ANALYSIS OF THE EARTH FORMATION FOR HYDROCARBONS USING MICROCONTROLLER

Shashank Shekhar 09102154 Shiva Agrawal 09102220 Name of Supervisor: Ms. Madhu Jain Name of Project Guide: - Mrs. Neeta Murthy

May 2013 Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree Of Bachelor of Technology
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING JAYPEE INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, NOIDA ,UTTAR PRADESH

CONTENTS
Chapter No. Topic CERTIFICATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT MOTIVATION List of Figures Page No. 3 4 6 7

Chapter-1 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Project Outline 1.3 Origin Migration and Accumulation of Hydrocarbons 1.4 Wireline Log and Logging Technology 1.4.1 Introduction 1.4.2 Recording Of Wireline Log 1.4.3 Log data presentation 1.4.4 Broad Category Of Logs

Chapter-2 2.1 Science Of Petro physics

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Chapter-3 Principles of Basic Logging tools 3.1 Resistivity Log 3.2 Sonic Log

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Chapter-4 4.1 ATMEGA development board 4.1.1 Specifications 4.1.2 Ports and working 4.2 Arduino uno Board 4.2.1 Board specifications 4.2.2 Ports and Working

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Chapter-5 5.1 40Hz Ultrasonic Sensor 5.2 LM-35 Precision centigrade temperature censor

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Chapter-6 6.1 Principles 6.2 Working

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Chapter-7 7.1 Outcomes and Coclusion 7.2 Future Scope 7.3 Reference

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work titled Analysis Of Earth Formation For Hydrocarbons Using Microcontroller submitted by Shashank Shekhar (9102154) and Shiva Agrawal (9102220) in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology of Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida has been carried out under my supervision. This work has not been submitted partially or wholly to any other University or Institute for the award of this or any other degree or diploma.

Signature of Supervisor

..

Name of Supervisor .. Designation Date .. ..

Signature Of Company guide

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to our supervisor, Ms Madhu Jain, Sr. Lecturer, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, for the opportunity to work on our project under her guidance. She has been of invaluable help by giving ideas and providing opportunities of discussion throughout the entire project. It has been both an honour and privilege working with her. Also her guidance in presentation style and technical writing has been of invaluable help. We thank herfor guiding us to the completion of this project.

We would also like to thank Schlumberger , Mumbai for providing the funds and guiding us on many complex situations and concepts that we encountered during the project.Firstly, we would like to thank Mrs. Neeta Murthy for guiding us and introducing us to the whole Wireline team.We would like to thank Mr. Mike Miranda and Mr. Prasanna for his technical and theoretical assistance which helped a lot to make this project a successful one. We would also like to thank Ms. Anchal Gupta for being in touch and keeping us informed regarding different procedures of the organization. We would like to thank Mr. Prachur Sah for giving us this oppurtuinity to work under the guidence of exceptionally experienced officers.We would like to thank Dr. Ashutosh Pasricha for supporting us in every phase of this project. We would also like to thank the entire JIITs Electronics & Communications Department for their support.

We would like to thank the Learning Resource Centre of our University and its staff for providing us with all the aid required to complete our project.

Last but not the least, we would like to thank all our friends who directly or indirectly helped us in the completion of this work.

Shashank Shekhar Shiva Agrawal 16th May 2013

MOTIVATION

There is a high demand for the conventional sources of energy globally. Almost every nation , excluding few , is importing a huge section of these to suffice the country-wide demands. On the other hand there is a shortage of these reserves. Thus there rises a tremendous need for finding new reserves and extracting out a good amount to suffice the demands un market. Today electronics is applicable in almost every field. Thus here we try to incorporate the technology with concepts of Geo-physiscs so as to facilitate the search for new Oil-Natural gas reserves. Also , being an ECE student , there resides an interest for microntrollers and communication technology , in us. Thus we considered this project as a good deal for building and strenghtening our concepts of microcontrollers and communication as we use data transfer and managing techniques here. In the present scenario , globally many market leaders in Oil-Petroluem-Natural Gas sector are using complex electronic devices with sensors , processors and artificial intellegince to locate an oil reserve. the complexity of their working , circuitry and phenomenon have always inspired and fascinated us to a very great extent. Thus we took it as a challenge to develop such a prototype by combining the concept of Electronics and Communication that we have learned from this University.

