the decoder to establish the
pushbutton pager is Pin 8, marked as DOUT. DOUT is responsible for
transmitting serial data out of the encoder. As shown in Figure 6.5, the DOUT Pin
connects directly to the DIN Pin on the decoder. Both the encoder and decoder
have ten address lines each that have to be equivalent in order for the main
station and pushbutton pagers to talk to each other accurately and effectively.
The decoder will receive data transmitted by the encoder through Pin DIN. The
encoder will then read between the lines of the first 10 bits of the code as
address and then read through the remaining bits of the code as data. Next, the
decoder will check the received address code. Once the received address codes
shows up as exactly the one sent by the decoder’s local address, the 8 bits of
73!
!
! !
data are decoded to activate the output pins, and the VT Pin is set high to
indicate a valid transmission. A signal on the DIN Pin then activates the
oscillator, which in turns decodes the incoming address and data. The decoders
will check the received address twice continuously. If all the received address
codes match the contents of the decoder’s local address, the 8 bits of data are
decoded to activate the output pins, and the VT pin is set high to indicate a valid
transmission. (www.Linx Technologies.com).once this occurs a signal from the
pushbutton pager will be sent to main station.
Figure 7.5 the schematic of WiVal’s pushbutton pager
7.4 PCB
The main requirements in determining what kind of PCB to use for the entire
project taken as a whole were price, size and the weight of the component. Size
is an important factor in PCB selection for WiVal, because of the handheld nature
of the portable receiver and the pushbutton pagers. The success of WiVal
depends a lot on the size and weight of the components.! After months of
deliberation by team members we decided to order the PCB as a Standard Spec,
74!
!
! !
as compared to a Custom built Spec board. This decision was based on the fact
that a lot of components need to be placed in a restricted gap in order to work
properly. Take for example, the mounting of the antennas which require special
care and placement on the PCB. The antennas need to be turned away from the
digital component as well as power the power sources, to prevent various
interferences. With this in mind, the antennas will be placed on the very ends of
the PCB so as to avoid any issues. Also having a standard PCB makes it easier
for the members of WiVal to test and modify component designs. It is very
important that the group separates the analog and power component of the
design, to prevent any electromagnetic damages to the various components.
However because the optimization for size is a very important factor in WiVal’s
design, the group has decided to have the PCB for the pushbutton pagers and
portables receivers custom built and soldered for the final development and
presentation. This conclusion is due to the need to minimize size but also
decrease the chances of one accidentally soldering wrong parts or damaging
components on the board. There are many factors that will influence the final
design and size of the PCB, however most of these factors will not be faced and
determine until we begin the initial phase in the next senior design class.
7.5 Microcontroller
The line supply line on the Texas Instruments ez430-F2012 board will be
connected to the voltage from the power supply, while the line ground line will be
connected to ground. Four digital lines from the Texas Instruments ez430-
F2012 will be used to power the LED display. Since only one line can be
powered at a time, the 14 lines that will control the LEDs will each be tied to a
latch. When power is sent down one line, through a diode to prevent analog
feedback into the digital system, it will activate the latch, and the LED will turn on.
The Texas Instruments ez430-F2012 will then turn on all the required LEDs in
turn. To reset, one of the two remaining lines from the decoder will activate a
transistor tied to ground, again through a diode, in parallel with the latches and
LEDs. When the transistor is activated, the current through the transistor and
accompanying resistor will drop the current through the latches below that which
is necessary to maintain the latch, thus shutting off all the LEDs until the next
signal is sent. The final line from the decoder will be available for any additional
function deemed necessary. Three digital input lines will be used for the three
buttons to add their input. An analog input line will be used to take in a signal
from the receiver, and in the main base, an analog output line will be used to
send a signal to the transmitter. An additional analog output line will be used to
send a signal to the speaker, to alert the user that a new car has been! added to
the list.
!
7.6 Software
75!
!
! !
The program will need to keep track of which pagers have been activated. In
order to do this, a bi-directional linked list will be used. The linked list will be
treated as a ring, with ten slots. After ten cars have been added to the system,
any additional cars will be written over the previous cars, starting with the oldest.
It is believed that ten will be enough cars to ensure that the valet service using
the Wival system does not fall behind and drop cars that have not yet been
returned.
Several components will be necessary for the software. A complete listing of all
functions is found in figure 7.2.1-1. First of all, the main program will be in a
never ending while-loop, as the program is meant to continue running for as long
as power is supplied. The program will then first check for a signal with the
CheckSignal function. If a signal is found, it will then send the signal to the
DecodeSignal function. The program will then call the AddCar function to add a
car to the database, and then the AlertUser function will be called, to send a
signal to the speaker to let the user know that a new car is ready. In the main
base, after the AlertUser function is called, the EncodeSignal function will be
called to translate the car number into a signal to rebroadcast to the portable
receiver by means of the SendSignal function. In both the main base and the
portable receiver, the loop will then restart. If no signal is found with the
CheckSignal function, then the main function will call the CheckKeys function, to
see if a button has been pressed. If it finds one, it will first determine if the key
has just been pressed, or if it has been held down since the last time the function
was called. If it determines that the key has been held down, the main program
does nothing. If it determines that the key has just been pressed, the main
program will then call a function based on which key it was that was pressed. If
the forward button has been pressed, the program will call the ClearLED function
to clear the display. It will then advance to the next car after the currently
selected car. Then, the ToLED function will be called, to output the requested
car number to the display, by means of the sub-functions OneOut, TwoOut, etc.
If, however, the backward button has been pressed, the program will call the
ClearLED function to clear the display. It will then move to the previous car
before the currently selected car. Then, the ToLED function will be called, to
output the requested car number to the display, by means of the sub-functions
OneOut, TwoOut, etc. Finally, if the “latest” button is pressed, the program will
call the ClearLED function clear the display. It will then shift the data to look at
the most recent car added. Then, the ToLED function will be called, to output the
requested car number to the display, by means of the sub-functions OneOut,
TwoOut, etc. After the ToLED function has been called, the program will return
to the main loop.
76!
!
! !
Function Inputs Returns Purpose
Takes in an array to store a signal. After the

signal has been stored, it returns 1 to the main
CheckSignal int* int program to indicate success.
Takes in an array containing the stored signal.

