~~ Leadership: Leadership is a process to guide and direct the behavior of people in the work environment or group, its a phenomenon

which emerges whenever there are group of members interacting with each other, to have a leadership there are three main elements should be found: 1) Interaction situation: Some of the individuals during the interaction situation are trying to impose their trials to affect the other members of the group, by the end this will make other members of the group accept the trials of one of these individuals while rejecting the trials of the others and the one whos trials are accepted become the leader, the leadership is being accepted by the other Leaders in most cases could be found in informal groups rather than formal 2) A leader: the leader which is a person who has trials to affect and influence the other members behavior and these trials are accepted by the members and hence following him 3) Subordinates or followers: members who accept the trials of someone within the group in any interaction situation are called followers Tip: process is some subsequent activities related to each other leads to specific objectives Formal leadership: the officially sanctioned leadership based on the authority of a formal position, as a manager you might become a leader or not depending on the acceptance of the others to your trials Informal leadership: the unofficial leadership given to a person by other members of the organization Followership: is the process of being guided and directed by a leader in the work environment or group Differences between leader and manager: 1) the manager is appointed and delegated by other external power and he impose power over the other members, but the leader is accepted by the others members within the same group or environment 2) the manager can be identified before the group start to interact with each other, but the leader cant be identified before the group start to interact with each other 3) The manager could be a leader, but leader might not become a manager

~~ Leadership vs. Management:

Effective management controls complexity, the role of the manager is to reduce the uncertainties in order to reach a stable situation, the manager have predetermined objective Effective leadership produces useful changes, the role of the leader is to change the status quo, the leader helps the people to identify their objectives

~~ Management process:

1) Reduces uncertainty: to make and identify decisions in the nowadays to meet any situation that may arise in the future in order to remove uncertainty 2) Provides stability: to put in patterns the interrelations among all members interacting in the situation 3) Components: -planning and budging -organizing and staffing -controlling and problem solving ~~ Leadership process: 1) Creates uncertainty: 2) Creates changes: youre not satisfied with the current situation so you create changes 3) Components: -setting organization direction - Align people with the direction via communication: one of main leader role is to join the members together and direct them towards a common objective - Motivate people to action: 1) empowerment 2) need gratification

~~ Leadership theory typology: Traits: are constant and fixed Behaviors: are dynamic and can change universal: more generalized contingent: more specific and less generalized

~~ Type I universal trait theories of leadership: Universal trait theories: emphasizes on the traits or the inherent attributes of leaders and their impacts on the followers, if you are longer this would help you to become leader, you cant change your traits but you can change your behaviors Early type I theories: focused on the leaders physical attributes, personality, and ability Current type I theories: -focus on the distinctions between leaders and managers -focus on charismatic leadership

~~ Transactional and transformational leadership: Power: 1) Authority: (formal) to affect others by using some sanction, give rewards, bonus, punish you, etc. 2) Influence: (informal) this is based on interpersonal relations, such as a teacher to give grades or not, or to inspire others Transactional leader, I use formal rewards and punishments: so he use authority (formal) power Transformational leader, I inspire and excite followers to high levels of performance: so he use influence (informal) power

~~ Leaders as distinct personalities: Leader- an advocate for change and new approaches to problems, they are trying to inspire the people creativeness Manager- an advocate for stability and the status quo, he would like to maintain the status quo, he wants to reduce uncertainties

~~ Leaders and managers: Attitude toward goals: Manager: he doesnt care about the others, he makes decision and his decisions should be obeyed and implemented by the others, and who wouldnt do his job will be deprived from rewards and who do his job will be rewarded, so he uses authority Leader: more flexible in relations with other members

~~ Emergence of women leaders, do men and women lead differently? Yes, in our developing countries culture they differ because the socialization process degrades the role of women in our society, this is called gender bias Its very well known if we have a female manager she is very tough than the male because she is trying to compensate this image about women among the others, but male does his job normal But in Europe and developed countries you can see a truck driver lady you can find women in any organization and there are no differences ~~ Charismatic leadership: -Charismatic leadership: the use by the leader of personal abilities and talents in order to have profound and extraordinary effects on followers -charisma: means gift in Greek -charismatic leaders use referent power -potential for high achievement and performance -potential for destructive and harmful courses of action

~~ Leadership style and emotional climate: three types of leaders: 1) Autocratic style (dictatorship): the leader uses strong, directive, controlling actions to enforce the rules, regulations, activities, & relationships in the work environment; followers have little discretionary influence, he is controlling by power The autocratic style is very effective in the short term, but destructive in the long term, you can use the autocratic style in cases of emergency 2) Democratic style: the leader takes collaborative, reciprocal, interactive actions with followers; followers have high degree of discretionary influence Democratic style takes long time because bringing the people to one decision will take time 3) Laissez-fair style: the leader fails to accept the responsibilities of the position; creates chaos in the work environment