LIST OF FIGURES
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1. Thin section of sandstone reservoir rock 2. Accumulation of Hydrocarbon 3. Triple Combo wireline log presentaiton 4. Schematic Diagram of Laterlog 5. Dual Later log 6. Sonic tool 7. Atmega 16 Development board 8. Adruino UNO board 9. 40Hz Ultrasonic Sensor 10. Stepper Motor 11. LM-35 Temoperature sensor

9 10 12 15 16 18 21 27 30 , 31 33 35

CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction: The subject petrophysics play a key role in exploration and development of hydrocarbon resources. It involves identification of the reservoir zones, evaluation of the reservoir properties to assess commercial viability of an oil accumulation. This project has been undertaken to understand the tools and technique of petrophysical interpretation commonly used in the oil and gas industry. For that purpose a prolific oil bearing reservoir has been taken as a case study on which step by step petrophysical evaluation has been carried out and finally the overall characteristics of the reservoir has been summarized.

1.2 The project outline: The project is being carried out in three phases. The first phase involves understanding the origin and mode of occurrence of hydrocarbon, basic understading of the wireline log and logging techniques. This phase is basically a study phase in order to understand the concept of petrophysics. This phase has been carried with the help of available books as well as information available in various websites. The second phase involves understanding of the principles of basic logging tools and their utilizations. The third phase includes the main project work. In this phase, basic workflow for interpretation of the reservoir under study has been designed and the interpretation parameters has been fixed, measuring and evaluation of available log data has been carried out .

1.3Origin Migration and accumulation of Hydrocarbon Petroleum is the product of altered organic material derived from microscopic plant and animal life. Microscopic plants and animals are carried in great volume by streams and rivers to lakes or the sea, where they are deposited under deltaic, lacustrine and marine conditions with finely divided sediments. These environments produce their own microscopic plants and animals, which are also deposited along with with organic materials carried by streams and rivers. Burial of organic matter by fine sediments that are coastally supplied by rivers and streams, prevents decomposition of the organic material and allows it to accumulate. Due to constant burial of organic matter to a deeper depth, it is subjected hi pressure of the overburden load, high temperature from interior, an non-oxidizing environment etc. This high
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temperature and pressure condition, assisted by some action of bacteria organic matter generate minute droplets of hydrocarbon. This process of conversion of the organic material to hydrocarbon is called catagenesis. The organic matter rich rock which give rise to hydrocarbon is called a source rock. The most common source rock is shale, which is mostly made up of clay mineral. Generally source rock have minimum porosity and permeability and cannot form large pool of hydrocarbon. The minute droplets of hydrocarbon, either oil, gas or mixture of both, are squeezed out of the source rock in time by the load of overburden to the neighboring permeable beds, commonly sandstone. The minute droplets then moves along with water in the porous rock from region of high pressure to low pressure and this process of movement hydrocarbon is called migration. During movement within porous rocks, hydrocarbon being lighter than water, continues to move up due to buoyancy until it is restricted by some suitable barrier caused by some impervious rock and got accumulated. A rock structure, which restricts further movement of hydrocarbon is called a trap and the accumulation of hydrocarbon is called a Pool. Therefore a pool consist of three elements, a impervious rock which acts as a barrier, known as cap rock, a porous and permeable rock layer where hydrocarbon is accumulated, known as reservoir rock and a structure formed by both of them, so that hydrocarbon cannot escape from that, called a trap. It is important to note that for accumulation of hydrocarn, there should be sufficient organic matter in the sediment, the sediment should undergo burial to suitable depth to attain suitable pressure temperature condition for conversion to petroleum, and trap should be available in the migration pathway for accumulation of hydrocarbon.