After the signal has been decoded, it returns
DecodeSignal int* int the car number to the main program.
Takes in pRecentCar pointer, then places the
car number into the next space in the ring, and
updates the pRecentCar pointer. It then
AddCar struct sCarData*, int int returns 1 to indicate success.
Sends an analog signal out to the speaker to

AlertUser void void alert the user of a new car arrival.
Sends a digital signal out to the clear line, in

order to clear the LEDs for display of a new car
ClearLED void int number.
Takes in an integer number, then calls the

___Out functions to output it to the correct
ToLED int void LEDs on the display.
Sends a signal out to the LEDs corresponding

to the number each particular function is
OneOut,TwoOut, etc void void supposed to call.
Checks which key has been pressed, if any,

and returns an integer to the user
CheckKeys void int corresponding to that particular key.
Takes in an integer number, then stores it in an

EncodeSignal int int* integer array as a signal to be output.
Takes in a signal, in the form of an integer

array, then sends it as an analog output to the
SendSignal int* void transmitter.
Figure 7.2.1-1 Table showing the inputs and purposes of each function in the WiVal system.
Several variables will be used in the program, in order for it to work properly. A
structure called sCarData will be used to form the double linked list ring. The
structure will consist of an integer variable called iCar, to hold the number of a
car. The sCarData structure will also have two pointers. The pointer pNext will
point to the next sCarData structure, whereas the pointer pPrev will point to the
77!
!
! !
previous sCarData structure. A visualization of the sCarData structure is shown

in figure 7.2.1-2.
struct!sCarData
int!iCar
struct!sCarData*!pNext
struct!sCarData*!pPrev !
Figure 7.2.1-2 Structure information for the sCarData structure.
!
Additionally, two pointers accessible by the main program will be necessary.

One, pCurrentCar will point at the car currently displayed on the LED display.
Another, pRecentCar will point to the last car added to the ring. Additionally, a
structure to hold each signal will be necessary. This will be an array of integers,
each spot in the array holding one small piece of the signal.
7.7 Weatherproof Casing

The weather proof casing choice WiVal is settling on is a PVC plastic that is sold
through TAP Plastics. This material appears to be very trusted as it has a long
list of properties including chemical inertness, water resistance, corrosion
resistance, weather resistance, high strength-to-weight ratio, thermal insulation,
and electrical insulation. The dimensions of sheets can be ordered to
accommodate all sizes. This would be an excellent material for the insulating of
different electrical components inside of the WiVal System and aid in shock/static
resistance. Bonding the different sides of the PVC could likely be done using
plastic cements or epoxies. These plastics will specifically be used for the
Portable Receiver and the Main Base Unit. The Push Button Pager will be
purchased through Linx Technologies and has a protective unit that is shown in
figure 5.11. These pager casings are also strong for enough for rugged use and
normal wear and tear. The Linx Technologies Key Fob can withstand cold
weather down to 25 degrees. This low mark in temperature is the goal WiVal has
in making the weatherproof casing as good as possible.
78!
!
! !
Design Summary
8.1 The RF Transmitter Connection
Figure 7.1 shown below and Table 7.2.1 in the table of contents show the Pin
assignment and description respectively. First, Pin 1, 3 and 6 are set to analog
ground. The transmitter primarily receives input data serially from the
microcontroller which connects through the Pin labeled PDN and then transmits
this data on a selected channel through the antenna labeled ANT. The
microcontroller is the master of all activities in the main station. It reads in an
identification number when receiving an input data. This allows the
Microcontroller to select the parallel channel. Once this happens, the data is then
processed into a data packet which is sent to the transmitter. The transmitter
then processes data, one byte at a time based on the desired signal rate of the
RF Transmitter. At the same time as this occurs, the transmitter processes the
data packet and then transmits this data onto a selected channel through the
antenna labeled Pin ANT. Pin 2 is the Digital Data Output (Data) which is
responsible for outputting demodulated digital data. Also, there is the Level
Adjust (LADJ) Pin which is in charge of adjusting the output power of the RF
transmitter by placing a resistor between Pin 7 and LADJ. However Pin 7 is the
Voltage Supply, which is designed to normally use 3VDC in order to function
steadily. Finally the data is broadcasted through air via Pin 5, where it is picked
up by a friendly portable receiver.
8.2 The RF Receiver Connection

Starting from the top, Pin 1 through 3 and 9 through 14 has no connections. Next
Pin 4 and 15 are both set to analog ground. Subsequently, the RF receiver takes
in incoming data on a selected channel through the antenna tagged Pin ANT and
outputs it serially to the Microcontroller which connects through Pin PDN. The
transmitter’s Power Down (PDN) Pin can also be used to put the transmitter on
and off. Pin 5, is the Voltage Supply, which is designed to normally use 3VDC in
order to function steadily. The receiver’s Received Signal Strength Indicator
(RSSI) Pin serves as a power regulator. It also outputs a voltage proportional to
the incoming signal strength of transmitted data. The next Pin is the Digital Data
Output (Data) which is responsible for outputting demodulated digital data.
Finally, Pin 9 is where the antenna is going to be connected to receive data from
the pushbutton pagers. A description of the pin layout and its functions are also
described in Figure 7.1 displayed below and Table 7.1 in the table of contents
respectively.
79!
!
! !
8.3 The RF Transmitter and RF Receiver

