Q1: Distinguish between the processes of machining which can be formed by using conventional machines and Modern machines.

Answer Conventional machining usually involves changing the shape of a workpiece using an implement made of a harder material. Using conventional methods to machine hard metals and alloys means increased demand of time and energy and therefore increases in costs; in some cases conventional machining may not be feasible. Conventional machining also costs in terms of tool wear and in loss of quality in the product owing to induced residual stresses during manufacture.

Type Definition

Conventional Processes
Older machines, manually operated by a trained technicians. Manually operated center lathes, Manually operated vertical millers, Drills, .Shapers and Planers

Modern Processes
New technological machines, operated automatically by highly qualified technicians or sometimes an Engineer.

CNC Machines as Milling CNC machines and Grinding machines

Example

Advantages

Still have an important role in the training of engineers. Helps in understanding how machines work. Learning about accuracy and measuring. Teaching vital basic skills. Conventional machines are available in prices less expensive than CNC machines which make this kind more suitable for small companies with no mass production or like work shops. Doesn't need a highly qualified technician to be operated, just a regular trained person can do it.

Consistency of workpieces produced. Faster workpiece machining Lowered skill level of machinist. Complexity of workpieces to be machined. Flexibility, faster turn-around, and smaller lots. Ability to bring workpiece closer to completion which lower the costs spent on machining the workpieces.

Can be used in mass production as it saves much time.

Can not be used in mass production. The resulted workpieces Disadvantages may vary in dimensions even with less than a millimeter. Waste too much time.

Can not be used except in mass production. CNC machines are very expensive. Needs highly qualified technicians or Engineers to operate this type of machines. False feeling of security, Operator mistakes can be very costly, causing a great deal of downtime while machines are repaired.

Q2: from the engineering view point, explain the meaning of the ?machining economical cost And give an example to illustrate the answer
:Answer

The primary objective of a machining economics model is to determine the optimal cutting parameters that minimize production costs while satisfying some design constraints. When the parameters in a machining economics model have interval values, the associated problem becomes an interval machining economics problem, and the objective value will also have interval value; that is, lying in a range.

Machine operation costs

Fixed Costs
Machine tool purchase cost

Direct Costs

Indirect Costs

Labor Materials Power Set-Up

Machine maintenance

Taxes and insurance rate

Material handling

Engineering Inspection Office help Administration Building

 Machinists use machine tools, such as lathes, milling machines, and machining centers, to produce precision metal parts. They use their knowledge of the working properties of metals and their skill with machine tools to plan and carry out the operations needed to make machined products that meet precise specifications. Many modern machine tools are computer numerically controlled (CNC). CNC machines, following a computer program, control the cutting tool speed, change dull tools, and perform all of the necessary cuts to create a part. Frequently, machinists work with computer control programmers to determine how the automated equipment will cut a part.

An example of machinery manufacturing and transportation equipment manufacturing (motor vehicle parts and aerospace products and parts). Maintenance machinists work in most industries that use production machinery. Using CNC machines in this kind of manufacturing makes the price of this type of parts not much expensive and very well in its mechanical properties, as these parts are done with a huge mass production.