Fig: A thin section of Sandstone reservoir rock. White coloured grains are quartz blue colour represents pore space within the grains. It is evident that hydrocarbon occur in the pore spaces of rock in the subsurface.

Figure: Accumulation of hydrocarbon in subsurface rocks in different kinds of traps

1.4Wireline log and Logging technology : 1.4.1 Introduction: Log is a continuous record of any data. In oil industry, a log is a continuous recording of a geophysical parameter along a borehole vs. depth. Wireline logging, as the name implies, is a technique of measuring certain physical properties of subsurface rock in a well by using certain type of sensors suspended on a cable or wire and carries the data back to the surface. Examples of the basic physical parameters that can be measured downhole with logs include size of the borehole (caliper log), subsurface temperature (Temperature log), natural radioactivity of the rocks (Gamma Ray log), acoustic properties of the rocks (Sonic Log), density of the formation (Density log), resistivity of the formation (Electrical logs). A complete set up arrangement for wireline logging is combined in one truck mounted or skid mounted portable unit which is known as logging Unit (Figure-). A wireline logging set-up consists of the wireline tool, the wire itself, a winching gear, and a vehicle containing data recording equipment. All data recording and processing is now done digitally using powerful computers and array processors (Fig.).

1.4.2 Recording of wireline log: After a well being drilled to a desired depth, the drill string is pulled out of the hole and the hole is kept full with drilling mud in order to protect the hole from collapsing under the pressure of the overburden. A set logging tools are then lowered with the help of a cable to the bottom of the hole. The cable consists of a number of wires wrapped with a strong but flexible steel wire net which withstands the load of the tools. After reaching bottom, the tool set is pulled upwards, the predetermined speed using the winch system at the surface unit. While coming up, the sensors of the tools measure the physical properties of rock by passing electrical current, sound wave etc or measuring natural radiation of the formations. The data thus acquired by sensors digitally transmitted to the surface through the cables and recorded by the surface computer. Generally, 2 to 3 logging tools are lowered in combination in order to save time. Standard sample interval while log recoding is 0.1m. The physical properties recorded versus depth in digital format is then used for interpretation to understand subsurface geology, presence of hydrocarbon etc. 1.4.3 Log data presentation: Log data are presented in the form of curve, each curve showing a certain recorded physical property vs. depth. A standard log data presentation format contains a depth track showing depth of the hole, and 2 to 3 tracks with either linear or logarithmic grid. One or more log curve can be displayed in one track so that all the three tracks display a number of log curves from which meaningful conclusion can be drawn on the subsurface formations.

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Figure shows a typical triple combo wireline log presentation. Note that depth is arranged vertically in feet or metres, and the header contains the name of the log curve and the range. This example shows 3 track of data. Measurements of the formation properties e.g. natural gamma ray radiation (GR), are sampled in such close interval that they can be represented by smooth curves.

1.4.4 Broad Category of Logs:

Based on the logging environment, i.e wireline logs are subdivided into two major groups, viz. Open hole logs and Cased hole logs.

Openhole Logging Tools: These logs include logs that are recorded after drilling but before putting any casing against the zone to be logged. Obviously, these logs are recorded with logging tool in direct contact/exposure to the formation. Some common openhole logs are:

Gamma ray Resistivity Formation Density Neutron porosity

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Sonic travel time Formation micro imager Side wall coring Formation pressure tester & Fluid sampler Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Cased Hole Logging Tools: As the name implied, cased hole logs are recorded after placement of the casing and cementation. The steep pipe occure between the logging tool and the formation. Therefore a number of physical parameters cannot be measured unaffected in such condition. Therefore most of the cased hole logs are for evaluation of cement bonding behind casing, casing/tubing condition inspection or characterization of fluid propertied inside casing. Some common cased hole logs are:

Cement bond evaluation (CBL-VDL) Casing and pipe inspection Temperature log Production log (Fluid type as well as flow pattern inside hole) Pulsed neutron tool

Besides above certain open hole logs can also be recorded in cased hole condition applying necessary correction. For example, Gamma ray, Neutron porosity, Sonic travel time etc. Tool for measurement of formation resistivity, formation density through casing are also been developed in recent years.