Combined
To enhance the circuitry and system performance of the main station, the
members of WiVal focused team efforts on improving the transmission and
reception of data through the scaling of device dimensions and specifications.
The main goal is to establish a 2-way wireless connection for the main station by
connecting the RF transmitter and the RF Receiver with a microcontroller. A LED
and an antenna will also be connected to finalize the design of the main station.
The LED display will be used at the main station by an attendant to observe
which car has been requested to be retrieved. The LED will receive its inputs
from the base stations microcontroller. The signals that the microcontroller
receives from the pushbutton pager will illuminate the LED if the signal is verified
as a signal from the main station. On the other hand the LED and the
Microcontroller will be discussed in details in the later sections.
A transceiver will be made by placing the RF transmitter and RF receiver on each

side of the Microcontroller this is shown in Figure 6.1. The team’s wireless
communication design project will send a data envelope to all the Portable
receivers within the group’s desired range by means of an antenna delivering
data through free space. Each transmitted data packet contains an ID number of
the transmitter. The transmitter then uses a microcontroller to read and control
the functions of the main station. The antenna would receive a communication
signal from the pushbutton pager. This signal would then be passed to the
microcontroller, to be recognized from the list of assigned pushbutton pager
numbers. The output from the main station goes to a microcontroller, where
appropriate interpretations are made to determine what action to take. The
results are then sent in the direction of the transmitter to wirelessly send data en
route for the Portable receivers.
80!
!
! !
Figure 7.1 a schematic of the operations of the main station

There will be a single receiver module that will be responsible for the reception of
transmitted data from the main station as shown in figure 7.4. Starting from the
top left corner of the RF receiver, there are several Pins with no connections.
These Pins are 1 through 3 and 9 through 14. Next Pin 4 and 15 are both set to
analog ground. Consequently, the RF receiver takes in incoming data on a
selected channel through the antenna tagged Pin ANT and outputs it serially to
the Microcontroller which connects through Pin PDN. The microcontroller is
responsible for all the indirect communication between the RF receiver, the main
station the LED and the vibrator. The RF receiver will only receive data signals
from the main station by first authenticating the main stations identification code.
Each time a message is sent to the portable receiver, the main stations
81!
!
! !
identification code will be sent along with the data packet. This is done so that
the portable receiver knows that every sent message is from the main station and
not a phony transmitter. This allows the Microcontroller to select the parallel
channel. Once this happens, the data is then processed into a data packet which
is sent to the RF receiver. The RF transmitter will use an incoming voltage 3VDC
in order to function steadily. The receiver’s Received Signal Strength Indicator
(RSSI) Pin which is Pin 7 serves as a power regulator. It also outputs a voltage
proportional to the incoming signal strength of transmitted data. The next Pin is
the Digital Data Output (Data) which is responsible for outputting demodulated
digital data. Finally, Pin 9 is where the RH series antenna from Linx Technologies
is going to be connected to receive data from the main station. A description of
the Pin layout and its functions are also described in Figure 7.1 in the table of
figures and Table 7.1 in the table of contents respectively.
Figure 7.4 a schematic of the portable receiver (Redrawn with permission

82!
!
! !

Figure 7.5 shows a schematic of WiVal’s pushbutton pager. Starting with the
bottom right hand side of the encoder, Pins 13-22 are Input Pins for address A0-
A9 settings. Pins 1-7 on the top right, are Input pins for data D0-D7 settings. Both
Pins 1-7 and 13-22 both have the options to be externally set to VDD or VSS.
When a transmission signal is implemented from the pushbutton pager, the
encoder scans and transmits the data serially to A0 to A9 and then to D0 to
D7.At the very top right corner is the VDD Pin, which is powered by a dry cell
with a maximum input of 12V.On the opposite end is the VSS which is the
connection to ground. The encoder is also equipped with an oscillator frequency
input and output at Pin 10 and 11 respectively. The transmission enable lines
(TE) indicated as Pin 9 begins a three word transmission cycle when it set high.
This in turn starts the transmission process of the encoder as shown in figure 4.3
above. Finally, the essential Pin that connects to the decoder to establish the
pushbutton pager is Pin 8, marked as DOUT. DOUT is responsible for
transmitting serial data out of the encoder. As shown in Figure 6.5, the DOUT Pin
connects directly to the DIN Pin on the decoder. Both the encoder and decoder
have ten address lines each that have to be equivalent in order for the main
station and pushbutton pagers to talk to each other accurately and effectively.
The decoder will receive data transmitted by the encoder through Pin DIN. The
encoder will then read between the lines of the first 10 bits of the code as
address and then read through the remaining bits of the code as data. Next, the
decoder will check the received address code. Once the received address codes
shows up as exactly the one sent by the decoder’s local address, the 8 bits of
data are decoded to activate the output pins, and the VT Pin is set high to
indicate a valid transmission. A signal on the DIN Pin then activates the
oscillator, which in turns decodes the incoming address and data. The decoders
will check the received address twice continuously. If all the received address
codes match the contents of the decoder’s local address, the 8 bits of data are
decoded to activate the output pins, and the VT pin is set high to indicate a valid
transmission. (www.Linx Technologies.com).once this occurs a signal from the
pushbutton pager will be sent to main station.
83!
!
! !
Figure 7.5 the schematic of WiVal’s pushbutton pager
84!
!
! !
Testing
9.1 Testing Introduction

