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Typical Changes in Production Rates During the life time of a 100,000 bopd oil field
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Disposal
Equipment Types
Equipment Types
Equipment Types
Plate Coalescers
Parallel Plate Interceptors ( PPI) Corrugated Plate Interceptors (CPI) Cross Flow Separators Metoda diatas bekerja berdasarkan konsep pemisahan secara gravitasi, dimana butir butir minyak bergerak keatas sampai menyentuh plate bagian atas. Minyak yang menempel pada plate kemudian mengalami proses coalescence dan bergerak sepanjang plate dan terpisahkan dengan fasa air.
Plate
B OIL A
Oil Droplet
Plate
Water
FWKO 1
Well Oily Water
Skimmer
3 2
Oily Water Clean Water
Mechanical IGF
Gas
FWKO 1
Well Oily Water
Skimmer
3 2
Oily Water Clean Water
Filter
Hydrocyclone
Gas
OiLStorage Tank
Crude Oil
Sale Point
Surge Tank
O2 , CO2 , H2S
Deaeration
Water Tank
PUMP
Solid Filter
Hydrocyclone
CPI
To Injection Wells
Vacuum Deaerator
Cold water can be deareated by reducing pressure until the water boils. Vacuum deareation is often used where a maximum axygen content of 0.3 ml/liter is permissible. Removal of Oxygen, CO2 dan H2S dapat meningkatkan PH, yang selanjutnya dapat mempermudah terjadinya carbonate scale formation.
vR
dm
h
GAS Water Water
tR
w 2 1.786 x 10- 6 ( o - w ) dm
h
Clean Water
Oily Water
Oily Froth
Flotation Cell
GAS
Oily Water
GAS
Oily Water
Flotation Cell
Modern IGF
Mechanical IGF
Mechanical IGF
OIL
Ls
Dc > Du > Do
Oil
Du Lu (Clean Water)
Under Flow
The primary purpose of treating injection water, both waste water and water used in secondary recovery, is to prevent plugging of the disposal wells.
Water Quality
Cations
Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sodium (Na) Iron (Fe) Barium (Ba) Strontium (Sr)
Anions
Chloride (Cl) Carbonate (CO3) Bicarbonate (HCO3) Sulfate (SO4 )
Properties
pH, Suspended Solid (amount, size, shape, chemical composition) Turbidity, Temperature, SG, Dissolved oxygen, Dissolved CO2, Sulfide as H2S, Bacterial Population, Oil Content
The above constituents and properties are important from the standpoint of plugging or corrosion.
Issue
Suspended solids
Suspended oil Dissolved Gases {O2 / CO2 / H2 S}
Effect
Plugging of Injection formation
Plugging of Injection formation / (particularly in presence of solids)
Treatment
Filtration
Hydrocyclones / Flotation / Filtration
Corrosion of well and facilities. Degasification Plugging of formation by corrosion Corrosion inhibitor products Injection
De-Oxygenation The presence of Oxygen in concentrations greater than 5 x 10-3 g/m3 (5 ppb) in water flood operations can cause severe corrosion and plugging of the formation by corrosion products.
Gas Stripping
Removal of oxygen by gas stripping is based on lowering of the solubility of oxygen in water by reducing the oxygen partial vapour pressure. Henrys Law states that gass solubility is proportional to the vapour pressure of the gas over water. Oxygen from the water may be stripped by passing a (low oxygen content) stripping gas through the water in co-current or counter-current flow.
Vacuum De-aeration
The principle of vacuum de-aeration is to reduce the partial pressure of oxygen by boiling the water. At a temperature of 15C, water boils at a pressure of about 0.017 atm and the residual water oxygen content is reduced to 150 ppb.
Chlorination
Chlorination is a widely used, inexpensive, effective biocide. Chlorine hydrolyses to form hydrochloric and hypochlorous acid with water
By contrast, chemical incompatibility between injected sea water and formation water is the cause of the
Ba++ + SO"4
Ba SO4
BaSO4 is one of the most insoluble of the scaling minerals. A similar problem is encountered with Strontium Sulfate (celestite or SrSO4) in some fields.
A less frequently encountered scale is Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4). This is due to the unusual solubility behaviour
Manganese
Odor Oxygen Phenol Phosphate Selenium Turbidity Zinc
Suspended Solids
Solid concentration Particle Size Analysis Particle shapes Composition of Solids Turbidity
Hardness
Hardness has usually been referred to as the soap consuming power of water. Most of this effect with soap is caused by magnesium and calcium in the water, but other alkaline earths give the same effect.
Calcium and magnesium hardness represent values calculated from the concentrations of these two ions.
Turbidity
Turbidity simply means that the water is not " clear " and that it contains undissolved matter such as suspended solids, dispersed oil or gas bubbles. It is a measure of the degree of "cloudiness" of the water. Turbidity indicates the possibility of formation plugging. Turbidity measurements are often used to monitor fiIter performance.
