APPLIED MECHANICS

95

2.9.1

Service factor for rolling bearings

The bearing load should be multiplied by the following factor when selecting a bearing. Uneven light shock
1.2-1.5

Type of load Service factor

Even
1.o

Moderate shock
1.7-2.0

Heavy shock
2.2-2.5

Very heavy shock

2.7-3.0

2.9.8

Coefficient of friction for bearings

Plain bearings - boundary lubrication

Rolling bearings

P
Mixed film (boundary plus hydrodynamic) Thin film Dry (metal to metal)
0.024.08 0.084.14 0.2M.40

P
Self-aligning ball Rollers Thrust ball Deep groove ball Taper roller Spherical roller Angular contact
0.001&0.0066 0.00124.0060 0.00134.0060 0.0015-0.0050 0.00254.0083 0.00294.0071 0.00184.00 19

Plain journal bearings - oil bath lubrication

P
Lubricant Mineral grease Mineral grease Mineral oil Mineral oil Velocity (ms-)
1.0 2.5 1.o 2.5

Pressure Pressure 7bar 30bar

0.0076 0.0151 0.0040 0.007 0.00016 0.0027 0.0012

0.0020

2.10

Gears
relative positions of the axes of the shafts (see table). Most teeth are of the involute type. The nomenclature for spur gears is given in the figures.

Gears are toothed wheels which transmit motion and power between rotating shafts by means of successively engaging teeth. They give a constant velocity ratio and different types are available to suit different

96

MECHANICAL ENGINEERSDATA HANDBOOK

I _ Centre distance

/
2. IO. I
Classification of gears
Relation of axes Parallel Parallel Parallel Intersecting Intersecting Crossed but not intersecting Right angle but not intersecting Pitch surfaces Cylinder Cylinder Cylinder Cone Cone Cylinder Cylinder Elements of teeth Straight, parallel to axis Helical Double helical Straight Spiral Helical Helical

Type of gear Spur Parallel helical Herringbone Straight bevel Spiral bevel Crossed helical

worm

2.10.2

Metric gear teeth

D Metric module m=- (in millimetres) T where: D=pitch circle diameter, T=number of teeth. The preferred values of module are: 1, 1.25, 1.5,2,2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40 and 50. ItD Circular pitch p = -=r m T Addendum = m Dedendum = 1.25m
2.25m
0.39m

Datum

Height of tooth = 2.25m The figure shows the metric tooth form for a rack (Le. a gear with infinite diameter).

APPLIED MECHANICS

97

Design of gears
The design of gears is complex and it is recommended that British Standards (or other similar sources) be consulted. See BS 436 for the design of gears and BS 1949 for permissible stresses.

Tangential force on gears F, = F cos r#J Separating force on gears F, = F , tan q5

FIDI Torque on driver gear T I=2
FID, Torque on driven gear T , =2

2.10.3

Spur gears

. N , D, n Speed ratio - - - = A N2 D , n,
Input power P i = 271N F,

Symbols used: F =tooth force F, =tangential component of tooth force F , =separating component of tooth force r#J =pressure angle of teeth D , =pitch circle diameter of driver gear D, =pitch circle diameter of driven gear N , =speed of driver gear N , =speed of driven gear n, =number of teeth in driver gear n2 =number of teeth in driven gear P =power T = torque 9 =efficiency

D
2

D Output power P , = 2 n N 2 F , ~ q 2 Po Efficiency q = pi

Rack and pinion drive

For a pinion, pitch circle diameter D speed N and torque T : Rack velocity V = n D N Force on rack F=2T D

Rack power P = F Vq = 2nN Tq where: 9 =efficiency.

2.10.4

Helical spur gears

In this case there is an additional component of force Fa in the axial direction.

98 Let: &=pressure angle normal to the tooth a= helix angle

MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S DATA HANDBOOK

Spiral bevel gear

Let: a =spiral angle of pinion c$,, = normal pressure angle Force on pinion F , = F, Force on gear F,= F,

(6" Separating force F, =F, tan

cos a

Axial force Fa= F, tan a

tan 6 ,sin
cosa

ktan a cosg

Double helical gears

To eliminate the axial thrust, gears have two sections with helices of opposite hand. These are also called 'herringbone gears'.

tan

cosa

cos B +tan a sin

1 1

@
3

-1-

Single helical gear

For the diagram shown the signs are '+' for F, and '-' for F,. The signs are reversed if the hand of the helix is reversed or the speed is reversed; they remain the same if both are reversed.

Double helical gear

2.10.5

Bevel gears

Straight bevel gears

Let:

4 =pressure angle of teeth B =pinion pitch cone angle

Tangential force on gears = F, Separating force F, = F, tan (b Pinion thrust F, =F, sin B Gear thrust F, = F, cos fl
,,'

r i g h t bevel gear

'~

p ,
Spiral bevel gear

APPLIED MECHANICS

99

2.10.6

Worm gears

The worm gear is basically a screw (the worm) engaging with a nut (the gear). The gear is, in effect, a partial nut whose length is wrapped around in a circle. Let :

b,,=normal pressure angle

u =worm helix angle n, = number of threads or starts on worm n, = number of teeth in gear D, = worm pitch circle diameter D, =gear pitch circle diameter L = lead of worm p=pitch of worm threads and gear teeth p =coefficient of friction q =efficiency T, =worm torque u = velocity of gear teeth N, = speed of worm N , = speed of gear

Worm

Tangential force on worm ,F,=axial force on gear$,=- 2TW

D W
Tangential force on gear ,F, =axial force on worm = ,F, Separating force on each component F,= ,F, tanu=-;
L L=pn,; D,=pn,Jn

cos 4,, - p tan u cos 4"tan u + p

sin 4" cos 4, sin u + p cos u

nDW

Efficiency q =

cos b,,-/* tan L Y cos 4" + p cot a

= 2nN,T,

Input power P,

Gear tooth velocity u = nD,N,

100

MECHANICAL ENGINEERS DATA HANDBOOK

Coefficient of friction for worm gears

Velocity (m s - * )
0.5

1.o

2.0

5.0

10.0

20.0

Hard steel worm/phosphor bronze wheel Cast iron worm/cast iron wheel

0.06 0.08

0.05 0.067

0.035 0.050

0.023 0.037

0.017 0.022

0.014 0.018

2.10.7

Epicyclic gears

The main advantage of an epicyclic gear train is that the input and output shafts are coaxial. The basic type consists of a sun gear several planet gears and a ring gear which has internal teeth. Various ratios can be obtained, depending on which member is held stationary.

Let : N = speed n = number of teeth Note that a negative result indicates rotation reversal.

Ratio o f output to input speed for various types