In the world Electrical and Computer engineering, integration and testing is one
of the most overlooked functions. Quite simply, the companies and organizations
that practice the rules of allocating time for testing are the ones that are
significantly more successful than the ones that do not. As such, it is highly
unlikely to be a successful Engineering project without extensive testing and
correcting of various chinks and bugs. It was decided that the product should
have an extensive testing phase and given significant time before its completion
date. Testing is always a fairly large concern for Engineering and wireless
projects, and the testing phase of this project is expected to be a major role in the
success of WiVal.
The WiVal system will initially have the components and individual systems
tested. Then, the systems will be connected together until all of the systems
function as a whole. Finally, the components will be mounted inside their
respective weatherproof casings. When WiVal is assembled, it will undergo a
successful transfer of information from the customer’s Push Button Pager
through the wireless system in range and then display and keep order of vehicles
waiting to be picked up. Having passed all of the tests the WiVal System will be
a completely functional valet system that can compete in today’s industry. Figure
9.1 depicts a basic overview of the testing that will occur during the final stages
of our project.
Testing!
Assemble!power!
supply,! Construct!
Program! chassis!and!
transmitter,!and!
microcontroller! mounting
receivers!!!
Revise!and!repair! Test!functionality!
Final!product!
!
!
Figure 9.1 is a basic Testing Overview
85!
!
! !
Testing is a very important part for the WiVal project. The goal in testing will be to
verify the original goals, objectives, specifications, and requirements specified at
the beginning of this document. To complete this task all equipment must be
tested in a controlled environment, which will likely be the senior design lab.
Measurements must be taken, and definitions must be categorically and
methodically verified. In addition, all testing should be conducted in a manner
that is as close to realistic with everyday situations as possible. In order to
thoroughly confirm all requirements, specifications, goals, and objectives, a log
will be maintained in a lab notebook. The usual equipment will be used that is
available in the senior design lab, such as oscilloscopes and function generators.
Other equipment will be borrowed or purchased if need be.
During the build phases of the WiVal, testing must be done constantly to ensure
that completed tasks are not undone by new programming or building. Initial
testing is simply making sure that progress continues and that any setbacks will
be minimized. After any of WiVal’s units are built, and the first phases of testing
are complete, final testing will begin. This will consist of checking and rechecking
that all requirements set forth are met.

As a significant feature, the RF transmitter for both the main station and the
portable receiver’s will be tested independently. The members of Wival will then
use the measured data obtained from the experiments to verify the desired and
recommended features of the RF transmitter. Subsequently, the group will
assemble a bread board, a function generator, an oscilloscope and a multimeter.
The group will then start by placing the RF transmitter on the board and then
connect the transmitter to the function generator in order to verify that the voltage
is 3V.The oscilloscope will also be connected to verify the graph of the voltage
for any faults. Next, the multimeter will be used to verify that the supplied current
is 3.4mA. The transmitter output RF frequency has to be centered at 418 MHz to
pass the frequency test. Figure 9.2.1 and 9.2.2 show some testing requirements
which will be fulfilled in senior design 2.
Figure 9.2.1 on the left, expected modulation delay and Figure 9.2.2 on the
right, current consumption vs. power output (With permission granted from
Linx Technologies)
86!
!
! !

Primarily the RF receiver will be connected on the bread board and like the RF
transmitters the voltage will be the first measurement because the group knows
that the expected outcome is 3V and from previous experiments in labs the team
members know what the expected value looks like on an oscilloscope. Next the
multimeter will be used to measure the input current. Also the reception
frequency of the RF receiver will be measured to ensure that it is 418Mhz.Figure
9.3 and 9.4 show the turn on response results provided by Linx technologies, this
aid in the verification process. However additional testing of general components
such as the power usage, gain and range will be done and analyzed in senior
design 2. Since receivers are also going to be used in the portable receiver, the
testing done will be put into practice for both the main station and the portable
receiver
Figure 9.3 on the left and 9.4 on the right, show the turn on response time
from VCC to PDN (With permission granted by Linx Technologies)
9.2.3 The main station and portable receivers

In order to get the main station up and running, the members of Wival will have to
test each component to verify that the selected divisions are working properly.
Once this is achieved, each and every component will be assembled into the final
design. The final component will then be tested rigorously to ensure that it meets
all of Wival’s specifications and requirements. Every single component plays a
role in the success of the main station; however the RF receiver, the RF
transmitter the Microcontroller and the antennas will require the most time and
attention. We can then verify our results based on the expected results from
being an engineering student and using the various manuals that are provided by
the manufacturers of the various parts. Figure 9.5 and 9.6 show some of the
desired result for Wival’s design. These performance graphs will serve as a guide
in the verification process of the success of the main station. However additional
87!
!
! !
testing of general components such as the power usage, gain and range will be
done and analyzed in senior design 2.
Figure 9.5 on the left and 9.6 on the right are samples of expected results
RSSI response time and consumption Vs power correspondingly (With
permission granted by Linx Technologies)
9.2.4 The Antennas