Temperature
The temperature of the water affects the scaling tendency, the pH and the solubility of gases in water. The specific gravity of water is also a function of temperature.
Chemical Composition of Suspended Solids Determination of the composition of suspended solids is extremely important. It makes it possible to ascertain their origin (corrosion products, scale particles formation sand, etc.) so that proper remedial action can be taken. Known edge of their chemical composition is also important from the standpoint of designing a cleanout procedure should plugging occur.
Turbidity ( JTU )
Item
Record
Increase decrease corrosion deposition
Indication
2 3 4
Possibly scale formation Deposition unless the PH is being changed Deposition unless the PH is being changed
5 6
7
Sulfate Temperature
H2S
decrease
increase decrease
Sulfate reducing bacteria The presence of oxidizing agent in the system (air) Corrosion, scale formation, bacterial activity. deposition
Suspended Solid
increase decrease
No
9
Item
Turbidity
Record
Increase decrease
Indication
Increase plugging solid deposition
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Water quality Corrosion rate Oxygen Oil carryover Filter Operation Bacteria Count Visual inspection closed Increase indicate a oxygen entry Measurement Should be taken along the system Check all separation system Check upstream and downstream point Check all the time Very important , most reliable method
OIL
Core Holder Measuring Cylinder Constant Rate Pump
Transfer Vessel
Excellent
10 SLOPE
Entrained solid, Oil and bottom settlings, Sulfur, Bacteria, Precipitation of salts after treatment.
While a few parts per million of plugging material do not appear to be very great amount, the large volume of water injected in some wells can accumulate these few parts per million into a considerable mass of material which can plug a well. When the water is disposed of by injection into a sand formation, the sand face acts as a filter.
Example: If 10,000 barrels of water containing 5 ppm ( parts per million ) of a plugging material are injected daily, 17.4 pounds of solids will collect each day on the surface of the sand, resulting in over 500 pounds per month and probable plugging of the
Geology
1. The areal extent 2. Thickness 3. Lithological character,
Water Composition
Whenever possible, water samples representing all aquifers penetrated should be collected and analyzed. Samples of the disposal brine should also be analyzed. Compatibility tests should be made with waters that are to be mixed in the operation.
Porosity
Porosity is used to determine the storage capacity of the reservoir. It is designated as absolute and effective porosity.
Absolute porosity is the percentage of pore volume in the rock, without regard for interconnection of pore spaces. Rock of high porosity may have low permeability, because there is no connection between pores.
Permeability The ability of reservoir rock to let fluid flow through its interconnected pore volume or its fluid conductivity is termed its permeability (K).
Injection Rate Darcy equation can be used to calculate the rate of brine or waste disposal into a subsurface formation containing fluid.
Collection Center
A collection center is a tank or lined pond used to collect waste water from various heater treaters and separators in the field. From here, the water is pumped or gravity flowed to the treating plant.
Injection water containing oil will generally plug the injection formation. Since waste water from heater treater contains a small amount of oil which was not removed, or oil accumulated from leaks, it may be necessary to remove this oil before water is injected.
The collection center may also serve as an oil brine separator. The incoming water passes through a baffle system system which separates the oil by gravity, then a skimmer removes it.
The dissolved oxygen may cause the water to be very corrosive. However, oxygen corrosion can be minimized by using a de-aerator to remove the oxygen or using corrosion resistant flow line and injection tubing.
Closed System
Designed to exclude oxygen (trouble maker). Contains very small amount of oxygen. Requires very little chemical treatment. More difficult to exclude oxygen from the system (not economical to remove oxygen)
Open System
No attempt is made to exclude oxygen from the system. Oxygen-saturated surface water is used as a source water. A water is intentionally aerated to remove H2S and or CO2. Open system makes internal coating, lining or plastic pipe a necessity is most system to control corrosion, economically.
SURFACE WATERS
OPEN SYSTEM
Source Solid removal Water Storage Injection Pump Wells
CLOSED SYSTEM
Source Solid removal Oxygen Removal Water Storage Injection Pump
Wells
SUBSURFACE WATERS
OPEN SYSTEM Source Solid removal AERATION CLOSED SYSTEM Source Storage Injection Pump
Wells
Solid removal
Oxygen Removal
Storage
Injection Pump
Wells
Skimmer Tank
Oil Outlet
Untuk memisahkan padatan yang halus dan butiran minyak yang sangat kecil dari air
Clean Water
Oil
Sea water
( 1 ) Saturated with oxygen - very corrosive ( 2 ) Contains suspended solids and marine organisms. Amount
Produced Water ( a ) Usually contains dissolved H2S and/or C02, Corrosivity varies. ( b ) May contain suspended solids. ( c ) 0il carryover is a frequent problem. ( d ) Sulfate reducing bacteria are often present. ( e ) Scale formation is possible.