1month.The foul shooting accuracy of eachplayer is measured before and 1 month afterbegining practice of the technique.

Differencescores are computed for each player,and themeans of the difference scores for each groupare compared to determine the relative effec-tiveness of the two techniques.

I/O, other

g.A typing teacher believes that a differentarrangement of the typing keys will promotefaster typing.Twenty secretarial trainees,se-lected from a large business school,participatein an experiment designed to test this belief.Ten of the trainees learn to type on the con-ventional keyboard.The other ten are trainedusing the new arrangement of keys.At the endof the training period,the typing speed inwords per minute of each trainee is measured.The mean typing speeds are then calculated forboth groups and compared to determinewhether the new arrangement has had an ef-fect.

education

7.Indicate which of the following represent a vari-able and which a constant:a.The number of letters in the alphabetb.The number of hours in a dayc.The time at which you eat dinnerd.The number of students who major in psychol-ogy at your university each yeare.The number of centimeters in a meterf.The amount of sleep you get each nightg.The amount you weighh.The volume of a liter8.Indicate which of the following situations involvedescriptive statistics and which involve inferentialstatistics:a.An annual stockholders report details the as-sets of the corporation.b.A history instructor tells his class the numberof students who received an A on a recentexam.c.The mean of a sample set of scores is calculated to characterize the sample.d.The sample data from a poll are used to esti-mate the opinion of the population.e.A correlational study is conducted on a sampleto determine whether educational level and in-come in the population are related.f.A newspaper article reports the averagesalaries of federal employees from data col-lected on all federal employees.9.For each of the following,identify the sample andpopulation scores:a.A social psychologist interested in drinking be-havior investigates the number of drinksserved in bars in a particular city on a Fridayduring happy hour.In the city,there are 213bars.There are too many bars to monitor all of them,so she selects 20 and records the numberof drinks served in them.The following are thedata:

5082476540766172354365766366838257727158

social

b.To make a prot from a restaurant that spe-cializes in low-cost quarter-pound hamburgers,it is necessary that each hamburger servedweigh very close to 0.25 pound.Accordingly,the manager of the restaurant is interested inthe variability among the weights of the ham-burgers served each day.On a particular day,there are 450 hamburgers served.It would taketoo much time to weigh all 450,so the managerdecides instead to weigh just 15.The followingweights in pounds were obtained:

0.250.270.250.260.350.270.220.320.380.290.220.280.270.400.31

other

c.A machine that cuts steel blanks (used formaking bolts) to their proper length is sus-pected of being unreliable.The shop supervisordecides to check the output of the machine.Onthe day of checking,the machine is set to pro-duce 2-centimeter blanks.The acceptable toler-ance is

0.05 centimeter.It would take toomuch time to measure all 600 blanks producedin 1 day,so a representative group of 25 is

20

CHAPTER 1Statistics and Scientic Method

selected.The following lengths in centimeterswere obtained:

2.011.992.051.942.052.012.022.041.931.952.031.972.001.981.962.051.962.002.011.991.981.951.972.0 42.02

I/O

d.A physiological psychologist,working at TacomaUniversity,is interested in the resting,diastolicheart rates of all the female students attendingthe university.She randomly samples 30 fe-males from the student body and recordsthe following diastolic heart rates while thestudents are lying on a cot.Scores are inbeats/min.

628592858871738284899375817297789087787461668368678375708672

biological

Web Companion Site

21

BOOK COMPANION SITE

To access the material on the book companion site,go to

www.cengage.com/psychology/pagano

and clickCompanion Sitein the

Student

section.The bookcompanion site contains the following material:Chapter OutlineKnow and Be Able to DoFlash cards for review of termsTutorial quizStatistical WorkshopsAnd moreThe problems for this chapter as well as guided,in-teractive,problem-solving tutorials may be assignedonline at Enhanced WebAssign.

CHAPTER 2Basic Mathematical and Measurement Concepts

To accomplish the rounding,the number is divided into two parts:the po-tential answer and the remainder.Since we are rounding to two decimal places,the potential answer ends at the second decimal place.The rest of the numberconstitutes the remainder.For the rst number,34.01350,34.01 constitutes thepotential answer and .350 the remainder.Since .350 is below the last digit of thepotential answer remains unchanged and the nal answer is 34.01.For the secondnumber,34.01761,the decimal remainder (.761) is above Therefore,we mustadd 1 to the last digit,making the correct answer 34.02.For the next two num-bers,the decimal remainder equals The number 45.04500 becomes 45.04 be-cause the last digit in the potential answer is even.The number 45.05500 becomes45.06 because the last digit is odd.

12

12

12

,In this chapter,I have discussed basic mathematicaland measurement concepts.The topics covered werenotation,summation,measuring scales,discrete andcontinuous variables,and rounding.In addition,Ipointed out that to do well in statistics,you do notneed to be a mathematical whiz.If you have

a soundknowledge of elementary algebra,do lots of prob-lems,pay special attention to the symbols,and keepup,you should achieve a thorough understanding of the material.

