Lec STARCCM FoundationTrainingV2.0

CFD Basics - Outline
CFD Basics

Introduction CAD to Solution overview Governing Equations Initial and Boundary Conditions Turbulence Modeling Solution of Governing Equations Convergence Monitoring Errors in CFD Analysis Non-Dimensional Numbers Mesh Generation Post-Processing Divergence
Ensuring Quality of a CFD analysis CD-adapco solvers
Which Solver Do I Choose for my Application
CD-adapco, Americas Agency Training Document
CFD Basics - 1
CFD Basics

Introduction to CFD Governing equations of fluid flow and heat transfer Boundary Conditions Meshing Guidelines Solution best practices STAR Workflow overview
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CFD Basics
What is CFD? CFD is Computational Fluid Dynamics
Computational numerical methods
PC, workstation, cluster gas or liquid: Material that deforms continuously under application of a shear stress Moving (as opposed to static)
Fluid
Dynamics
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CFD Basics Need For CFD

Why do we need CFD? Very few fluid mechanics problems have analytical solutions (e.g. Laminar flow between parallel plates, laminar flow between rotating cylinders). Most real world problems do not have a closed form solution, and require a numerical solution.
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CFD Basics Applications where CFD is used

What are some of the areas in which CFD is used? Aerospace Automotive Biomedical Building Civil Engineering Chemical Process Environmental Marine Power Generation Sport Equipment Turbomachinery
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CFD Basics - ELEMENTS OF 3D CFD SIMULATION
turbulence model
combustion model
finite volume discretisation
moving mesh*
solution controls*
postprocessing*
conservation equations
mathematical model (differential)
finite volume model
CFD cpde STAR-CD
computer
RESULTS
spray model
wall film model
solution algorithm
initial/boundary conditions*
operating conditions*
optimisation
CAD geometry*
*via STAR-CD or STAR-CCM+

CD-adapco, Americas Agency Training Document CFD Basics - 6
CFD Basics CAD to Solution Overview

Discipline CFD SOFTWARE COMPONENT FUNCTION
CAD
Meshing
1.
CAD Modeler CAD Importer
Geometry Building
2.
Geometry Import and Mesh Generation
CFD
Pre/Post/Solution
3.
Pre-Processor
Physics and Boundary Conditions
4.
Solver Post-Processor
Run Analysis
5.
Solution Revealed to User
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CFD Basics CAD to Solution
4h
CAD Geometry
1h
1h
Surface Meshing Surface Clean-up Volume Meshing
2h
Post-processing
8h
CFD Solution
CFD Basics Governing Equations Conservation Laws
The following equations are fundamental to CFD:

Conservation of Mass (continuity) Conservation of Momentum (F=ma) Conservation of Energy (1st Law of Thermodynamics) In addition, depending on complexity of the problem (e.g. if turbulent), additional transport equations are solved.
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CFD Basics Governing Equations Constitutive Relationships

In order to close the system of equations (laws of conservation), we need the response of materials to external effects (i.e. surface forces, heat or mass fluxes). These are described by constitutive relationships. Stokes Law Expresses relationship between stresses and rate of deformation for fluids:
rr r = 2 D 2. V I P I
( )
r T 1 r D = V + V 2
( )]
is the dynamic viscosity, P is the pressure, V is the velocity vector and I is the identity tensor. Fouriers Law Expresses relationship between heat flux and temperature gradient
q =-kT
Where k is the thermal conductivity
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CFD Basics Governing Equations Equation of State Additional requirement for closure of governing equations. The equation of state links density and internal energy to the basic thermodynamic variables p (pressure) and T (temperature) = (p,T); e = e(p,T)
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CFD Basics Governing Equations General Form
r dV + u d A = d A + S dV S S V t V
V S S V
CONSERVATION:

=1 =u,v,w = e
A is the surface area V is the volume S is the source term
mass momentum energy
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CFD Basics Governing Equations
/t dV + u dA = dA + S dV
V S S V
Convective Flux
Rate of change of quantity in Control Volume
Diffusion Flux
Volumetric Source
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CFD Basics Convection and Diffusion

CONVECTION DIFFUSION
u dA
dA
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CFD Basics Initial and Boundary Conditions

To complete our mathematical model, conditions on the solution domain boundaries have to be specified. Conditions related to start time are called Initial Conditions. Conditions related to space are called Boundary Conditions.
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CFD Basics Boundary Conditions - Types

