Sigma-delta ADC for mobile application

REVIEWPAPER

Abstract:-In past years, there has been

an outburst demand for mobile applications. Our design technique consists to keep proper ADC architecture in response to multi-mode aspect of WiMAX standard. For this, we set each sampling frequency Corresponding to each channel bandwidth so that we will keep the same OSR value for different channel bandwidth. The effect of multichannel signals on the performance of the ADC is studied. An analysis of different topologies for wireless receivers suited for multistandard Purposes is performed. In Present paper also discusses the role of different ADC parameters in the mobile applications. The increasing demand for wireless broadband connection emerged in Worldwide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) system which is revolutionizing the broadband Wireless world by providing it with a specific standard and ensures the inter-operability among different providers. WiMAX, based on IEEE 802.16, is also known as IEEE Wireless MAN air interface.

held terminals. The Mobile WiMAX Air Interface adopts Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)for improved multi-path performance in nonline-of-sight environments, which is very robust against multi-path propagation that causes frequency Selective fading.Multiple accesses is implemented where sub channels,existing of a set of sub-carriers, are allocated for transmissions to and from. This paper focuses on studying and sizing of thehomodyne receiver, especially the flexible sigma delta analog digital converter (ADC).Our design technique consist to keep proper ADC architecture in response to multi-mode aspect of WiMAX standard. Sigma Delta ADCs are conventionally used in high resolution low to medium speed application.

Multistandard wireless system:It starts with the first digital mobile phones that use GSM and EDGE standards. Although they outperform the first generation analog phones (not shown in the figure) but still are suitable for voice calls only. The increase demand for higher data rates and providing

Keyword: Analog to Digital Converters

(ADC), Software Defined radio (SDR), SNR,, Intermediate Frequency(IF),

INTRODUCTION: world of mobile

communication is dedicated to advancing the technological capability and understanding needed to bring people together. With each passing day, our society becomes more and more mobile and brings an increased demand fhigh quality voice communication service and convenient hand

more features rather than voice, result in the development of the latest generation of mobile networks which is CDMA system, also known as third generation (3G). These

Sigma-delta ADC for mobile application

systems offer much higher data rate and capacity which make them suitable for high speed data applications. Along with the developments in mobile phones, wireless systems have another market to grow and that is Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) which provides computer users with wireless high speed data transfer. 3G mobile systems cover a wide range of several miles around their base stations and are part of Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN) that provide their users with access across cities, states and even entire country. WLAN acces points, on the other hand, cover a range of 50-100 feet but with much higher data rates. Classification of ADC:- The ADCs are generally classified as Nyquist rate ADCs and Oversampling ADCs based on the rate at which the signal is sampled relative to the signal bandwidth. matching and circuit non-idealities. Also, the antialiasing filter requires a very sharp cut off to avoid aliasing. Examples of Nyquist rate ADCs are flash ADC, successive approximation ADC, pipelined ADC etc, whose conversion rates are constrained by the bandwidth limitations imposed by the implementation technology.

Oversampling ADCs:Oversampling ADCs sample the analog input signal at a rate much higher than the Nyquist rate. The ratio of the sampling rate and the Nyquist rate is called the oversampling ratio (OSR). ADCs exchange resolution in time for resolution in amplitude (4) in order to ease the demands on the precision with which the signal must be quantized. This class of ADCs do not require stringent component matching requirements and hence are more suitable for high resolution applications (upto 20-bits or more). In Nyquist-rate converters, each digital word is obtained from an accurately quantized input samples, whereas in oversampled converters, each output is obtained from a sequence of coarsely quantized input samples. Oversampling converters take advantage of todays VLSI technology providing high-speed/highdensity digital circuits rather than accurate analog circuits by performing most of the conversion process in the digital domain. The analog part of these converters is relatively simple and occupies a small area, unlike their Nyquist rate counterparts. Most implementations use switched capacitor techniques. In the state-of-the art oversampling ADCs, oversampling ratio is typically between 8 and 256 . Another advantage is very relaxed requirement on the analog antialiasing filter because of the high sampling rate. Sigma-delta ADC is an oversampling ADC in which oversampling and noise shaping are the two key techniques used to achieve high accuracy.

Figure: Different ADC applications, resolution and rates

architectures, sampling

Nyquist rate ADCs:Nyquist rate ADCs sample the signal at approximately twice the signal bandwidth, which is the minimum rate required for the reconstruction of the signal according to sampling theorem. Nyquist rate ADCs are fast, but their resolution is limited to 10-12 bit range due to stringent component

Sigma-delta ADC for mobile application

Sigma-Delta ADC Basics:The sigma-delta (-) ADC is the converter of choice for modern voiceband, audio, and high-resolution precision industrial measurement applications. The highly digital architecture is ideally suited for modern fine-line CMOS processes, thereby allowing easy addition of digital functionality without significantly increasing the cost. Because of its widespread use, it is important to understand the fundamental principles behind this converter architecture. The - ADC architecture had its origins in the early development phases of pulse code modulation (PCM) systemsspecifically, those related to transmission techniques called delta modulation and differential PCM. In delta modulation, the analog signal is quantized by a one-bit ADC (a comparator) as shown in Figure 1A. The comparator output is converted back to an analog signal with a 1-bit DAC, and subtracted from the input after passing through an integrator. The shape of the analog signal is transmitted as follows: a "1" indicates that a positive excursion has occurred since the last sample, and a "0" indicates that a negative excursion has occurred since the last sample.

Receiver architecture:The homodyne architecture is also known as synchrodyne, direct conversion receiver, or zero-IF receiver. Homodyne receiver architecture is considered for this multimode system due to its high level of integration, lower consumption and fewer external components. Homodyne architecture removes the need for image rejection filters which need to be implemented off-chip. However, problems of homodyne architecture, i.e. DC offset, flicker noise and sensitivity to I/Q mismatch shall be addressed carefully. Block diagram of the receiver is depicted in Figure.

Block diagram of multi-mode receiver

Basic Delta Modulation

Sigma-delta ADC for mobile application

PERFORMANCE SUMMARY:Pape r year Parameter s Channel bandwidth B Symbol or Bit rate D Minimum Sensitivity S Maximum input signal Eb/N0 (BER =106) Specifications