Introduction

Fill in the blanks

1 1 A pressure equivalent to700mre m of mercury is equivalent to 9.34*10 2 As the temperature of liquid rises its viscosity 3 Density of water at all temperature is zero 4 fluids offer no resistance to the change of their shape 5 The pressure above atmospheric is known as gauge pressure and below atmospheric pressure known vacuum pressure 6 specific weight of water in si unit is 9810 7 when the fluid is at rest shear stress is zero 8 only compressive stress exists in a fluid at rest 9 unit for kinematic viscosity are m/sec 10 strokes is the unit of kinematic viscosity 11 an ideal fluid has no viscosity 12 Density of water in SI unit is 1000kg/m 13 specific volume is reciprocal of specific weight 14 The atmospheric pressure is 760mm of mercury 15 kinematic viscosity is the ratio of viscosity to density

True/false
1 Intensity of pressure is also known as specific pressure false 2 The pressure can also be expressed in mm of mercury or m of water true 3 specific volume is reciprocal of mass density true 4 broadly speaking water is 10 times more compressible than steel true 5 a perfect gas does not have viscosity false 6 stroke is the unit of kinematic viscosity true 7 local atmospheric pressure is measured by hydrometer false 8 surface tension has units force per unit area true 9 bar is the unit of pressure false 10 an ideal fluid is both incompressible and non viscous true 11 the multiplication factor for converting one stroke into m/sec is 100 true 12 falling drops of water becomes sphere due to surface tension of water false 13 gauge pressure is always less than the absolute pressure true 14 poise is the unit of kinematic viscosity true

MCQ
1 The density of air at 10c and 1 MPa as in si units is 2 the unit of kinematic viscosity is 3 the unit of dynamic viscosity is 4 falling drops of water are spherical because of the property of 5 the kinematic viscosity v related to the dynamic viscosity and density v

6 the viscosity of 7 newton law of viscosity relates 8 poise is the unit of 9 the dimensions of dynamic viscosity is 10 the units of viscosity are 11 which of the following is dimensionless 12 newton`s law of viscosity is given by the relation 13 the viscosity of liquids decreases with increase in temperature 14 surface tension is expressed in 15 surface tension is caused by the force of cohesion at the free surface 16 the ratio of the specific weight of the liquid to the specific weight of the standard fluid is known as specific gravity 17 gas possesses no definite volume and is compressible 18 unit of specific weight is n/m 19 the mercury does not wet the glass. This is due to property of the liquid known as cohesion 20 specific volume is reciprocal of mass density

REVIEW QUESTION
Q1 Define and explain following fluid properties with their units Ans Mass density mass density of a fluid is defined astheratio of a fluid to its volume. Thus mass per unit volume of a fluid is called density . it is denoted by the symbol p Units 1 kg/m in si unit Specific gravity specific gravity is the ratio specific weight of the liquid to the specific weight of a standard fluid. For liquid water is taken as the standard fluid and also for gases. Viscosity-viscosity may be defined as the property of a fluid which determines its resistance to shearing stresses .it is a measure of the internal fluid friction which causes resistance to flow . it is primarily due to cohesion. Surface tension surface tension is defined as the force acting on the surface of a liquid in contact with a gas or on the surface between two immiscible liquids such that the contact surface behaves like a membrane under tension. Specific weight- specific weight of a fluid is defined as the weight per unit volume at standard temperature and pressure. it is denoted by symbol w. Units 1 n/m Q2.What is fluid? how are fluids classified?