Dirichlet Boundary Conditions are BCs where value of the dependent variable at the boundary is given (e.g. inlet velocity of fluid). Neumann Boundary Conditions are BCs where gradient of the dependent variable at the boundary is specified. It is possible that for the same boundary, Dirichlet BCs are applied for some dependent variables, and Neumann BCs are applied for other dependent variables.
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CFD Basics Boundary Conditions (External flow)
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CFD Basics Boundary Conditions External Flow Examples - Flow over an aircraft or automobile - Flow over a cylinder - Flow around buildings
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CFD Basics Boundary Conditions (External Flow)
Free Stream
Inlet
Outlet
No slip Wall
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CFD Basics Boundary Conditions Free Stream
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CFD Basics Boundary Conditions

Inlet Boundaries can be specified at portions of boundary where the fluid enters the solution domain, and where the velocity and scalar (temperature, species concentration, turbulence quantities) distributions is known. Outlet Boundaries can be specified at that portion of the solution domain, where flow leaves the domain. It assumes zero gradient of all dependent variables in the flow direction. No-Slip Wall requires prescription of velocity at the wall (e.g. zero velocity for a stationary wall). Free Stream boundary represents the conditions at a far-field location (i.e. At the periphery of a bubble of fluid surrounding a moving object)
CFD Basics Boundary Conditions Pressure Boundaries

Pressure boundary conditions can be specified at boundaries where the pressure distribution is known. Boundary velocities are obtained from Neumann Boundary condition for velocity. All dependent variables are either specified or extrapolated from the inside using zero gradient assumption. At outflow, all variables are extrapolated. Note: The velocity at the pressure boundary where the flow comes in has to be sub-sonic, or else the upstream velocity needs to be specified, thus violating the Neumann boundary condition.
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Day 1 : CFD Basics Boundary Conditions - Internal Flow
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CFD Basics Boundary Conditions Internal Flow Examples

-
Flow inside ducts Flow inside Intake/Exhaust manifolds Flow inside coolant jackets Flow inside human blood vessels In-Cylinder flow of IC engines
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CFD Basics Boundary Conditions Internal Flow
Inlet
Outlet
No slip wall (u = 0) Adiabatic, fixed temperature, or fixed heat flux.
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CFD Basics Boundary Conditions - Inlets

Velocity and Scalars can be specified for an inlet.
w
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CFD Basics Boundary Conditions - Outlet
n is the unit normal. Gradients of all variables along flow direction is taken to be zero. Mass flow is fixed from overall continuity.
FLOW SPLIT or MASS FLOW RATE

CFD Basics - Outlet Boundary Conditions

Zone of Recirculation: Area is inaccurate Developing Zone: Area has little accuracy Developed Zone: Area is accurate
Flow direction
3L-8L
10L
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CFD Basics Boundary Conditions - Symmetry

normal mal Symmetry plane indicates a surface where normal velocity and nor velocity gradients are all zero. (n indicates the unit normal)
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CFD Basics Boundary Conditions - Periodic
A periodic boundary condition refers to a pair of boundaries where the flow repeats itself.
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CFD Basics Gallery of Turbulence
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CFD Basics - Turbulence

Most of the commonly occurring flows are turbulent in nature (e.g. Jet streams, combustion, boundary layers on wings of aircraft etc.). Turbulence by itself is difficult to define, but typically has the following characteristics: - Irregular (hence requires statistical methods) - Diffusive (causes rapid mixing) - Large Reynolds numbers - Three dimensional vorticity fluctuations - Dissipative (exhibits viscous losses, and needs a continuous supply of energy to make up for losses)
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CFD Basics - Why do we need turbulence models? Turbulence is influenced by structures having large length scales, and small length scales (down to the molecular level). To resolve all scales, the number of computational cells is approximately (Re3), which is beyond the computing resources currently available. In order to model scales smaller than the computational cell size, turbulence models are required.
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CFD Basics - Turbulence

u(t) U u'(t)
==
1 t
t (t) dt
(t)=+ (t)
High Reynolds Number u(t) = U + u(t)
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CFD Basics - TURBULENCE MODELLING OPTIONS

Eddy Viscosity Models 1. Linear k- models: standard, RNG, Chen low- and high-Re variants of k- 2. V2F model 3. Non-linear models: quadratic and cubic k-, several variants low- and high-Re Suga Speziale quadratic 4. Other k-: standard and SST, low- and high-Re Spalart-Almaras
Reynolds Stress Transport models

