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Document Type: TechNote Product(s): Bentley HAMMER Version(s): V8i Original Author: Jesse Dringoli, Bentley Technical Support Group
Overview
This technote explains how to set up an initially partially closed valve that changes positions during the transient simulation. An example model is provided for demonstration, and version 08.11.01.32 of HAMMER is assumed.
Background
In previous versions of HAMMER, all valves (including TCV, GPV, PRV, etc) were assumed to be either fully open or fully closed in the initial conditions. So, the transient operating rule (which describes when and how fast a valve closes during the transient simulation) was required to begin with either 100% (fully closed) or 0% (fully open). However, as of HAMMER V8i SELECTseries 1, you can now model a valve that is initially partially closed. The process by which this can be done is described below.
2. For the "Discharge Coefficient (Fully Open)" field, enter the discharge coefficient representing the valve in its fully open position:
In this case, the fully open discharge coefficient would be set to 10.0. If you know the valve is initially 20% closed, the initial discharge coefficient would be set to 5.0.
As of version 08.11.01.32 of HAMMER, only the Throttle Control Valve (TCV) supports initial partial closure. If you're using a FCV, PRV, PSV, PBV or GPV, you'll need to convert it to an equivalent TCV first, using the below steps. Note: when computing initial conditions with any valve type, there will be one single specific head loss across the valve for that steady state condition. HAMMER converts this head loss into a discharge coefficient to be used in the transient calculations. 1. First, compute initial conditions to see the head loss through your valve. The below example uses a GPV:
This head loss will be based on the type of valve you choose. For example for this GPV, the head loss was based on the GPV head loss curve. In another example, the head loss through a FCV would be the head loss necessary to achieve the desired FCV flow rate. To derive the discharge coefficient, you can use the following formula: Cv = { (39.693 * D4) / [Hl / (V^2 / 2g) ] }0.5 Where Cv is the discharge coefficient (cfs/(ft H2O)^0.5), D is the diameter (ft), V is the velocity (ft/s) and Hl is the head loss (ft). However, a shortcut can be employed to find the discharge coefficient 2. Go to Analysis > Calculation Options and open the transient calculation option set associated with the current scenario. In the properties of the calculation options, choose "True" for "specify initial conditions?" 3. Go to Tools > Copy Initial Conditions. Choose the desired timestep (0.000 hours for steady state) and click OK. This will copy the discharge coefficient to a special field in the valve properties, which you can view under the "Transient (Physical)" section:
4. Next, morph the valve into a TCV, by selecting the TCV from the layout toolbar and clicking directly on top of the valve:
5. Now, enter the discharge coefficient found in step 3 as the initial discharge coefficient for the TCV. The fully open discharge coefficient will also still need to be entered. One way to find this would be to compute initial conditions with the original valve (GPV, FCV, PRV, PSV or PBV) set to "inactive". In this case, the initial conditions solver will use the "minor loss coefficient" that you entered, which represents the fully open condition. You would then use steps 2-4 above to find the discharge coefficient, then enter it as the TCV's fully open discharge coefficient. 6. Choose "false" for "specify initial conditions" in the transient calculation options, compute initial conditions, then verify that the computed head loss is the same as it was with your other valve type:
Note: the "Minor Loss Coefficient" should be converted to the "Discharge Coefficient (fully open)".
However, some extra work is necessary with this option. Essentially you will need to relate relative closure percentages to discharge coefficients, in order to be able to refer to positions in terms of percent. This is done using the Valve Characteristics selection, described in the next section. For example if you enter 20% as the "Relative Closure (initial)", HAMMER needs to look that percentage up in the valve characteristics curve, to find the corresponding relative discharge coefficient. Then, based on the fully open discharge coefficient, it knows the discharge coefficient corresponding to 20%.
By default, several standard valve types are available, in the "valve type" field (such as butterfly, globe, needle). The table of relative closure versus relative discharge coefficient is not visible to the user for these predefined valves, but is defined based on the following equations:
Note: the X axis represents relative closure and the Y axis represented relative discharge coefficient. The two equations on the right side can be used to derive tabular values from which the curves were constructed. For example, let's say you wanted to use the "butterfly" valve characteristics selection, and you want the valve to be initially 25% closed, with a fully open discharge coefficient of 10.0 cfs/ft H2O0.5. In this case, we can determine from the above diagram that the 25% relative closure translates to a relative discharge coefficient of 58.7%, which means a discharge coefficient of 0.587 X 10.0 = 5.87 cfs/ft H2O0.5.
Note: The relative discharge coefficient values are relative to the value entered for "Discharge Coefficient (fully open)". You can also define a user defined table of relative closure versus relative discharge coefficient, by selecting "user defined" as the valve type. This exposes the "Valve Characteristics" attribute, which is where you would enter the table of relative closure versus relative discharge coefficient to define the characteristics of your valve.
Note: remember that HAMMER uses relative closure, so 0% means fully open and 100% means fully closed. Other places may use relative opening, where the opposite is true.
Intuitively, the "Starting relative closure" field in the pattern must match the initial relative closure, which you can see in the "results" section of the properties of the TCV:
From the Operating Rule, the valve is initially 20% closed. From the Valve Characteristics table, a 20% relative closure translates to a 50% relative discharge coefficient. The "fully open" discharge coefficient is 10.0, so the initial discharge coefficient must be 10.0 X 50% = 5.0. 5.0 is entered as the initial discharge coefficient, so when the initial conditions are calculated, the computed relative closure (in the results section of the properties) is 20%. Let's say you wanted to run another scenario where the valve starts at 90% closed. First, you would modify or create a new operating rule, with the "Starting Multiplier" set to 90%. Next you would need to match up the initial discharge coefficient to the 90% by looking at the characteristics curve. A 90% relative closure translates to a 5% relative discharge coefficient. 5% of the fully open discharge coefficient of 10.0 is 0.5. So, the initial discharge coefficient would be set to 0.5.
Troubleshooting
What does the following message mean? "The valve's Initial Closure percent does not match the initial closure percent in the valve's referenced Operating Rule. The Operating Rule will be used as specified, but should be modified in order to get the expected results." This means that the Starting Relative Closure in your transient operating rule is not in agreement with the initial conditions of the valve. Check the "Relative Closure (Calculated)" field in the "Results" section of the properties of the TCV, to see what the initial relative closure is (which is calculated based on the initial discharge coefficient, fully open discharge coefficient and valve characteristic curve). You'll need to adjust
the initial discharge coefficient so that the initial relative closure matches your pattern, or adjust the starting multiplier in your transient operating rule so that it matches the computed initial relative closure. If you're using a FCV, PRV, PSV, PBV or GPV, you will need to convert it to an equivalent TCV, using the method described further above in this technote.
Example Model
Click to Download Note: the above model is for example purposes only. It can be opened in version 08.11.01.32 or greater.