Measurement while Drilling (MWD): In order to obtain log data continuously while drilling,an MWD version of most of the openhole logging tool are available nowadays. These tools are lowered along with drill pipe. While drilling, there tool constantly record the formation property and send the data to surface computer in the form of mud pulses. These tools are very helpful in exploratory wells, extended reach as well as horizontal wells.

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CHAPTER-II
2.1 The Science of Petrophysics:

Petrophysics is the study of the physical and chemical properties of rocks and their included fluids. Petrophysical data can be obtained from well logs and from laboratory data. Petrophysical data is used both qualitatively and quantitatively. Although "petrophysics" was used by G. E. Archie in the 1940's, the word has only become popular in the last 20 years. The terms "log interpretation" or "log analysis" are widely used in the literature to mean the same thing. Petrophysics is a more inclusive term, encompassing core analysis, sample descriptions, X-ray diffraction, petrography, scanning electron microscopy, and other forms of detailed laboratory data, in addition to well log data. Lab data can also be considered as a "well log", because the depth of each sample is usually known. The term "Integrated Petrophysics" is now widely used to suggest that all forms of rock physics data is being analyzed in a coherent fashion. In some cases, an adequate log analysis model cannot be constructed without the integtration of XRD, thin section petrography, geochemistry (organic carbon), electrical properties, and capillary pressure measurements, in addition to the more conventional core porosity and permeability measurements. Petrophysicists offer services in the areas of well logging supervision, log analysis and interpretation, computer analysis of logs, seismic modeling, synthetic seismograms, and reconciliations of log data with geological, geophysical and exploration prospects, field studies and simulations, reserves estimates, and submissions to regulatory agencies. These services are essential functions in modern oil and gas companies and cannot be accomplished without input from trained petrophysicists. The financial health and long-term success of a company depends on the central role of petrophysicist in all aspects of the companys exploration and development activities.

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CHAPTER-III
3. Principles of Basic Logging Tools

3.1 Resistivity Logging:

Laterolog: The laterlog is a direct current (DC) tool based on Ohms law. The tools have been designed to produce reliable resistivity measurements in boreholes containing highly saline drilling fluids and/or when surrounded by highly resistive rocks. As shown in the figure Electrode Ao emits current into the formation. The logging current is prevented from flowing up and down within the drilling fluid by placing focusing electrodes (A1 and A2) on both sides of a central electrode A0. The focusing electrodes force measure current to flow only in the lateral direction, perpendicular to the axis of the logging device.

Figure: Schematic diagrams of laterlog 7. The center current electrode A0 is in the middle of the current path. Guard electrodes A1 and A2 keep the current focused. In all guard systems, the zero potential difference between the center electrode and the guard electrodes prevents current emanating from the center electrode from flowing along the borehole even when it contains highly saline mud. Thus, the measure current will assume the shape of a cylindrical disc.

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Modern laterlogs

Dual laterlog tools use 9 electrodes. Additional A1 and A2 electrodes provide greater guard electrode coverage than a single upper and lower guard. Different depths of investigation are created by controlling the potential on the outermost guard electrodes. Shaded area at the right shows desired current paths. The two depths of investigation are recorded alternately so that the currents do not interfere with each other, but quickly enough that both look like continuous logs.

