Biofiltration Nitrification Design

BiofiltrationNitrification DesignOverview
JamesM.Ebeling,Ph.D.
EnvironmentalEngineer TheFreshwaterInstitute,Shepherdstown,WV
Overview of System Unit Operations

Carbon Dioxide Removal Aeration Air/Oxygen
Disinfection Fish Culture Tank Fine & Dissolved Solids Removal Biofiltration Nitrification
Sludge
Waste Solids Removal
Monitoring & System Control
Sludge
Overview of System Design

Carbon Dioxide Removal Aeration Air/Oxygen
Disinfection Fish Culture Tank Fine & Dissolved Solids Removal 5%

Sludge
95%
Biofiltration Nitrification Suspended Solids

Sludge
Settable Solids
Sludge
Monitoring & System Control
Nitrification
Biofiltration Nitrification
Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds

NH4+-N (ionized ammonia nitrogen) NH3N (un-ionized ammonia nitrogen) NO2N (nitrite nitrogen) NO3N (nitrate nitrogen)
Nitrification
Nitrosomonas Bacteria
Catabolize un-ionized ammonia to nitrite
Nitrobacter Bacteria
Oxidize nitrite to nitrate
Heterotrophic Bacteria
Metabolize biologically degradable organic compounds
Nitrification
Nitrosomonas Bacteria
2 NH4+ + 3 O2 4 H + + 2 NO2- + 2 H2O
Nitrobacter Bacteria
2 NO2 + 1 O2 2 NO3-
Nitrification
Nitrifying Bacteria Overall Reaction

NH4+ + 2 HCO3 + 1.9 O2 NO3 + 2.9 H2O + 1.9 CO2 +0.1 CH2O
Nitrification
Start-up Curve for a Biological Filter
15
TAN NO2 NO3
Concentration (ppm)
10
0 0 7 14 21 28 35 42
T im e (d a y s )
Nitrification
Ammonia Production
1 kg feed about 0.03 kg ammonia nitrogen
1 g of ammonia yields: 4.42 g nitrate NO35.93 g carbon dioxide 0.17 g cell mass 1 g of ammonia consumes: 4.57 g oxygen 7.14 g alkalinity
Nitrification
Equilibrium Reaction - Ammonia
NH4+ + OH - NH3 + H2O
(ionized) (unionized) TOXIC
Increase in pH Increase in temperature

Note: NH4+-N + NH3-N TAN NH4--N Ammonia - nitrogen
Nitrification
Percent unionized ammonia-nitrogen

Temp. 10 15 20 25 30 6.0 0.1 0.1 6.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 pH 7.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 7.5 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.8 2.5 8.0 1.8 2.7 3.8 5.4 7.5 9.0 15.7 21.5 28.4 36.3 44.6
Nitrification
Equilibrium Reaction Nitrite NO2- + H2O HNO2 + OH Decrease in pH
Note: NO2--N Nitrite - nitrogen mitigated by adding salt (chlorides)
Nitrification
Equilibrium Reaction Nitrate NO3-N

Non-toxic (freshwater systems) ?
Note: NO3--N Nitrate - nitrogen
Nitrification
FACTORS AFFECTING NITRIFICATION

pH
Alkalinity Temperature Oxygen Salinity Light
Nitrification
pH
Optimum range 6 - 9
(7.2-7.8)
Nitrification
Alkalinity
Formula NaOH Na2CO3 NaHCO3 CaCO3 CaO Ca(OH) 2
(50 -150 mg/l as Ca CO3)

Common Name sodium hydroxide sodium carbonate sodium bicarbonate Calcium Carbonate slaked lime hydrated lime Equivalent Weight 40 53 83 50 28 37
Nitrification
Temperature
Determined by the species cultured not biofilter needs Nitrification rates at 17 Deg. C would be 77% of the rates obtained at 27 Deg. C, or a 27% reduction in rate
Nitrification
Oxygen
4.57 g O2 for each gram of TAN -> NO3
Rule of Thumb: Effluent from biofilter at least 2 mg/L Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Nitrification
Salinity
Bacteria can acclimate to almost any salinity range.
Nitrification
Light
Light has been shown to inhibit the growth of nitrifying bacteria.
Nitrification
Ammonia Concentration
800 Removal Rate (g/m per day) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
13.2 Lpm 30.5 Lpm 80.6 Lpm 15.7 Lpm 44.6 Lpm 22.0 Lpm 54.2 Lpm
Ammonia-nitrogen concentration (mg/L)
Ammonia concentration itself will affect the nitrification rate directly.
Biofilters
Terms Used To Describe Biofilters