1. Gibson and Launder 2. Craft 3. Speziale, Sarker and Gatski
CFD Basics - TURBULENCE MODELING OPTIONS

Detached Eddy Simulation - In regions of irrotational flow, RANS is used - In regions of detached eddies, LES is used - Accurate for capturing eddies created by bluff bodies - Excellent compromise between RANS and LES Large Eddy Simulation - Resolves the large scale eddies - Uses a sub-grid scale model for small eddies - Requires very fine mesh DNS - Models all eddies from large scale to small scale - Not practical for industrial applications
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CFD Basics Inlet Turbulence

Turbulence conditions at inlet are seldom known. If inlet is sufficiently upstream of region of interest, results are insensitive to inlet turbulence. If inlet is close to region of interest, need to perform a sensitivity study of inlet turbulence on results.
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CFD Basics Inlet Turbulence
Estimation of Inlet Turbulence:

Intensity of turbulence I Length of turbulence scale L
Common Practice
I 0.03 - 0.10 L Dh/10 Dh is hydraulic diameter C = 0.09
3 2 2 k= I V 2 3/2 C3/4 k = L
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CFD Basics Turbulence Wall Treatment

Near wall treatment for turbulence models is typically chosen based on the local non-dimensional distance of the cell centroid of the near wall cell from the wall (y+).
y = C k y/
1/4
1/2
Where y is the distance of the near wall cell centroid from the wall, k is the local turbulence kinetic energy, and C is a constant having a value of 0.09.
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CFD Basics Turbulence Wall Treatment
Wall Functions Computationally efficient Uses logarithmic law of the wall Requires y+ to be in the 30 200 range Applies only to attached flows and fails in recirculating flows Low Reynolds number approach Computationally expensive Integrates down to the wall and uses no-slip Requires near wall y+ less than 5 Hybrid Treatment If y+ < 5, use Low Re approach If y+ > 30 use Wall Function approach If 5 < y+ < 30 blend smoothly between two approaches
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CFD Basics - Estimation of Near Wall Cell Thickness How can I get an approximate estimate of the near wall cell thickness? y+ = C1/4 k1/2 y /
1.
2.
Estimate k from free stream velocity and an assumed turbulence intensity (1.5 * I2 U2) Substitute the required y+ value in the equation, and get an estimate of y. Note: C=0.09
CFD Basics - Choosing a turbulence Model

Spallart Almaras Turbulence Model Recommended when flow is primarily attached with no separation, or mild separation. e.g. For flow over a wing or a fueslage. k- or k- Turbulence Model Common industrial applications, with flow separation and recirculation. Reynolds Stress Model When the turbulence is highly anisotropic. e.g. In a Cyclone separator. Detached Eddy Simulation Recommended for aeroacoustic applications
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CFD Basics - Choosing a Turbulence Model
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CFD Basics - Choosing a Turbulence Model

What is our recommendation on choosing a turbulence model? Choose the simplest model which gives acceptable engineering results for your application. Typically start with the k- turbulence model. If wall effects are important, use either the hybrid wall functions, or a low Reynolds number turbulence model, making sure to have a fine mesh resolution in the wall region. If anisotropic effects are important, then use Reynolds Stress Models. What factors other than a turbulence model affect accuracy of a simulation? Inlet values of turbulence chosen Size and quality of the computational grid
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CFD Basics - Discretization

In order to obtain a solution for the governing equations, the mathematical model (equations and constitutive relationships) is transformed into a system of algebraic equations. Special techniques are used for the transient, convection, diffusion and source terms in this process. The discretized equations have the form expressed in the equation below. C denotes cell center value, and k denotes values in neighboring cells.
A cc + k A kk = Q c
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CFD Basics Solution of Discretized Equations

The discretized equations are coupled and non-linear. The discretized equations are then solved using iterative methods. Steady State problems typically use the SIMPLE algorithm, and transient problems either use SIMPLE or PISO algorithms.
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CFD Basics SIMPLE Algorithm

What does SIMPLE stand for? Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations A variation of the SIMPLE algorithm is used in all CDadapco solvers for solving the equations of fluid flow and heat transfer. (Note that STAR V3.26 uses the PISO algorithm (Pressure Implicit Split Operator) for transient analysis)
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CFD Basics SIMPLE Algorithm