Testing is a very important factor in getting an antenna to function well. A range
test with different configurations of antenna length and types selected for use in
this project will need to be conducted in order to find the most effective antenna
combination for Wival. Both the main station and the portable receivers will be
tested inside and outside, so as to accommodate for various factor. The ground
plane also plays a critical role in the performance of the antenna when it is
mounted on the PCB. While researching different types of Antennas, it was found
that there are at least three essential decisive factors for testing antennas.
1. Gain
2. Range
3. Efficiency
These three factors will be the main focus of the testing of the antennas both
separately and with the main station and the portable receivers, in senior design
2.
9.3 Microcontroller
Initial testing of the Texas Instruments ez430-F2012s will ensure that they can
correctly differentiate between simple analog signals. The signals will then be
increased in complexity until they reach the complexity required for the WiVal
system. The next step will be to ensure that the Texas Instruments ez430-
F2012s can send the signals correctly. Both the Texas Instruments ez430-
F2012 for the main base and the Texas Instruments ez430-F2012 for the
portable receiver must be able to send analog signals, and both Texas
88!
!
! !
Instruments ez430-F2012s must be able to send a 4-bit digital signal in order to

enable the LCD displays.
After the initial testing, the system can be constructed, and the Texas
Instruments ez430-F2012s will be tested to ensure that the system works in an
ideal situation. An ideal situation being defined as one in which all signals are
guaranteed to come in one at a time, at full strength. After that case has been
verified, the Texas Instruments ez430-F2012s will be tested for less ideal cases.
Testing will need to be done for the following cases: two pager units being
activated at close to the same time, a pager unit being activated at the maximum
desired range, a portable receiver receiving a signal at the maximum desired
range, and the portable receiver or main base receives a signal at the same time
that a key is pressed.
9.4 Programming
For initial testing, each function in the program will be tested separately. First,
the basic purpose of the function will be tested. Then, additional purposes will be
added until the final function is verified working.
The CheckSignal function will first be tested merely to ensure that it can
recognize a signal coming in on the analog input line. After it has been verified
that the CheckSignal function can recognize a signal, the function will be updated
to include capturing the signal in its role. If the CheckSignal function can
recognize the signal and capture the signal, it will be considered to be fully
functional and complete. The DecodeSignal function will first be tested to ensure
that it can take in a simple signal captured by the CheckSignal function, and pull
the useful data from it. Once the CheckSignal function has been verified to be
working properly, if the DecodeSignal function can accurately decode a signal
passed from the CheckSignal function, then it will be considered to be fully
functional and complete. The AddCar function will first be tested to ensure that it
can take in an integer and add it to the list of cars in the correct slot. It will then
be tested with a ring which already contains the car that has been sent to it, to
ensure that it does not add the existing car to the ring multiple times. Finally, the
AddCar function will be tested to make sure that it can accurately update the
pointer to the most recent car added to the double linked list ring. If the AddCar
function can accurately verify that a car is not in the ring already, add the car to
the ring, and then update the pointer to the ring, then it will be considered to be
fully functional and complete.
The AlertUser function will be tested to ensure that it can send an analog signal
capable of driving the speaker to make a sound to alert the user that a new car
has been added to the ring. If the AlertUser function can manage to get the
speaker to play a useable sound, then it will be considered to be fully functional
and complete. The ClearLED function will be tested to ensure that it can send a
digital signal to the decoder to activate the “clear” line. If, when the ClearLED
89!
!
! !
function is called, the “clear” line becomes the only active line, then the ClearLED
function will be considered to be fully functional and complete. The ToLED
function will first be tested to ensure that it can take in an integer number and
correctly break it down into a ten’s place and a one’s place. It will then be tested
to ensure that it calls the correct sub functions for any given integer input. If the
ToLED function can accurately break down an integer and call the corresponding
functions, then it will be considered to be fully functional and complete. The
OneOut, TwoOut, etc. functions will first be tested to ensure that when they are
called, they produce the required outputs on the digital lines to the decoder, in
the correct order, with no additional signals being sent. The Texas Instruments
ez430-F2012 and the decoder will then be connected to the LEDs to ensure that
the OneOut, TwoOut, etc. functions actually cause the correct number to be
displayed. If the correct number is displayed when the OneOut, TwoOut, etc.
functions are called, then they will be considered to be fully functional and
complete.
The CheckKeys function will first be tested to ensure that when it is called and no
key is pressed, that it returns a value of zero to the main program. Next, it will be
tested to ensure that when it is called and the forward key is pressed that it
returns a value of one to the main program. Then, it will be tested to ensure that
when it is called and the back key is pressed that it returns a value of two to the
main program. Then, it will be tested to ensure that when it is called and the
“latest” button is pressed that it returns a value of three to the main program.
Finally, the CheckKeys function will be tested to ensure that when it is called and
more than one button is pressed, that it returns a value of negative one to the
main program. If the CheckKeys function returns the correct integer value under
all stated conditions, then it will be considered to be fully functional and complete.
The EncodeSignal function, on the main base, will be tested to ensure that it can
translate an integer value to the correct signal. If the EncodeSignal function can
reliably produce the correct signal, then it will be considered to be fully functional
and complete. The SendSignal function, on the main base, will be tested to
ensure that it can take a signal and properly transmit it through the analog output
line. If the SendSignal function can reliably send the signals, then it will be
considered to be fully functional and complete.
90!
!
! !
Finances and Milestones
10.1 Introduction
The WiVal project will call on the formal training of the group’s engineers in the
fields of circuit design, computer system design, programming, system
architectures, wireless systems, hardware and software interfacing. The project
will also demand other skills, these additional skills are not formally taught in the
EE or CE courses; however, they are skills vital to the success of graduating
engineers entering the workforce. Some of these skills include:
! The ability to identify customer needs

