Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
OF NORTH PAKISTAN
ABUL HASSAN
SP09-ERS-014
BILAL MUHGAL
SP09-ERS-029
YARAS KHAN
SP09-ERS-020
ZAIN ULLAH
SP09-ERS-001
DEPARTMENT OF EARTH
SCIENCE
ACKNOWLDGEMENT
We are very thankful to over great teachers Dr. ISHTIAQ JADOON and Sir AZEEM SHAH
with the regards of whose we can completed our field work. We are also thankful to
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology that give us fund for field tour.
ABSTRACT
North Pakistan is the area which contains hard rocks (parent rocks) that are
igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is because of the collision between Indian
and Eurasian plate that affect the north part of Pakistan mostly. Due to this
tectonic activity the major faults MBT, MCT and a secondary fault balakot
fault (product of MBT) are produced. As we go away from the Hazara slates
toward the north of Pakistan (Naran side) then we observe that the grade of
metamorphism is increased and the rocks are changed from slate to schist,
gneisses, and granite.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DAY 1
Station 1 (Hazara slates) -------------------------------------------------
1
1
1
Station 2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
2
2
2
o
o
o
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
Lithology --------------------------------------------------------Environment of deposition ------------------------------------Reasons for reddish shale -------------------------------------Reasons for greenish and gray sandstone -------------------Dip and Strike ----------------------------------------------------
4
4
4
5
5
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
DAY 2
Station 1 (Kaghan Group) -------------------------------------------------------
Type Of Rock --------------------------------------------------Fractures --------------------------------------------------------Foliation ---------------------------------------------------------Crenulation -----------------------------------------------------Mahandri Formation ------------------------------------------Possible Fault --------------------------------------------------
6
6
7
7
7
7
o
o
o
o
o
o
8
8
DAY 3
9
10
10
Station 1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------
11
11
11
11
11
o
o
o
DAY 4
11
11
FIGURES
Figures
FIG. 1
FIG. 2
FIG. 3
FANS -----------------------------------------------------------
FIG. 4
FIG. 5
FIG. 6
FIG. 7
CRENULATIONS --------------------------------------------
FIG. 8
FIG. 9
FIG. 10
FIG. 11
FIG.12
FIG,13
FIG,14
FIG,15
FIG,16
FIG,17
FIG,18
FIG,19
FIG,20
GNEISSES ------------------------------------------------------
FIG,21
AMPHIBOLITE ------------------------------------------------
10
FIG,22
PEGMATITE ---------------------------------------------------
10
FIG,21
11
FIG,22
11
DAY 1
Time: 9:30 am
Weather: Sunny
Location: Muqaddas town
Field observation
Lithology
We observe the rocks which are slates
known as Hazara Slates having age
more than 570 million years ( preCambrian ). These are low grade
metamorphic rock looking shiny
resembling with attock slates.
Fig.1
Hazara slate
Fractures
Two type of fractures present in that
slates at that location which are open
and mineralized. Mineralized fractures
are filled with calcite.
Most of these fractures are rightward.
Fig. 2
Dip: 670 SE
10
Station 2
Time: 1:30 PM
Weather: shiny
Location: Near Gari
Habibullah
Objectives
Study fans
Field observation
Study Fans
Fans are located which are developed
due to the erosion of the mountain (on
which Balakot fault lies) and the
sediments are deposits in the plain area
in the form of alluvial fans.
Fig. 3
Fans
Objectives
Study balakot fault
Study the indication of fault
Balakot Fault
Introduction
This fault produces due to the movement
of MBT (Main Boundary Trust) and is
located to the south of MBT. Due to this
fault the whole balakot was destroyed in
2005 earthquake and due to this balakot
raised up to 2 meter. About 84000 people
were died.
Fig. 4
11
Field observation
We observe the indication of balakot fault which are the following,
In balakot fault the Paleozoic rocks (240my to 570my) overlies on the Triassic rocks
(Murree Formation age of 205my to 240my)
Fault Breccia
It is the indication of fault that contains
pebbles, veins, loose material.