3.2 Sonic Log:

The first sonic logs appeared in 1957. Sonic logs, also known as sonic travel time logs or slowness logs, rely on the properties inherent in Snells law to propagate sound from a logging tool through the rock to receivers on the same logging tool. All sonic logs need a liquid filled borehole to operate properly. Older logs worked only in open hole, but also could be used as a cement integrity log in cased hole. Modern logs can make most of their measurements in both open and cased holes. Sonic logs measure the travel time of sound through the rock, recorded in microseconds per foot or per meter (abbreviated as usec/ft or usec/m, sometimes us/ft or us/m). The tool emits a sound pulse about once or twice per second from a transmitter. The first arrival of sound is detected at two or more receivers a few feet from each other and from the transmitter. The time elapsed between the arrival of sound at two detectors is the desired travel time. The newest generation of sonic logs can use the first arrival detection described above, or a cross correlation of waveforms to determine travel time. In cross correlation, the shear, Stoneley, and mud waves can be located, as well as the usual compressional wave. In well-cemented casing, these sonic logs can be recorded through casing.
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The sonic logging tool consists of a mandrel with one or more sound transmitters and one or more sound receivers. The tool is lowered into the borehole on the end of an electrical cable which provides power and signal lines to the tool. The transmitters and receivers are piezoelectric ceramic bobbins wound with a coil. When electricity is applied to a sonic log transmitter, it contracts, making a snapping sound similar to snapping your fingers. It is pulsed from 30 to 120 times per minute. The pulse is a short 5 to 30 KHz burst of energy which is free to travel in all directions from the tool. When the pulse hits a receiver, a voltage is created in the coil, which is measured and sent uphole as an analog or digital sonic waveform. In sonic logging, the actual signal received from the transmitter is an algebraic sum of all waves arriving at the same receiver, and from all directions around the borehole. To overcome the borehole effect, two detectors were used (near right). The arrival time of the sound pulse at the two detectors are subtracted from each other, giving the travel time between the detectors. The mud travel times are canceled as long as the hole size is constant. In varying hole size, the mud travel times do not cancel and spikes occur on the log, as in the log shown below. Many well files contain such logs. They should be used with caution and MUST be edited before being used for any calculations.

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Figure: Basic transmitter receiver arrangement in Sonic Tool By using two transmitters at opposite ends of the tool, and averaging the travel times from two sets of receivers (illustration at left), the spikes can be reduced. This tool is called the borehole compensated sonic log (BHCS) and was almost universally used from 1970 to 1990. The same log can also be run with the array sonic, full wave, and dipole sonic logs run today.

CHAPTER-IV
4.1 ATMEGA Development Board : 4.1.1 Specifications :

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40 Pin Atmel ATmega16/32 microcontroller with internal system clock upto 8 MHz and externally upto 16 MHz

16/32 KB FlashRAM memory for programs

1/2 KB of SRAM

512/1024 Bytes of EEPROM

One 6x1 Pin SPI Relimate Header

Eight 3x1 Pin Relimate header inputs for 8 analog sensors

One 16 Pin header to connect 16*2 alphanumeric LCD

Two onboard L293D drivers for motors (upto 600 mA per channel)

Dual 7805 Voltage regulator

Dual power input options (Through molex connector or through DC Jack)

Two programmable Micro-Switches

Two programmable LEDsTwo DPDT switches (one for power on/off and one for reset)

MAX 232 Level shifter for RS232 communication

One 3x1 Pin relimate header for RS2332 communication

Four 8 Pin bergistick headers (male) from each port of ATmega16/32

Wide input power range from 7 volts to 24 volts at 1.5-2 Amps

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Board size of 6 x 3 inches, designed for educational and hobby purpose, on high quality PCB

4.1.2 Ports and Working :

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Power Switch, 7805 and Power Connector: Power Switch is used to turn on the power supply of the board. Power will flow to voltage regulators only when the power switch is in down position. 7805 Voltage regulators will regulate the power supply to 5 volts. 7805 will work only when the input power is at least 7 volts. Power supply can be given either through the Power Connector or through the DC Jack. Be sure to use ONLY ONE power source. Regulated 5 Volts Power Output: This connector can be used to provide power to any external device. Taking into consideration, that the board can only withdraw power up to 2 Amps, power output from this jack may vary. Reset Switch: This switch is used to reset the program counter to zero and restart the program execution. In execution mode, Reset switch is needed to be kept in down position. While downloading the program to the chip, reset switch should be kept in up position LEDs: Four LEDs are provided on the board for the testing purpose. These LEDs can be programmed to glow. Connection details of the LEDs and microcontroller pins are given below LED 1 : Port C.1 LED 2 : Port C.2