! The ability to work efficiently in a team setting
! The ability to communicate ideas in a clear, professional
manner
! Scheduling and time management
! Budgeting.
WiVal’s group will also be faced with challenging questions related to self-
management, ethics, and professionalism.
The challenges and experiences in several areas should provide WiVal’s group
with valuable insight to their futures in engineering. This project is the culmination
of the group’s education in that the WiVal project will draw upon the skills,
resources, and knowledge of each group member in such a way as to build
confidence in the other members. This confidence will allow the members to
move forward in their lives knowing that they are well trained engineers, capable
of injecting their own form of value into the society in which technology is
everywhere.
WiVal is currently being self-financed. WiVal is hoping to keep the final budget
under $630. For the final design our hopes are to create one - two receivers and
three-four pagers and one main transmitter. Our original budget in the beginning
of the semester was similar to the one in table 10.1a.
91!
!
! !
Table 10.1a shows first budget layout.
This first budget was a great guideline for maximizing the amount of money
compiled for designing and building WiVal. As a group, WiVal allocated plenty of
money to purchase everything that is required. This budget also gave WiVal the
ability to do the research with the proper amount of information needed for
choosing parts. The extra amount of money was dedicated to the project so that
the group could choose components with confidence instead of worrying too
much about cost. Each group member was allocated enough money to focus on
the parts that were needed, and the parts that could maximize the potential of
WiVal and its success. This original budget layout is what aimed WiVal towards
its milestones.
WiVal hopes to design and create a prototype of a wireless valet system that
competes with existing products on the market. WiVal will aim itself towards
finishing the design portion of this product by December 5th, 2008 as to be turned
in by December 8th, 2008. WiVal’s milestone of designing this project by the
respective due date appeared to be far from near when starting in the beginning
of the semester. After lots of dedicated planning and hard work, WiVal
committed themselves to success and worked towards a final product that could
be built with the proposed design by the completion of the next semester. All of
92!
!
! !
this would not have been possible without the necessary planning that comes
with such a daunting project. The group worked until completion as to confirm
that the proposed WiVal will succeed. The basic overview WiVal followed for
maintaining a goal and an end date is shown in Figure 10.1b.
Since each team member has a different class, work, and personal schedule,
management is maintained through the use of meetings and constant
communication through email. Each member has been assigned to overlook
certain phases in WiVal’s design progress, but mainly there is a joint effort to
research and complete WiVal’s project. No Team leader has been assigned
since WiVal feels that there is great teamwork thus far and each individual is a
leader in their respective phase.
The team worked independently to gain the information we needed to provide the
content of this document. A majority of the information enclosed was generated
from prior knowledge gained during our education or from other sources. The
other sources that we used were mostly available true the internet. We searched,
sent emails, and browsed to find the information we needed. WiVal’s group
interaction will be the key for our success in the course of this project. Various
meeting times were set up to discuss the project and come up with ideas and
solutions. Like research, much of WiVal’s design was done independently. We
did have meetings to address WiVal’s specifications and have interactions, but
for the most part, time was saved by making the designs on personal time.
WiVal’s group agreed to meet twice a week to finalize a document so that the
paper would be fluent and any bad and useless information would be replaced
with relevant topics.
The time needed to research the project was distributed evenly between all the
members of the team. The team had weekly meetings on Tuesdays and
Thursdays and additional planned discussion days. The discussions days where
set up so that all the team members could talk about the progress relevant to
their research, share ideas, and update the other members about new ideas and
additions to the project. Each member was responsible for both ordering parts
and several meetings where set up to edit the paper and provide everyone with
updates on its progress.
93!
!
! !
EEL!4914!Milestone!Overview
Design!and! Obtain!
research! knowledge!of!
wireless!devices
Software!design!and! Hardware!fabrication
testing!
Integration!and!
testing*!
Review!documentation!
and!report
!
Figure 10.1b shows an Overview of WiVal’s Milestones
10.2 Finances
As the semester came to a close, WiVal was able to capitalize on all the time
allocated due to the careful planning in the beginning. The finances of the
project were gathered early on. WiVal chose its parts early as to move forward in
the design process as soon as was possible. Our final Budget is displayed in
table 10.2 with exact part numbers, quantity and price.
94!
!
! !
Table 10.2 Final Budget
10.3 Milestones
WiVal hopes to accomplish everything that was planned from the beginning. As
of this writing everything has gone as scheduled and the WiVal Project
Documentation is complete,
As a group, WiVal went through a challenging process of accommodating to the

schedule of designing an engineering project. The group held itself together
through hard work and dedication. WiVal’s group knew from the beginning that
teamwork was essential to completing such a daunting task. With teamwork also
came a necessary respect that was given to each other, and especially to the
schedule. For an engineering project to be successful, a group must stick to and
accomplish the milestones that are decided upon from the beginning. The
schedule in table 10.3 shows the initial milestones set forth, with the completing
dates accompanying them.
95!
!
! !
Table 10.3 Finished Milestone
WiVal can become a successful project if the group continues to accomplish all
the milestones that lay ahead. The first portion of Senior Design is complete
which next moves WiVal towards the final semester. The first half of Senior
Design consists of mostly design and research. The final half takes the design
96!
!
! !
and research phase and utilizes that to build and test a prototype. WiVal’s
continued milestone for the next half of Senior Design are detailed next in Table
10.4.
Table 10.4 Future Milestones
97!
!
! !
Final Comments
12.1 Final Comments