Ans. A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously when subjected to external shearing force. Fluids are classified into two categories 1 Liquids 2 gas including vapours Liquids occupy a definite volume and are not affected appreciably by compression or the change in temperature. Water is an example of liquid. Pure gases and vapours readily respond to the change in temperature. unlike liquids they do not occupy a definite volume but conform to the shape and volume of the vessel that contains them. Q3. What do you mean by the term viscosity. state and explain Newton law of viscosity. Ans viscosity may be defined as the property of a fluid which determines its resistance to shearing stresses .it is a measure of the internal fluid friction which causes resistance to flow . it is primarily due to cohesion. Newton law of viscosity it states that the shear stresses on afluid element layer is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain. The constant of proportionality is called coefficient of viscosity. The fluids which obey the above relation are known as Newtonian fluids which not obey is called non Newtonian fluids. Q4. Explain the term surface tension and compressibility. Ans. Compressibility- The property by virtue of which fluids undergo a change in volume under the action of external pressure is known as compressibility. Q5. What is kinematic viscosity? What are its units? Ans. Kinematic viscosity is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid. It is denoted by greek symbol v Units- V=U/P=FORCE*TIME/ (LENGTH)*MASS/LENGTH= FORCE* TIME /MASS * LENGTH Q6 What is difference between ideal fluid and real fluid? Ans. Ideal fluid-A fluid which is incompressible has no viscosity and no shearing resistance isknown as ideal fluid or perfect fluid. Real fluid- A fluid is one which has viscosity, surface tension and compressibility in addition to the density. All the fluids , in actual practice , are real fluids.

PRESSURE AND ITS MEASUREMENT

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

A pressure equivalent to 700mm of mercury is equivalent to 93391.2N/m Manometer principle is Differential manmeters measure difference of pressure between two points vacuum pressure is also called negative gauge The atmospheric pressure decreases as the elevation above sea level increases

TRUE/FALSE
1. The pressure can also be expressed in mm of mercury 2. Manometers are used to measure very high pressures 3. manometers is a device used for measuring discharge of fluid 4. Local atmospheric pressure is measured by hydrometer 5. A tube manometer measures difference in pressure 6. bar is the unit of pressure 7. gauge pressure is always less than the atmospheric pressure 8. for measuring very low pressure manometric liquid should have very high density 9. all values of atmospheric pressure are positive 10. atmospheric pressure is not affected by the altitude

MCQ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Piezometer is used to measure gauge pressure A pressure of 25m of head of water is equal to 245kn/m A U-tube manometers measures difference in pressure between two points Bourden gauge measures gauge pressure a U-TUBE differential manometers is used inverted I if the pressure difference is small 6. manometer is a device used for measuring pressure at a point in a fluid 7. gauge pressures of flowing fluids are measured by bourden gauge 8. differential manometers are used for measuring difference of pressure between two points 9. absolute pressure can be measured by anerold pressure gauge 10. mercury generally used in manometers it has low surface tension

REVIEW QUESTION
Q1. What do u mean by pressure? And its unit ANS Atmospheric pressure may be defined as a normal pressure exerted by atmos pheric air upon all surfaces with it is in contact simply we can say that atmospheric pressure is the pressure caused by the atmosphere. Units The cgs unit of pressure is dyne/cm The si unit of pressure is n/m or pascal Q2 Difference between absolute and gauge pressure. Ans. Absolute pressure absolute pressure may be defined as the pressure which is measured above absolute zero. All values of absolute pressure are positive

Gauge pressure-instruments of gauges used to measure fluid pressure generally measures the difference between the unknown pressure p. when he unknown pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure the pressure recorded by the instrument is called gauge pressure Q3. explain the terms vacuum pressure absolute pressure, gauge pressure, atmospheric pressure. ANS. VACUUM PRESSURE when the unknown pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure the pressure is known as vacuum pressure . Absolute pressure absolute pressure may be defined as the pressure which is measured above absolute zero. All values of absolute pressure are positive Gauge pressure-instruments of gauges used to measure fluid pressure generally measures the difference between the unknown pressure p. when he unknown pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure the pressure recorded by the instrument is called gauge pressure