Void Space / porosity
Cross-sectional Area Hydraulic Loading Rate Specific Surface Area
Biofilters
Terms Used To Describe Biofilters Void Space / porosity
Ratio of the volume of void spaces between media particles and filter media volume
Biofilters
Cross-sectional Area
Area of the filter bed material looking in the direction of the water flow.
Biofilters
Hydraulic Loading Rate

Volume of water flowing through the filter per unit of cross-sectional area of the filter bed per unit of time (m3/m2/day) (gal/ft2/min)
Biofilters
Specific Surface Area

Surface area of the media per unit volume (m2/m3) (ft2/ft3 )
Biofilter Performance
Terms Used To Describe Biofilter Performance
Volumetric TAN conversion rate

Ammonia-nitrogen removal rate per unit volume of filter [kg TAN /m3 day]
Terms Used To Describe Biofilter Performance
Areal TAN conversion rate

Ammonia-nitrogen removal rate per unit surface area of filter [g TAN /m2 day]
Ammonia Assimilation Rates

Media Type
TAN Conversion Basis TAN Conversion Rate
(15 to 20 Deg. C)
TAN Conversion Rate

(25 to 30 Deg. C)
Trickling or RBC (100 300 m2/m3) Granular (bead/sand) (> 500 m2/m3)
Surface area of media Volume of media
0.2 to 1.0 g/m2 day 0.6 to 0.7 kg/m3 day
1.0 to 2.0 g/m2 day 1.0 to 1.5 kg/m3 day
Biofilters
Biofilter Options Submerged Biofilters

Packed Bed Biofilters Dynamic Bead Biofilters
Biofilters
Random Packed Plastic Media
Gravel Bed Biofilter
Biofilters
Dynamic Bead Biofilters
Biofilters
Biofilter Options Emergent Filters

Rotating Biological Contactor Trickling Biofilters
Biofilters
gear motor & chain drive rotating media "drum" support shaft
influent
Rotating Biological Contactor

effluent
Biofilters
Rotating Biological Contactor
Biofilters
influent with flow distribution header
media
Trickling Biofilters
media support plate air ventilation pipe effluent
Biofilters
Trickling Biofilters Media
Biofilters
Trickling Biofilters Spray Bar
Biofilters
Biofilter Options Submerged Expandable Filters

Sand Filters Floating-Bead Bioclarifiers
Biofilters
Sand Filters
Biofilters
Mixing Motor
Effluent
Floating Bead Bioclarifiers
Influent
Biofilters
Biofilters
Floating Bead Biofilters
Floating Bead Biofilters
Biofilters
Biofilter Options Expanded Filters

Fluidized Sand Bed Fluidized Bead Bed
Biofilters
Manifold Ball Valve Check Valve
Clean out
Clean outs
Effluent
Influent
Expanded Sand
Upflow Sand Biofilters

Orifices in distribution pipes
Biofilters
Flow Distribution Mechanism
Biofilters
Upflow Sand Biofilters (Cyclo-Bio Filter)
Water injected tangentially into circular plenum and through 1.9 cm (3/4) slotted inlet about its base.
Biofilters
Effluent collection launder
To CO2 stripping column
Trickling Biofilters
Pro's
Very simple design and construction requirements
Con's
Some biofilm sheared off is large enough to be problematic and many systems integrate postbiofiltration mechanical filtration for this reason
Currently a very popular method of biofiltration in Filters using this media type tend to be very the wastewater industry, which should improve large in high feed load coldwater systems material availability and cost Allows for passive aeration and CO2 removal concurrent with biofiltration Media and design assistance is currently available from reputable commercial vendors facilitating the design effort Systems using these types of filters tend to be extremely stable Media itself can be costly due to low specific surface area
Bead Biofilters
Pro's
Well developed product available from reputable commercial vendors. Can simplify system design and construction
Con's
Can be expensive due to relative low specific surface area for large scale facilities
Can be combined with other filter types in Relatively high head loss across filter can be an interesting hybrid systems as alternative design operational cost consideration method Can in some cases improve fine particle removal rates in well designed systems Amenable to modularization, which can be useful for development of scalable facilities Variable head loss across system can be problematic in systems without variable speed pumps Has potential to leach nutrients into system or to fuel heterotrophic bacteria growth if not installed with pre-filtration systems or is backflushed infrequently
Fluidized Bed Biofilters