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LED 3 : Port C.3 LED 4 :Port D.2 Each individual LED can be programmed to glow or to blink by programming the corresponding microcontroller pin. Programmable Micro-Switches: These switches are connected with microcontroller and can be used as input device to the microcontroller. These switches can be used for testing purpose. Connection details of these pins are given below S1 : PortD.7 S2 : PortC.0 When these switches are pressed, they actually short the corresponding microcontroller pin with GND, so it is required to use internal pull up registers to use these switches as input device. 40 Pin Base for microcontroller: This base is provided to install and remove microcontroller chip easily. This board supports ONLY two microcontrollers Atmel ATmega16 and Atmel ATmega32. Both microcontrollers have exactly same pin configuration but they differ in terms of the memory. 16 Pin Base for L293D Driver ICs: There are two bases provided onboard to use L293D H-Bridge with microcontroller. This board supports ONLY L293D Driver. No other H-Bridge IC can be installed instead of L293D. Eight 3 Pin Headers for Sensors: This board provides capability to connect upto eight sensors directly to ADC port of the ATmega16/32. ADC need to be configured and started while working with Analog sensors whereas ADC need to kept off while working with Digital sensor with same Port A. However both types of sensors can be used at a time but they both should be different ports, i.e. analog sensors should be on Port A (with ADC started) and digital sensors should be on any other port (with that port in input mode).Give n below is the connection detailsof all eight headers withcorresponding microcontroller pin J12 = ADC(7) J13 = ADC(5)

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J14 = ADC(3) J15 = ADC(1) J17 = ADC(6) J16 = ADC(4) J18 = ADC(2) J19 = ADC(0) RS232 Connector: This connector is provided for RS232 communication. Pin configuration of RS232 is given below RX = PortD.0 TX = PortD.1 16 Pin LCD Header: A 16 Pin header is provided to interface one 16 * 2 Alphanumeric LCD. Given below are the pin configuration details

Lcdpin = Pin Db4 = Port B.4 Db5 = Port B.5 Db6 = Port B.6 Db7 = Port B.7 E = Port B.3 Rs = Port B.2 DB4 to DB7: Data Buses of LCD E: Enable pin of LCD Rs: Register Select of LCD
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These pin configuration are only for the LCD which is 16 * 2 alphanumeric display.

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4.2 ARDUINO UNO Board 4.2.1 Board Specifications :

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 .

It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.

It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

Microcontroller : ATmega328

Operating Voltage : 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) : 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) : 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins : 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins : 6

DC Current per I/O : Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin : 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used bybootloader

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SRAM : 2 KB

EEPROM : 1 KB

Clock Speed : 16 MHz

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4.2.2Ports and Working :

Power :The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The powersource is selected automatically.External (non-USB) power can come either from an ACto-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adaptercan be connected by plugging a 2.1mm centerpositive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from abattery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5Vpin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltageegulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed to5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage throughthis pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.

5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on theboard. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or anotherregulated 5V supply.

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3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA. GND. Ground pins.

Memory : The Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0,5 KB is used for the bootloader); Ithas also 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.

Input and Output : Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), anddigitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA andhas an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 2050 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip .

External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, arising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.

PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.

SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication, which,although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino language.

LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED ison, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). Bydefault they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their rangeusing the AREF pin and the analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specializedfunctionality: I2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library.
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There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().

Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button toshields which block the one on the board.

Communication : The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or othermicrocontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available ondigital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega8U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USBand appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USBCOM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, an *.inf file is required. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from theArduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-toserial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).

USB Overcurrent Protection : The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts andovercurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layerof protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connectionuntil the short or overload is removed.

CHAPTER V
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5.1 40 Hz Ultrasonic Sensor

A guide to using the DYP-ME007 with Arduino in order to calculate distances from objects. Inthis case Im also altering the output of an LED with PWM according to how close an object is tothe sensor. So the nearer you are the brighter the LED. So if we start with the DYP-ME007, its an IC that works by sending an ultrasound pulse at around 40Khz. It then waits and listens for the pulse to echo back, calculating the time taken in microseconds (1 microsecond = 1.0 10-6 seconds). You can trigger a pulse as fast as 20 times asecond and it can determine objects up to 3 metres away and as near as 3cm. It needs a 5V power supply to run. Adding the DYP-ME007 to the Arduino is very easy, only 4 pins to worry about. Power, Ground, Trigger and Echo. Since it needs 5V and Arduino provides 5V Im obviously going to use this topower it. Below is a diagram of my DYP-ME007, showing the pins. There are 2 sets of 5 pins, 1set you can use, the other is for programming t he PIC chip so dont touch them.