Main Steps in SIMPLE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Variables are assigned initial values at startup, and time is advanced by dt (time step). With the initially guessed pressure field, the momentum equations are solved, to obtain an approximate velocity field. The velocity field computed in step 2 along with the prevailing density is used to compute new mass fluxes, and then solve the mass conservation (pressure correction equation). This results in corrections for velocities, density and pressure being computed and applied. If applicable, additional transport equations (turbulence, energy, species concentration) are solved. If necessary, fluid properties (e.g. density, viscosity, Prandtl number are updated). Steps 2 through 5 constitute an outer iteration. These steps are repeated until the residual level before the first inner iteration in each equation becomes sufficiently small. When the non-linear coupled equations are satisfied to a desired tolerance, time is advanced by dt, and the process is repeated.
CFD Basics Under-relaxation

In order to promote stability of the solution method, an underrelaxation is done for all variables (other than the pressure correction). In the equations below, k+1 refers to the most recent iteration or time step, and k refers to the prior iteration or time step. Omega is the under-relaxation factor, having a value between 0 and 1.
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CFD Basics Convergence Monitoring

There are two main criteria for convergence monitoring: 1. Make sure that the global residuals reduce by 2-3 orders of magnitude (applies only if starting with a zero solution in the domain, or a simple initial guess). 2. Monitor of engineering quantities of interest (e.g. drag coefficient, pressure rise across a fan, pressure drop across a heat exchanger) and make sure that they do not change with iteration. We need to make sure that both of the above criteria are met before we declare our solution to be converged.
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CFD Basics Convergence Monitoring

Residuals Outlet Temperature
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CFD Basics Errors in CFD

The following are the main types of errors in a CFD analysis: Modeling Errors This is the difference between the actual flow and the exact solution of the model equations (Navier stokes or RANS equations) Discretization Errors This is the difference between the exact solution of the differential equation, and the exact solution of the algebraic system of equations obtained by discretizing them. Iteration Errors This is the difference between the iterative and exact solution of the algebraic equation systems.
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CFD Basics Modeling Errors

In case of turbulent flows in complex geometries, modeling errors are mainly due to imperfections in the turbulence model and to simplifications in the geometry or boundary conditions. How can modeling errors be estimated? Compare solutions in which discretization and iteration errors are negligible, with accurate experimental data, or data obtained by more accurate models (e.g. Direct Numerical Simulation).
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CFD Basics Discretization Errors

Discretization errors can be estimated by performing a systematic grid refinement and comparing the solutions obtained on a sequence of grids. The errors are proportional to the difference in solution obtained on consecutive grids.
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CFD Basics Iterative Errors

The level of iterative errors can be reliably controlled by monitoring the residual norms (either sum of absolute values, or the square root of the sum of squares of residuals in all Control Volumes). It is not the level of the residual itself, but the amount of reduction compared to initial levels that is important.
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CFD Basics Non Dimensional Numbers

Next we briefly overview some important non-dimensional numbers that are used in CFD.
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CFD Basics Laminar vs Turbulent

Reynolds Number = Inertia Force / Viscous force Reynolds Number = ( * U * L)/ ( is the density, U is a characteristic velocity, L is a characteristic length scale, and is the laminar viscosity)
If Reynolds number is low, flow is laminar (viscous forces dominate) If Reynolds number is high, flow is turbulent e.g. For pipe flows: Re > 2300 implies turbulent flow For flat plate: Re > 5e5 implies turbulent flow
CFD Basics Compressible vs Incompressible

Mach Number = speed of flow / speed of sound If Mach Number is above 0.3, need to model as compressible. In low speed flows, if temperature change causes a change in density, then flow should be modeled as compressible.
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CFD Basics Natural vs Force Convection

Gr/Re2 = Buoyancy Force / Inertia Force Grashof Number / Reynolds Number2 = g * * T / (U2) Where g is gravity, is the coefficient of volume expansion, T is the difference in temperature between the surface and the free stream, U is the free stream velocity. If Gr/Re2 >> 1, then effect of buoyancy is important If Gr/Re2 << 1 buoyancy effects are unimportant
CFD Basics Conduction vs Convection

Biot Number = Resistance of conduction / Resistance of convection Biot Number = (L/k) / (1/h) Where L is the thickness of the body, k is the thermal conductivity, and h is the heat transfer coefficient. If Bi >> 1, wall side resistance is large, and wall conduction should be included If Bi << 1, wall side resistance is small and wall can be treated as a constant temperature boundary condition.
CFD Basics Mesh Generation
...of the Surface
Meshing: ...
CAD
MESHER
...of the Volume (calculation)
Solid
Fluid
CFD Basics Mesh Generation