Q4. state the principle of pressure measurement by the manometer? ANS. Pressure is measured by using manometers. Manometers are defined as the devices used for measuring the pressure at a point in a fluid by balancing the column of fluid by the same or another column of the fluid. These manometers are used to estimate the pressure difference between two points in the same vessel or pipe or in different pipes. Inverted u-tube manometers are suitable for measuring small pressure differences. it consists u shape glass tube placed in inverted conditions. the ends of tubes are connected to the points whose differences of pressure is to be measured. Q5.what is diffrences between U-tube and inverted U-tube differential manometers? Ans. U-tube manometers- a manometers is used to measure the difference in pressure at two points or in two different pipes. The manometer consists of a glass U-tube, containing heavy liquids. Inverted U-tube differential manometer- These manometers are used to estimate the pressure difference between two points in the same vessel or pipe or in different pipes. Inverted u-tube manometers are suitable for measuring small pressure differences. it consists u shape glass tube placed in inverted conditions. the ends of tubes are connected to the points whose differences of pressure is to be measured.

Q6. Working of U-TUBE differential manometer. Ans. . U-tube manometers- a manometers is used to measure the difference in pressure at two points or in two different pipes. The manometer consists of a glass U-tube, containing heavy liquids. Q7. Principle working of inverted U-tube differential manometer. Ans. Inverted U-tube differential manometer- These manometers are used to estimate the pressure difference between two points in the same vessel or pipe or in different pipes. Inverted u-tube manometers are suitable for measuring small pressure differences. Q8.What is differential manometers? Give different types of such manometers. - a manometers is used to measure the difference in pressure at two points or in two different pipes. The manometer consists of a glass U-tube, containing heavy liquids. Types of manometers- Inverted U-tube differential manometer. 2 U-tube manometers. 3.micromanometers

FLOW OF FLUIDS
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1.The conditions for laminar flow are low velocity, high viscosity, small size of conduit pipe. 2. if the fluids particles move in a zig zag way the flow is called turbulent flow 3. Bernoulli theorm deals with the law of conservation of energy 4. pitot tube is used to measurement of rate of flow of fluid 5. an ideal fluid is defined as the flow which is incompressible and frictionless 6. the range of coefficient of discharge for a venturimeter is 0.95 to 0.99 7. an ideal fluids has zero viscosity 8. laminar flow is also called viscous flow 9.steam line indicates the direction of number of particles but path line indicates direction of one particular particle 10. if the velocity of liquid is low and the liquid is less viscous then the flow will be laminar

TRUE/FALSE.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Coefficient of discharge= coefficient of velocity+ coefficient of contraction false practically, fludes are compressible. True In a standard orifice meter, the end angle is 45+60. true. The flow rate through a circlar pipe is measured by venturimeter. True. The inlet length of a venturimeter is less than the outlet length. False. When the tap is just opened, it is a case of steadt flow. False. Discharge is measured is kg/sec. True. The flow of rivers during floods is said to be a turbulent flow. True.

9. The flow of a thick oil through a small tube is said to be laminar flow. True.

MCQ
1. The pilot static tube measures . 2. The loss of pressure head for the laminar flow through pipe varies . 3. Which of the following instrument is used to measure flow by application of Bernoullies theorem. 4. the continuity equation is based on the principle of conversation of mass 5. a steam line is a line across which there is no flow 6. continuity equation can take the form p1a1v1=p2a2v2 7. irrotational flow means the net rotation of fluid particles about their mass cetres is zero 8. Bernoulli ,s equation is derived making assumptions that The flow is steady. 9. The coficent of discharge interms of of cv and cc is cd=cv*cc 10. The Bernoulli theorm deals with the law of conversation of energy 11. In the vanturimeter differential manometer is connected between inlet and throat section

REVIEW QUESTIOIN
Q1. Name different types of fluid flow. Ans. 1.steady flow 2.unsteady flow 3. uniform flow 4. non uniform flow 5. laminar flow 6. turbulent flow 7. compressible flow 8. in compressible flow 9. rotational flow 10.irrotational flow Q2. Difference between steady and unsteady flow,uniform and non uniform flow and laminar and turbulent flow. Ans2. steady- stady flow is defined as the type of flow in which the fluid characteristics like velocity , pressure etc at a point do not change. Unsteady flow- unsteady flow is defined as the type of flow in which the fluid characteristics like velocity , pressure etc at a point changes with the respect of time Uniform flow- uniform flow is defined as the type of flow in which the velocity at any point given times does not change with respect to space. Non uniform flow- non uniform flow is defined as the type of flow in which the velocity at any point given time change with respect to space.

