Index

Crack propagation problem Discontinuity Partition of unity Xfem-and enrichment for cracks 4 noded quadrilateral enriched element

Setting up a crack propagation problem

Balance equation

Constitute relation Boundary conditions

Adopted from Moes et al, 1999 Propagation criterion 1. Maximum energy release rate 2. Maximum circumferential stress criterion 3. Minimum strain energy density criterion

Solution to crack propagation problem

Analytical
Inglis solution, 1913 -(stress concentration around an elliptical hole)

Westergard solution , 1939- (stress function around a crack tip)

Irwin, 1956-(stress intensity factor and energy release rate)

Numerical
Mesh less method
FEM with remeshing Boundary element method

XFEM/GFEM

FEM with remeshing

(Adopted from Surendren. M, 2012.)

Discontinuity in a field
Examples of discontinuity
Cracks Slip lines Shear bands

Types of discontinuity
Weak discontinuity Strong discontinuity

Strong discontinuity is a limiting a case of weak discontinuity.

(Adopted from J. Oliver et al., 2004)

Strong discontinuity

(Adopted from J. Oliver et at., 2002)

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Partition of unity method

Include prior knowledge about the local solution behaviour in the approximation space. A set of m functions fk(x)such that,

is called a partition of unity

XFEM-basic ideas
FE mesh should not be affected by crack geometry and propagation. Enriching the approximation space locally by Heaviside step function

Near-tip asymptotic function Enrichment -types Intrinsic enrichment

Extrinsic enrichment

Typical 2D Node Enriched mesh

Two kinds of enrichments are used for crack problems, 1. crack enrichment-(discontinuous enrichment) 2. crack tip enrichment

Crack enrichment

Crack tip enrichment

Adopted from Belytschko et al., 2009

=
9

Mathematics of Xfem
Displacement field is approximated as a linear combination of classical fem displacements and displacements due to enrichments.

On evaluating the internal energy

Adopted from G. Ventura, 2005

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Cont.
For a crack enriched element, the stiffness matrix reduces to the form,

For the purpose of integration,

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Numerical Integration in Xfem

Conventional Gaussian quadrature??? Presence of discontinuity and 1/r singularities. Methods of integration Higher order Gauss quadrature Adaptive quadrature for singular functions Sub domain quadrature Transformation to a line integral or surface integral

12

Approximating the discontinuous function by a polynomial

where P represents B,

We are in need of a function such that it integrates the discontinuity appropriately,

Using gauss theorem to simplify the above equations . 1 , 2, are entry and exit co

ordinate of crack-in parent coordinate system.

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4-noded enriched element

To construct the element stiffness matrix of Heaviside enriched 4-noded

quadrilateral element and to get the mode of the element.

Numerical integration Ventura, G. (2006) 6-rigid body modes Assembly needs some care. Post processing is not same as conventional fem

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Mode Shapes of the element

1.2

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

-0.2

-0.2 -0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

-0.4 -0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.2

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.8

0.4

0.6

0.2

0.4

0.2

-0.2 -0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

0 -0.4

-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

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1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.8

0.4

0.6

0.2

0.4

0.2

-0.2
0 -0.5

0.5

1.5

-0.4 -0.5

0.5

1.2

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.8

0.4

0.6

0.2

0.4

0.2

-0.2 -0.4

-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0 -0.4

-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

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1 0.9 0.8

1.2

0.8
0.7 0.6 0.5

0.6

0.4
0.4 0.3 0.2

0.2

0
0.1 0 -0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

-0.2 -0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1 0.9 0.8

0.5

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4

0.3 0.2 0.1

-0.5 -0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

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1.2
1.4

1
1.2

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

-0.2 -0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1 0.9

1.2

1
0.8 0.7 0.6

0.8

0.6
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.2

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

-0.2 -0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

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Reference
1.
2.

3. 4.

5.

6. 7. 8. 9.

John Dolbow, Nicolas Moes, Ted Belytschko, (2000). Discontinuous enrichment in finite elements with a partition of unity method. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design. 36 (), pp.235-260 Belytschko, T. and Black, T. (1999), Elastic crack growth in finite elements with minimal remeshing. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng., 45: 601620. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0207(19990620)45:5<601::AIDNME598>3.0.CO;2-S Ventura, G. (2006), On the elimination of quadrature subcells for discontinuous functions in the eXtended Finite-Element Method. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng., 66: 761795. doi: 10.1002/nme.1570 Mos, N., Dolbow, J. and Belytschko, T. (1999), A finite element method for crack growth without remeshing. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng., 46: 131150. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)10970207(19990910)46:1<131::AID-NME726>3.0.CO;2-J J. Oliver, A.E. Huespe, M.D.G. Pulido, E. Chaves, From continuum mechanics to fracture mechanics: the strong discontinuity approach, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Volume 69, Issue 2, January 2002, Pages 113-136, ISSN 0013-7944, 10.1016/S0013-7944(01)00060-1. Belytschko, T., Gracie, R., & Ventura, G. (2009). A review of extended/generalized finite element methods for material modeling. Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, 17(4), 043001. Oliver, J., & Huespe, A. E. (2004). Continuum approach to material failure in strong discontinuity settings. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 193(30), 3195-3220. Mohammadi, S. (2008) XFEM Flow, in Extended Finite Element Method: For Fracture Analysis of Structures, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK. doi: 10.1002/9780470697795 Sukumar, N., & Prvost, J. H. (2003). Modeling quasi-static crack growth with the extended finite element method Part I: Computer implementation.International Journal of Solids and Structures, 40(26), 75137537.
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