1 Running head: EXERCISE 13

History of Computer Mateo Calderon Unidad Educativa Bilinge Nuevo Mundo

2 EXERCISE 13 Abstract In the most basic form a computer is any device that help us in performing various kinds of computations or calculations in that respect the early computer was the abacus. Each computer permit some type of input, output and processing but in the abacus is more easy because the input, output and processing is simply the act of moving the balls in a new positions, seeing the changed positions, and counting, the computer works similar we have input information then that information is processing and finally the computer output the result. Abacus could be the first computer, actually most people say that the world computer is associated with the modern computer. We cant say the specific person that created the computer because nobody created, the invention of computer is a contribution of many inventors. The computer is a recent invention that has not more than one hundred years of existence since its first generation. However it is an invention that has revolutionized technologically. Currently its evolution is continuous, because there are companies in the field of technology in charge of presenting new proposals in a short time. Exist many generations of computer evolution.

3 EXERCISE 13 History of computer The first generation of the computer invention was from 1940 to 1950 during these years First electronic computers used vacuum tubes, and they were huge and complex. The first general purposes electronic computer was the ENIAC this means Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was digital, although it didnt operate with binary code, and was reprogrammable to solve a complete range of computing problems. It was programmed using plug boards and switches, supporting input from an IBM card reader, and output to an IBM card punch. It took up 167 square meters, weighed 27 tons, and consuming 150 kilowatts of power. It used thousands of vacuum tubes, crystal diodes, relays, resistors, and capacitors. The second generation was from 1955 to 1960 during these five years the second generation of computers came about thanks to the invention of the transistor, which then started replacing vacuum tubes in computer design. Transistor computers consumed far less power, produced far less heat, and were much smaller compared to the first generation, albeit still big by todays standards. The first transistor computer was created at the University of Manchester in 1953. The most popular of transistor computers was IBM 1401. IBM also created the first disk drive in 1956, the IBM 350 RAMAC. The third generation was from 1960 to 1971 here the invention of the integrated circuits IC, also known as microchips, paved the way for computers as we know them today. Making circuits out of single pieces of silicon, which is a semiconductor, allowed them to be much smaller and more practical to produce. This also started the ongoing process of integrating an ever larger number of transistors onto a single microchip. During the sixties microchips started making their way into computers, but the process was gradual, and second generation of computers still held on. First appeared minicomputers, first of which were still based on nonmicrochip transistors, and later versions of which were hybrids, being based on both transistors and microchips, such as IBMs System/360. They were much smaller, and cheaper than first and

4 EXERCISE 13 second generation of computers, also known as mainframes. Minicomputers can be seen as a bridge between mainframes and microcomputers, which came later as the proliferation of microchips in computers grew. The fourth generation was in 1971 since that year introduces the first microchips-based central processing units consisted of multiple microchips for different CPU components. The drive for ever greater integration and miniaturization led towards single-chip CPUs, where all of the necessary CPU components were put onto a single microchip, called a microprocessor. The first single-chip CPU, or a microprocessor, was Intel 4004. The advent of the microprocessor spawned the evolution of the microcomputers, the kind that would eventually become personal computers that we are familiar with today. Fifth generation is in the present and beyond this generation is based in the artificial intelligence are still develop, though there are some applications, like voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. First generations of microcomputers was from 19171 to 1976, first microcomputers were a weird bunch. They often came in kits, and many were essentially just boxes with lights and switches, usable only to engineers and hobbyists whom could understand binary code. Some, however, did come with a keyboard and/or a monitor, bearing somewhat more resemblance to modern computers. Second generation of microcomputers was from 1977 to present in this generation the microcomputers are more easy to use making more accessible to more people, this computer contain a keyboard and a monitor and the screen of this microcomputer support a more heavy visual representation of text and numbers. It is arguable which of the early microcomputers could

5 EXERCISE 13 be called a first. CTC Data point 2200 is one candidate, although it actually didnt contain a microprocessor, and wasnt meant to be a standalone computer, but merely a terminal for the mainframes. The idea of a portable computer was from Allan Kay and was develop by Xerox PARC, just ten of this computers were produce. The first portable computer or laptop was commercialize in 1981 and was named Osborne 1 this portable computer has a screen of 5 inches. The first portable computers which resemble modern laptops in features were Apples Power books, which first introduced a built-in trackball, and later a track pad and optional color LCD screens. IBMs Think Pad was largely inspired by Power books design, and the evolution of the two led to laptops and notebook computers as we know them. In conclusion the computer develop faster and each day appear a new thing in the computer word so is interesting know about the history of computer because actually is more important we can say that is general culture.

6 EXERCISE 13 References history of the computer. (nd). Retrieved from http://www.historyofcomputer.org/ computer. (29,april 2013). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/computer how the computer was created. (2008, march 6). Retrieved from http://espanol.anwers.yahoo.com bellis. M (nd). The history of computes. Retrieved from http://inventors.about/library/blcoindex.htm Apa format setup in word 2010 update. (2010, 09, 1). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A sy4LxNwo

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