Specifications :

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Working Voltage : 5V(DC)

Working Current : max 15 ma

Working frequency : 40HZ

Output Signal : 0-5V (Output high when obstacle in range)

Sentry Angle : max 15 degree

Sentry Distance : 2cm - 500cm

High-accuracy : 0.3cm

Input trigger signal : 10us TTL impulse

Echo signal : output TTL PWL signal

Circuit :

Working Principle : Adopt IO trigger through supplying at least 10us sequence of high level signal.
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The module automatically send eight 40khz square wave and automatically detect whether receive the returning pulse signal.

If there is signals returning, through outputting high level and the time of high level continuing is the time of that from the ultrasonic transmitting to receiving.Test distance = (high level time * sound velocity (340M/S) / 2,

5.2 Stepper Motor

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A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless DC electric motor that divides a full rotation into a number of equal steps. The motor's position can then be commanded to move and hold at one of these steps without any feedback sensor (an open-loop controller), as long as the motor is carefully sized to the application. Switched reluctance motors are very large stepping motors with a reduced pole count, and generally are closed-loop commutated. DC brush motors rotate continuously when voltage is applied to their terminals. Stepper motors, on the other hand, effectively have multiple "toothed" electromagnets arranged around a central gear-shaped piece of iron. The electromagnets are energized by an external control circuit, such as a microcontroller. To make the motor shaft turn, first, one electromagnet is given power, which makes the gear's teeth magnetically attracted to the electromagnet's teeth. When the gear's teeth are aligned to the first electromagnet, they are slightly offset from the next electromagnet. So when the next electromagnet is turned on and the first is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to align with the next one, and from there the process is repeated. Each of those rotations is called a "step", with an integer number of steps making a full rotation. In that way, the motor can be turned by a precise angle.

5.3 LM35 Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensors

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The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperaturesensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to theCelsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has anadvantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a largeconstant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any externalcalibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of 14Cat room temperature and 34C over a full 55 to +150Ctemperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming andcalibration at the wafer level. The LM35s low output impedance, linear output, an d precise inherent calibration makeinterfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. Itcan be used with single power supplies, or with plus andminus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it hasvery low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 israted to operate over a 55 to +150C temperature range,while the LM35C is rated for a 40 to +110C range (10with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while theLM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in theplastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and aplastic TO-220 packs. Features : Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade) Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor 0.5C accuracy guarantee able (at +25C) Rated for full 55 to +150C range Suitable for remote applications Low cost due to wafer-level trimming Operates from 4 to 30 volts Less than 60 A current drain Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air Nonlinearity only 14C typical Low impedance output, 0.1 for 1 mA load

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Figure :Lm 35 temperature sensor

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CHAPTER VI
6.1 Principles

Resistivity : We have designed this system in a simple way by extending the application of Ohms law. There are two electrodes which are Copper Plated, one of them is applied to Vcc 5V and is called Anode and the other electrode is applied to the ADC converter , i.e A port. We have measured the current i.e. 0.013A and throughout the process it remains constant. Thus upon dividing 5V / 0.013A we get 384.615 Ohms and it is the maximum resisitance. The ADC converter gives digital values from 0 to 1023 , indicating 1023 as 5V input . Thus according to unitary method we have calculated the voltage at anode from digital input values. For example , if value received is 100 , our voltage would be (5 / 1023 ) * 100 = 0.4 V .So now the resistance would be total voltage i.e. (5V 0.4V) / 0.013 = 353 Ohms. This is how weve calculated resisitance of various substances by inserting the electrodes in them .