Laminar flow; The type of flow in the fluid particles move in layers and do not cross the path of other particles is called laminar flow. Turbulent flow- The type of flow in the fluid particles move in a zig zag way and do not cross the path of other particles is called Turbulent flow. Q3 . defined the following terms ANS-Laminar flow- The type of flow in the fluid particles move in layers and do not cross the path of other particles is called laminar flow. Turbulent flow- The type of flow in the fluid particles move in a zig zag way and do not cross the path of other particles is called Turbulent flow . steady- stady flow is defined as the type of flow in which the fluid characteristics like velocity , pressure etc at a point do not change Uniform flow- uniform flow is defined as the type of flow in which the velocity at any point given times does not change with respect to space. Q4 . state and prove continuity equation? ANS-The equation based on the principle of conservation mass is called continuity equation. according to the principle the fluid mass can neither be created nor destroyed. Consider that a liquid is flowing through a pipe PQ of varying cross-section as shown in fig.. Let the cross-section area of the pipe at points P and Q be A1 and A2 respectivaly. Q no. 5. Explain a different type of hydraulic energy ANS- types of hydraulic energy1.Potential energy-It is energy possessed by a liquid by virtue of its position or height above the datum line. 2.Pressure energy-It is the energy possessed by a liquid by virtue of its pressure. \\3. Kinetic energy- It is the energy possessed by a liquid by virtue of its motion or velocity. If mass of a liquid is moving with a velocity v. Q no6 . what is a venturimeter Ans venturimeter is a device used for measuring the flow of fluid flowing through a pipe is called venturimeter. It sonsists of three parts 1. a short covering part 2. throat 3. diverging part Q7. What is difference between pitot tube and static tube. Ans. Pitot tube= pitot tube is a device used to measure flow of fluid through a pipe. It was device by henry pitot.

Static tube= static tube which consists of two circular concentric tubes , one inside the other with some annular space in between. The static tube sorrunds the total head tube and two or more holes are drilled radially through the outer wall.

FLOW THROUGH PIPES

FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. 2. 3. 4. Chezy formula is given as The ratio of inertia force to viscous force is knownas When the pipe is not running full it is reffered to as flow the loss of head due to sudden enlargement is attributed to production or dissipaton of tur bulent energy 5. minor losses can be expressed either as fraction of kinectic energy and equivalent length

TRUE/FALSE
1. In case of hammer blow hoop stresses develop. true 2. the least velocity is referred as the critical velocity true 3. the flow is reffered as tur bulent if the velocity of flow is less than the lower critical velocity false 4. in case of syphon the pipe line is above the hydraulic gradient true 5. the noise which occurs in pipes due to sudden closure of valves is reffered ta as knocking true

MCQ
1. The flow in a pipe is laminar if the reynold number is less than 2000 2. in a turbulent flow reynold number is 3. in case of a laminar flow theloss of pressure head is 4. in case of a turbulent flow the loss of head I approx Imately proportional to 5. darcy weisbach equation is used to find loss of head due to 6. chezy formula is given as 7. loss of head due to sodden contraction is given as 8. loss of head due to sudden enlargement is given as 9. loss of head at entrance to pipe is given as 10. loss of head at exit of a pipe s given as 11. the power transmitted through maximum when lost to friction in the pipe is equal to 12. diameter of nozzle for maximum transmission of power is equal to 13. the energy loss in a pipe line is due to.