Finding a project to settle on became an awkward task. Ideas were thrown from
every direction. Ultimately the project chosen was the one that seemed the most
technologically feasible and the most needed or the most likely to be used of the
ideas. This group decided on WiVal.
When WiVal had set out and started researching this project, our goal was to
create a low cost, portable and easy to use wireless system which can benefit
the valet and restaurant industry. As more research was done, decisions were
made on the functions and devices for our original design to fit our requirements
and budget. We faced some difficulties during the design such as choosing &
purchasing electrical components. At times we couldn’t find the parts that we
needed from the websites; we then called the companies or factories for parts
and information. This experience allowed us to gain knowledge in the area of
preparing for an Engineering Design project.
WiVal hopes to accomplish a successful design of a Wireless Valet System. As

mentioned earlier, the Valet Industry is one in which technology has slowly but
surely affected it. As people move forward in time, new technologies surround
everyone in ways that years ago, people could barely have imagined. WiVal
hopes to establish itself in an Industry that can truly be changed. Technology is
seeping into almost every other area of the Restaurant Industry, and WiVal seeks
to take that perspective to the Valet Companies.
Working within a profession allows one to see the negatives in the job that occur
in everyday processes. As mentioned earlier, valet as a service has been around
in some form for many years. For the last several decades, valet has employed
the “pen and paper” method. The “pen and paper” method is one in which the
valet employee gives the incoming person or customer a piece of paper that can
later be collected and matched with the identifying ticket on the key chain. This
method still works and is still used in most places that employ a valet service.
This method is just another service that people who use that method are just
waiting to improve.
WiVal is another example of technology changing a traditional method. With the

valet industry relying heavily on the “pen and paper” method, the concept of
technology replacing this was inevitable. WiVal seeks to eliminate the use of the
“pen and paper” method and bring forward a technological product that can
accommodate customers and hopefully allow the Valet industry to profit in a way
they never have. The WiVal brings a product that will only benefit the service.
98!
!
! !
The companies that use this product will be moving their customer service into
the next millennium.
The goal behind WiVal is to have three basic units. WiVal will be optimal for all
levels of valet service. The equipment is inexpensive and beneficial to the
industry. The WiVal will accommodate to the employee who does not have a lot
of technical knowledge. All of this will come together to create a strong product
known as WiVal. WiVal’s group has high expectations about the prototype that is
being built. The group expects results that satisfy the requirements mentioned
earlier. The WiVal relies on simple electrical and analog signal fundamentals.
The WiVal has several technical desired results. With all that needs to work, the
WiVal should be able to benefit the company employing the technology. The
WiVal has a strong idea aimed towards resolving prior problems with older
methods and to reach goals that Valet Companies couldn’t reach before.
The members of WiVal have several core goals for the WiVal Project. WiVal
wants to design and build a project that challenges their abilities in engineering.
This project has challenged WiVal’s group in ways that ultimately have become
the educational “light at the end of the tunnel” in the pursuit of their engineering
degrees. WiVal’s group has been determined to design and build a project that
will enhance themselves in their respective areas for future occupations.
99!
!
! !
Appendix I
Figure 7.2.1 the LR series Transmitter Pin Assignment (With permission

Table 7.2.1 Pin description of the LR Series Transmitter (With permission

100!
!
! !
Appendix II
Figure 6.2 the LR series receiver Pin Assignment (With permission granted
by Linx Technologies)
Table 6.2 Pin description of the LR Series Transmitter (With permission

101!
!
! !
Appendix III
!
Component (Unit Price) Location Quantity Price
RXM-418-LR ($10.00 each) Linx Technologies 3 $30.00
TXM-418-LR ($6.00 each) Linx Technologies 2 $12.00
CMD-KEY2-418 ($15.00 each) Linx Technologies 3 $45.00
Wires RadioShack n/a $20.00
P/W Series Antenna ($7.00) Linx Technologies 2 $14.00
CR2032 Battery Pack of 2 RadioShack 1 $3.00
($3.00)
PCB Board Pressing ($7.00) 2 $14.00
7-Segment LED #276-075 RadioShack 4 $8.00
($1.99)
Microcontroller TI ez430- Texas Instruments 2 $6.66
F2012T ($3.33)
Bantam Clip ($7.00) TheClip.com 3 $21.00
PVC Plastic Sheets 2’ x 2’ 2 $14.00
($7.00)
Unknown Costs $40.00
Total $227.66
!
Table 10.2
102!
!
! !
Appendix IV
Works Cited
FCC, Part 15: Radio frequency devices, [Online Document], [cited 10 November
2008], Available
http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Engineering_Technology/Documents/cfr/1999/,
retrieved October 16th, 2008
JTech, “Applications: restaurant server paging, waiter paging systems”, [Online

Document], [cited 02 October 2008], Available
http://www.jtech.com/products/serv_alert.htm, October 1, 2008
Innovonics, “EE1235D”, [Online Document], [cited 03 November 2008], Available

http://www.inovonics.com/productssub.aspx?id=3572, retrievedOctober 19, 2008
Isaacs Tech, “Isaacs TECH Two Button Pager” [Online Document], [cited 03
November 2008], Available
http://www.isaacstech.com/radio_products/sheets_manuals/pdf/612T_specs.PDF
, Retrieved October 19, 2008
Linx Technologies, “Data Guide”,[Online Document], [November 2008], Available

<http://www.linxtechnologies.com Retrieved, October 13, 2008
[Microchip, 2004] Microchip Technology Inc c. (2004). Microchip Data Sheet.

http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/80248A.pdf. Retrieved,
October 13, 2008
The Clip, “Bantam Clips”, [Online Document], [November 2008], Availabe

http://www.theclip.com/, Retrieved October 21, 2008
Sindan Electrical Trading (SET), “ValetCall”, [Online Document], [Cited October