Pro's
Very economical to build from commercially available materials Large amount of design effort specific to coldwater systems using these types of filters Raw filter media has very high specific surface area at low cost, which allows for very conservative design allowing for inherent capacity for expansion or load fluctuation Widest installed base of coldwater biofilters offers large operational and design experience base to draw from Can be field built using a variety of proven methods or purchased from established and reputable vendors opening many design and construction options for facility designers or operators
Con's
Can have problems with media carryover (initial fines) on system start-up There are historical anecdotal reports of intermittent bed motility and system crashes Can have problems with restarting if not designed to account for bed re-fluidization and distribution manifold/lateral flushing Media density changes over time with biofilm accumulation in fine sand filters typical of coldwater systems, which necessitates a bed growth management strategy Some systems can require relatively expensive plumbing to ensure that media is not backsiphoned on pump shut-down or power failure
Allen rules of thumb

Oxygen 1.14 kg O/kg feed
26.6 SCF/kg, 24 hrs per day (thus estimate SCFH)
Bio-filter
1 M2 of surface processes 0.6 g TAN 1 g feed produces 0.03 g TAN (tilapia) 10.89 Sq Feet/Sq Meter
Feed * 0.03/0.6*10.89 = theoretical surface area

Biofiltration Nitrification Design

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BiofiltrationNitrification DesignOverview

Overview of System Unit Operations

Waste Solids Removal

Monitoring & System Control

Overview of System Design

Disinfection Fish Culture Tank Fine & Dissolved Solids Removal 5%

Biofiltration Nitrification Suspended Solids

Monitoring & System Control

Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds

Nitrifying Bacteria Overall Reaction

Increase in pH Increase in temperature

Percent unionized ammonia-nitrogen

Note: NO2--N Nitrite - nitrogen mitigated by adding salt (chlorides)

Equilibrium Reaction Nitrate NO3-N

FACTORS AFFECTING NITRIFICATION

(50 -150 mg/l as Ca CO3)

Bacteria can acclimate to almost any salinity range.

Ammonia-nitrogen concentration (mg/L)

Ammonia concentration itself will affect the nitrification rate directly.

Terms Used To Describe Biofilters

Cross-sectional Area Hydraulic Loading Rate Specific Surface Area

Hydraulic Loading Rate

Specific Surface Area

Terms Used To Describe Biofilter Performance

Volumetric TAN conversion rate

Terms Used To Describe Biofilter Performance

Areal TAN conversion rate

Ammonia Assimilation Rates

TAN Conversion Rate

Surface area of media Volume of media

0.2 to 1.0 g/m2 day 0.6 to 0.7 kg/m3 day

1.0 to 2.0 g/m2 day 1.0 to 1.5 kg/m3 day

Biofilter Options Submerged Biofilters

Random Packed Plastic Media

Gravel Bed Biofilter

Dynamic Bead Biofilters

Biofilter Options Emergent Filters

Rotating Biological Contactor

media support plate air ventilation pipe effluent

Trickling Biofilters Spray Bar

Biofilter Options Submerged Expandable Filters

Floating Bead Bioclarifiers

Floating Bead Bioclarifiers

Floating Bead Biofilters

Floating Bead Biofilters

Biofilter Options Expanded Filters

Manifold Ball Valve Check Valve

Upflow Sand Biofilters

Flow Distribution Mechanism

To CO2 stripping column

Fluidized Bed Biofilters

Allen rules of thumb

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