14. in a pipe flow the minor losses are those 15. for achieving continuos flow through a system no position of yhe pipe slould be higher than 16. for turbulent flow in smooth pipes the ntrance linght is taken ad 17. due to which of the following phenomena water hammer is caused 18. maximum efficiency of power transmission through pipe is 19. the magnitude of water hammer depends on 20. the pressure intensity at the summit of a siphon for an ideal fluid

REVIEW QUESTION
Q1. What are losses in pipe lines? ExPlain minor losse and major losses Ans. When water flows in a pipe it experiences some resistance to its motion due to which its velocity and ultimately the head of water available is reduced. The loss of energy is classified as follows; Major energy losses- this loss is due to friction and calculated by the following formulae. 1. Darcy weishbach formulae 2. chezy formulae minor energy losses- These losses are due to 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. sudden expansion of pipe sudden contraction of pipe bend in pipe pipe fittings an obstrucyion in pipe

Q2. Explain and relationship between sudden enlargement, sudden contraction, sudden obstruction, bend. Ans. enlargement- due the sudden change of diameter of the pipe the liquid to flowing from the smaller Sudden pipe is not able to follow the abrupt change of boundary. Sudden contraction- this occurs where the cross sectional area of the pipe becomes suddenly smaller. Consider a liquid flowing through a pipe which has sudden contraction. Sudden obstruction- the loss of energy occurs when ever there is an obstruction to the flow an obstruction will cause contraction of area of flow which will be followed by an enlargement when the obstruction is passed. Bend- when there is any bend in apipe the velocity of flow changes due to which the separation of the flow from the boundary and formation of eddies takes place thus the energy is lost loss of head in pipe due to bend . Q3. Explain entrance and exit losses in a pipe line.

Ans. Entrance losses- this is the loss of energy which occurs when a liquid enters the pipe from a tank or large container. This loss is similar to the loss of head due to sudden contraction. Exit losses- This loss occurs due to the rejection of kinectic energy due to the velocity of liquid at outlet of the pipe which is dissipated either in the form of free jet or it is lost in the tank or reservoir . Q4. explain various head losses in the pipe. Ans. enlargement- due the sudden change of diameter of the pipe the liquid to flowing from the smaller Sudden pipe is not able to follow the abrupt change of boundary. Sudden contraction- this occurs where the cross sectional area of the pipe becomes suddenly smaller. Consider a liquid flowing through a pipe which has sudden contraction. Sudden obstruction- the loss of energy occurs when ever there is an obstruction to the flow an obstruction will cause contraction of area of flow which will be followed by an enlargement when the obstruction is passed. Bend- when there is any bend in apipe the velocity of flow changes due to which the separation of the flow from the boundary and formation of eddies takes place thus the energy is lost loss of head in pipe due to bend . Entrance losses- this is the loss of energy which occurs when a liquid enters the pipe from a tank or large container. This loss is similar to the loss of head due to sudden contraction. Exit losses- This loss occurs due to the rejection of kinectic energy due to the velocity of liquid at outlet of the pipe which is dissipated either in the form of free jet or it is lost in the tank or reservoir Q5. discuss how loss of head due to sudden enlargement contraction obstruction and bend enlargement- due the sudden change of diameter of the pipe the liquid to flowing from the smaller Sudden pipe is not able to follow the abrupt change of boundary. Sudden contraction- this occurs where the cross sectional area of the pipe becomes suddenly smaller. Consider a liquid flowing through a pipe which has sudden contraction. Sudden obstruction- the loss of energy occurs when ever there is an obstruction to the flow an obstruction will cause contraction of area of flow which will be followed by an enlargement when the obstruction is passed. Bend- when there is any bend in apipe the velocity of flow changes due to which the separation of the flow from the boundary and formation of eddies takes place thus the energy is lost loss of head in pipe due to bend.