Temperature : We have used a LM35 sensor here to analyse the temperature inside the borehole. The measurement for the temperature is very simple.The analogue vale that we get on ADC covertor has to be divided by 3 to get the actual value of the temperature in degree Celsius .

Sonic Log : For the sonic log we have used an Ultrasonic Sensor which in air gave us an analogue value around 11000 and 17000 in vaccum. Thus as the porosity is calculated as a particular ratio of the strength of received signal / transmitted signals strength.Porous object absorbs the sound waves and send very few back.We are sending a pulse fir 5 seconds . The speed of sound is 34000 cm/sec , so the total value in vaccum comes out to be 17000 and in air it comes to be 11000 similarly due to dust particles and other minute particles.Now we are considering air to be 100 % porous thus taking it to be received signals strength and thus any analogue value above 3400 would be considered as 100% porous per second , thus we divide the received signal value by 3400 to get the porosity percent.

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Natural Gas sensor : The M6-Natural Gas and few other gases like LPG , methane etcsensor we are using is sensitive to Natural gas and also tells the presssure in PPM. There is a simple logic in calculating pressure. We just have to multiply the analogue received value by 10.

Stepper Motor : The stepper motor moves down the cable by 2cms per its rotation , and this is how it helps in counting the depth reached .

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6.2 Working :

We have created a GUI using matlab , in which there are push butons defined for taking measurements and performing rotations. Firstly , The motor is rotated so that the device drops down by 2 cms. Then all measurements are taken like , porosity , pressure , temperature and resisitance , then save this set of data. As you press the save button , the first row of each sheet gets filled with respective data. Like sheet 1 is defined for depth so it will show the value of depth , similarly for resistance , prorosity , pressure and temperature . This set of data can be viewed in a graph by pressing the Graph button. The graph of every parameter is viewed imiidietly with depth on x axis and the parameter being in y axis . Then finally after taking number of sets of data , the excel sheet could be mailed to the user by by pressing the mail button . This is how the prototype designed takes data and measure the parameters to tell where the hydro carbon might be present .

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CHAPTER VII
7.1 Outcomes and Conclusion: It could be concluded from the evaluation , that as we go inside the bore hole it gets hotter and hotteras we get near the earths core. Thus the Lm35 will show an increasing temperature. Also due to friction between earth formation and tool temperature rises marginally sometimes. The pressure increases as we go down as trapped gases have a lot of pressure of the upper lying rock layers , which when escapes leads to huge pressure. The sonic log supports that porosity will be measures depending upon the time taken by the sound wave to receive. Thus for highly porous materials the sound takes a comparatively larger time than non porous substance to get back at receivers edge. It was found that porosity of air is 100% , that of water is 20-30 % and that of petroleum is 10-15%. There could be variations in the values always. The resistance found clearly showed that soil has low resistance than petroleum. Thus petroleum has the highest resistance . Water is a good conductor of electricity thus resisitance is zero. These outcomes help us to analyze that basically at what depth the hydrocarbon is available so that at that depth the extraction could be easily done by other geo-physical techniques so as to collect natural gas and crude oil .

7.2 Future Scope

The Project could be extended and made more Accurate by using the Gamma ray log . For the Gamma ray we require a radiocative mineral and we also have to design a gamma ray receiver. These incorporates some complex jobs. All of these sensors could be combined in a single structure which needs a mechanical understanding , which being an electronic and communication student we tried but could not make a stable one.

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7.3 References : Schlumberger training material. http://pkd.eijkelkamp.com/Portals/2/Eijkelkamp/Presentations/Soil%20resistance%20measu rement-def.pdf http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.aspx?LookIn=term%20name&filter=wireline %20log http://www.datalogtechnology.com/oil-sands-wireline-logging/ http://www.eos.ubc.ca/ubcgif/iag/foundations/properties/resistivity.htm http://www.wellog.com/borehole_resistivity.htm http://www.geomore.com/porosity-and-permeability-2/ http://infohost.nmt.edu/~petro/faculty/Engler571/Chapter4-Porosity.pdf http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=00023582

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