25, 2008], Available http://www.alsindan.com/index.htm, retrieved October 10,
2008
ZipPark, “ZipPark”, [Online Document], [Cited October 25, 2008], available

http://www.crn.com/it-channel/18830079, retieved October 10, 2008
Horizon Wireless, “Horizon Wireless”, [Online Document], [Cited October 25,

2008], available http://www.horizonwireless.com.au/pagers.php, retrieved
October 10, 2008
Microchip Technology Inc., www.microchip.com [Online Document], [Cited

October 29, 2008], available www.microchip.com
103!
!
! !
Parallax Inc., www.parallax.com [Online Document], [Cited October November 2,

2008], available www.parallax.com, retrieved October 15, 2008
Texas Instruments, www.ti.com [Online Document], [Cited November 3, 2008],

Available www.ti.com, retrieved October 13, 2008
104!
!
! !
Appendix V
Permission Granted
Subject: RE: RF Modules
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2008 12:04:24 -0800
From: craigge@linxtechnologies.com
To: marteip@knights.ucf.edu
Henry
You have our permission to use schematic diagrams and other related data from our
website in your Senior Design paper. We do require that items used in your report
indicate that they are used with permission of Linx Technologies.
Tech Support
Linx Technologies
techsupport@linxtechnologies.com
Phone:1-541-471-6256
Fax:1-541-471-6251
PO Box 390, Merlin, OR 97532
Shipping: 159 Ort Lane, Merlin, OR 97532
http://www.linxtechnologies.com
http://www.antennafactor.com
http://www.connectorcity.com
105!
!
! !
Permission Pending
Subject: : Innovonics Picture
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2008 11:09:24 -0800
From: bucsfan5691@hotmail.com
To: Innovonics@contactus.com
To Whom it May Concern,
My names is James O’Mara and I am currently a student at the University of Central

Florida. I am working on an Engineering project that covers wireless technologies. I
was hoping to be able to use a photo of the EE1235 DD Transmitter. If that is
alright, I would love a confirmation. Thank you.
James
Subject: : Isaacs Tech Picture

Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2008 11:11:02
To: Innovonics@contactus.com

was hoping to be able to use a photo of the Isaacs Tech 612T Transmitter. If that is
alright, I would love a confirmation. Thank you.
James
106!
!
! !
Subject: : Bantam Clip Picture

Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2008 11:21:09
To: .sales@theclip.com

was hoping to be able to use photos of the Super Bantam Clip and the Bantam Clip
#500. If that is alright, I would love a confirmation. Thank you.
James
107!

WiVal Final Document PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

WiVal Final Document PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

! !

Chapter 3: Goal and Objectives

Chapter 4: Specification and requirements

5.3.2.3 Whip antenna

Chapter 6: Design Preferences / Component Selection

Chapter 7: Final Design

Chapter 8: Design Summary

Chapter 10: Finances and Milestones

Chapter 11: Final Comments

Appendix IV Works Cited

Appendix V Permission Letters

Figure 3.4.2 Desired Results of WiVal System

Figure 7.3 Basic supply filters

Table 5.1 Responsibility Legend

1.1 Executive Summary

It takes moments of driving or walking down a metropolitan area to recognize

WiVal is another example of technology changing a traditional method. With the

! Explore, utilize and maximize our electrical and computer engineering

! Customers have waiting times when arriving to pick up vehicle.

! Customers can avoid as much of a wait time as possible by hitting both

2.2 Examples of Wireless Valet Systems

! Their pager consists of a 900 Mhz transmitter that with a plastic

2.2.2 Sindan Electrical Trading (SET)

hospitals and corporate offices. Their company’s version of a Valet paging

! It has two main units: pagers and a docking station.

due to the abundance of electronic equipment. Many of the advanced

! Four desktop POS cash terminals

2.2.4 Horizon Wireless

2.2.5 Wireless Valet Systems Comparison

Goals and Objectives

3.1 Brief Design Summary

3.2.1 The Main Station

3.2.2 The Portable receivers

3.2.3 The Pushbutton Pagers

For inputs, the microcontroller receives signals from a variety of sources. It

3.4.1 Project Requirements

! Fully functional wireless system

3.4.2 Desired Results

Figure 3.4.2 shows basic drawing of WiVal’s signal direction

! WiVal should allow fewer employees to work and to save on labor

Paging systems consist of RF technology. The pager design will consist of a

reliable. WiVal will be able to operate properly and accurately in undesirable

Another main area in WiVal’s specifications is the antennas employed. The

Figure 4.1.b WiVal Employee Receiver Block Diagram

! Input Power will not be greater than 5 Volts

Figure 4.1.c WiVal Base Unit Block Diagram

4.2.1 The Main Station

! Complies to all FCC rules and regulations

4.2.2 The Portable receivers

4.2.3 The pushbutton pagers

! FCC rules and regulations

Figure 4.2.3 WiVal Customer Pager Block Diagram

4.2.4 The Antennas

! Portable and small in size

The microcontroller in the portable receiver must be capable of receiving a signal

wireless communication system follows a line of investigation aimed to improve

Figure 5.1 a basic RF Transmitter

Unlike the RF receiver, the RF transmitter is made up of four main components

Table 5.1.2 Outline of the basic operations of an RF transmitter

5.1.3 RF Transmitters Parameters

5.1.3.4 Dynamic Range

When it comes to selecting a transmitter, we are going to have a good balance in

Table 5.2.2 Outline of the general functions of an RF Transmitter