SUMMARY

Continuous variable(p.35)Discrete variable(p.35)Interval scale(p.32)Nominal scale(p.31)Ordinal scale(p.32)Ratio scale(p.33)Real limits of a continuousvariable(p.35)Summation(p.27)

IMPORTANT NEW TERMS

1.Dene and give an example of each of the termsin the Important New Terms section.2.Identify which of the following represent contin-uous variables and which are discrete variables:a.Time of dayb.Number of females in your classc.Number of bar presses by a rat in a Skinner boxd.Age of subjects in an experimente.Number of words rememberedf.Weight of food eateng.Percentage of students in your class who arefemalesh.Speed of runners in a race3.Identify the scaling of each of the following variables:a.Number of bicycles ridden by students in thefreshman classb.Types of bicycles ridden by students in thefreshman classc.The IQ of your teachers (assume equal inter-val scaling)d.Prociency in mathematics graded in the cat-egories of poor,fair,and goode.Anxiety over public speaking scored on ascale of 0100 (Assume the difference in anx-iety between adjacent units throughout thescale is not the same.)f.The weight of a group of dietersg.The time it takes to react to the sound of atoneh.Prociency in mathematics is scored on ascale of 0100.The scale is well standardizedand can be thought of as having equal inter-vals between adjacent units.i.Ratings of professors by students on a 50point scale.There is an insufcient basis forassuming equal intervals between adjacentunits.

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

4.A student is measuring assertiveness with an in-terval scale.Is it correct to say that a score of 30on the scale represents half as much assertive-ness as a score of 60? Explain.5.For each of the following sets of scores,nda.2,4,5,7b.2.1,3.2,3.6,5.0,7.2c.11,14,18,22,25,28,30d.110,112,115,120,1336.Round the following numbers to two decimalplaces:a.14.53670b.25.26231c.37.83500d.46.50499e.52.46500f.25.485017.Determine the real

limits of the following values:a.10 pounds (assume the smallest unit of mea-surement is 1 pound)b.2.5 seconds (assume the smallest unit of mea-surement is 0.1 second)c.100 grams (assume the smallest unit of mea-surement is 10 grams)d.2.01 centimeters (assume the smallest unit of measurement is 0.01 centimeter)e.5.232 seconds (assume the smallest unit of measurement is 1 millisecond)8.Find the values of the expressions listed here:a.Find

for the scores

3,

5,

7,

10.b.Find

for the scores

2,

3,

4,

6,

9,

11,

14.c.Find

for the scores

10,

12,

13,

15,

18.d.Find

for the scores

22,

24,

28,

35,

38,

40.9.In an experiment measuring the reaction timesof eight subjects,the following scores in milliseconds were obtained:

Ni

Ni

Subject Reaction Time

12502378345142755225643073258334

a.If represents the variable of reaction time,assign each of the scores its appropriatesymbol.b.Compute for these data.10.Represent each of the following with summa-tion notation.Assume the total number of scores is 10.a.b.c.d.11.Round the following numbers to one decimalplace:a.1.423b.23.250c.100.750d.41.652e.35.34812.For each of the sets of scores given in Problems5b and 5c,show that13.Given the scores andnd the values of the following expres-sions.(This question pertains to Note 2.1.)a.b.c.d.14.Round each of the following numbers to onedecimal place and two decimal places.a.4.1482b.4.1501c.4.1650d.4.1950

Ni

Ni

Ni

Ni

12,

3,

...

10

X X

Questions and Problems

39

40

CHAPTER 2Basic Mathematical and Measurement Concepts

2.1Many textbooks present a discussion of addi-tional summation rules,such as the summation of a variable plus a constant,summation of a vari-able times a constant,and so forth.Since thisknowledge is not necessary for understandingany of the material in this textbook,I have notincluded it in the main body but have presentedthe material here.Knowledge of summationrules may come in handy as background for sta-tistics courses taught at the graduate level.

Rule 1

The sum of the values of a variable plus aconstant is equal to the sum of the values of the vari-able plus

times the constant.In equation form,The validity of this equation can be seen from thefollowing simple algebraic proof:To illustrate the use of this equation,suppose wewish to nd the sum of the following scores with aconstant of 3 added to each score:4,6,8,9

Rule 2

The sum of the values of a variable minus aconstant is equal to the sum of the values of the vari-able minus

times the constant.In equation form,

Ni

Ni

Na

Ni

Ni

Na

27

39

Ni

Na

...

...

...

Ni

Ni

Ni

Na

The algebraic proof of this equation is as follows:To illustrate the use of this equation,suppose wewish to nd the sum of the following scores with aconstant of 2 subtracted from each score:3,5,6,10

Rule 3

The sum of a constant times the value of avariable is equal to the constant times the sum of thevalues of the variable.In equation form,The validity of this equation is shown here:To illustrate the use of this equation,suppose wewish to determine the sum of 4 times each of thefollowing scores:2,5,7,8,12

Ni

Ni

34

136

Ni

...

Ni

aX

aX

aX

aX

...

aX

Ni

aX

Ni

Ni

Ni

Na

24

16

Ni

Na

...

...

...

Ni

NOTES