Fig. 5
Fault Breccia
Disturb veins
Veins of calcite are present which are
highly disturb/deformed which shows
the evidence of tectonic activity.
Fig. 6
Disturb veins
Crenulations
Small folds (crenulations) are also
present which is the result of forces or
stresses.
Fig. 7
Small folds
12
Objectives
Type of rocks
Dip and Strike
Environment of deposition
Field observation
Lithology
There are shale and sandstone
present in that location (Murree
Formation) having fresh colour
reddish and gray respectively,
also greenish sandstone are
present.
Fig. 8
Formation
Murree
Environment of deposition
These rocks are deposits in fluvial environment
Reasons for reddish shale
When shale is deposits then
after deposition when they are
exposed then oxidation of these
shale occurred and therefore
these shale are looking reddish.
Fig. 9
13
14
DAY 2
Time: 10:00 AM
Weather: Shiny
Location: Kaghan
Type of rock
Fractures
Foliation
Crenulation
Dip and strike
Field Observation
Type Of Rock
Rocks are mostly schist. These schist are
low grade schist because schistosity are
not well developed.
Fig. 11
Kaghan Formation
Schist in
Fractures
Fractures are open and mineralized
with calcite veins.
Fig. 12
15
Foliation
Foliations are presents in that schist contain veins of calcite that are boundness structure.
Fig. 13
Crenulation
In that schist crenulations are also
present which tells about the stresses
that
are
responsible
for
metamorphism.
16
Mithrandir Formation
Mithrandir Formation (fig.15) lies
next to Kaghan Formation that
contains quartzite having yellow and
brownish colour (fresh colour).
There is gradational contact between
Kaghan Formation and Mahandri
Formation.
Possible Fault
The bedding of Kaghan Formation
and Mahandri Formation is very
opposite to each other due to which it may be possible that there is small fault occurring
between Kaghan Formation and Mahandri Formation.
17
Objective:
Type of rocks
Grade of metamorphism
Fig. 16
Rajawal Formation
Field Observation
In Rajawal Formation schist is present in which schistosity is converted into gnessity
because some white and grey bands are present which show that schist is converted into
gneisses
Grade of Metamorphism
Grade of metamorphism is high because high grade schist is present that is nearly converted
to gneisses.
Fig. 17
Graphitic schist
18
19
DAY 3
Time: 10: 00 AM
Weather: shiny
Location: Jheel saif-ul-malook
Fig. 18
Objectives
To observe the sediments that are eroded by the glacial melting
Type of rock
Field Observation
Jheel saif-ul-malook is about
12000 feet above the sea level.
It is surrounded by mountains
which are covered with ice
through out year. Glacial
melting brings the sediments to
the jheel thats why most of
sediments are angular.
Fig. 19
Jheel saif-ul-malook
Rock Type
Rocks present in that area is mostly igneous and metamorphic.
Gneisses (Fig. 20)
20
Amphibolite
Fig. 21
Pegmatite
Fig. 22
21
DAY 4
Time: 11:30AM
Weather: rainy
Location: Batakundi
Station 1
Objectives
Type of rocks
Dip and Strike
Field Observation
The types of rocks present in that area are mostly gneisses and granite.
Fig.
23
Gneisses:
This area contains fine grain gneisses which mean that they are low grade metamorphic
gneisses. These gneisses are formed from the metamorphism of granite.
Fractures
These gneisses are highly fractured.
Dip and Strike
Strike: N550E
Dip: 300SE
Station 3 (Jalakat)
Objectives
Study rock type
To see the fractures
Grain size
Field Observation
Rocks at that station are granite which
are highly fractured contain quartz vein.
Oxidation of granite also occurs at some
places. Grains are coarser.
Fig. 24 Quartz vein in fractured granite rock at jalakat
22
23