The quality of a CFD solution is dependent on the quality of the underlying volume mesh. Hence it is important to ensure a good quality volume mesh (which requires a good quality surface mesh)
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CFD Basics - Elements of Surface Meshing
Arbitrary Polygon quad
triangle
CFD Basics - Surface Mesh Quality
LOW QUALITY
Equilateral triangles imply good quality. quality
HIGH QUALITY
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CFD Basics - Surface Mesh Quality
LOW QUALITY
HIGH QUALITY
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If the angle between the face normal and the vector joining adjacent adjacent cell centroids is small, the triangle quality is high.
CFD Basics Surface Mesh

What are the requirements of a surface mesh, in order to get a valid volume mesh using CD-adapco auto mesh tools? Surface is closed (water tight) Triangles are connected one to one Surface is manifold (Only two cells connected to an edge)
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CFD Basics Basic Volume Mesh Elements
Prismatic Hexahedral
Arbitrary Polyhedral
Tetrahedral Pyramid
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Day 1 CFD Basics Volume Mesh Types

Generally mesh generation is done either using manual techniques (e.g. in pro-STAR) or using an auto-mesher (e.g. ammbatch) When do we need manual meshing? - If we need a structured mesh (for cell layer addition and deletion) - If we have very tight gaps (e.g. nominal cell size is 2mm, but gaps are of the order of 0.05 mm)
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CFD Basics Volume Mesh Types

What are the mesh types that can be generated by CDadapco auto meshers? Trim Mesh
Least demanding on surface quality As automated as a tetrahedral mesher Numerically more stable, less diffusive, and more accurate than an equivalent tetrahedral mesh
Polyhedral Mesh

Hybrid Mesh Tetrahedral mesh
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Trim Mesh
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1.
2.
When is a trim mesh recommended? If an underlying custom mesh needs to be used (e.g. for turbo machinery applications, a basic bodyfitted structured mesh can be used as a template for creating a volume mesh with additional details.) If surface quality is not good enough for a polyhedral mesh.
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Polyhedral Mesh
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1. 2.
When is a polyhedral mesh recommended? If the quality of surface mesh is excellent. If process of mesh generation needs to be highly automated (as automated as a tetrahedral mesh).
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Tetrahedral Mesh
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When is a tetrahedral mesh recommended? The only scenario where a tetrahedral mesh is recommended is when comparisons have to be made with legacy tetrahedral models.
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CFD Basics Advantages of Polyhedral Mesh over Tetrahedral Mesh
Mesh dependency performed by successively halving surface triangulation size from 20mm to 0.625mm Convergence judged from pressure drop across jacket
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39,587 TETS 21,872 POLYS
2,322,106 TETS
593,888 POLYS
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Contours of Static Pressure
2,322,106 TETS
593,888 POLYS
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7
MESH DEPENDENCY
POLY
TET
Delta P (kPa)
Run on a 3Ghz Dual Processor workstation with 2GB RAM
6.3 hours > 5% error 43.25 hours 1.6 hours < 3% error 10 hours
3 10000 100000 1000000 10000000
Number of Cells
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CFD Basics Volume Mesh Quality

Low Quality
Diffusion
High Quality
Convection
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CFD Basics Volume Mesh Quality

Accuracy of Convection When using linear interpolation for convective fluxes, the lines connecting neighboring faces should pass through the center of the common face. Accuracy of Diffusion - Maximum accuracy of diffusive fluxes is achieved when the line connecting neighbor cell centers is orthogonal to the cell face, and also passes through the center of the common face.
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CFD Basics Grid Generation Guidelines

General Guidelines on Grid Generation

~5 control volumes across a shear layer ~5 control volumes across a separated region At Least 4 control volumes across a flow passage Vary grid spacing gradually Keep aspect ratio reasonable (Less than 1:10 whenever possible)
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CFD Basics Grid Generation Guidelines

Insufficient mesh resolution to resolve flow. Refinement enables better resolution of the flow.
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CFD Basics - Post-Processing
Reporting Drag / Lift Coefficients Heat Rejection by heat exchanger Pressure rise across a fan or compressor Pressure drop in a duct Swirl, tumble, burn rate in an IC engine Flow Visualization Visualization of Fields

Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities
Streamlines Iso-Surfaces Animation

CFD Basics Reporting and Monitoring
Centerline Cp
Drag/Lift Monitoring Field Values Residual Convergence

CFD Basics Post Processing Scalars and Vectors
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CFD Basics Post-processing Surface Plot Coefficient of Pressure
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CFD Basics : Post-Processing Capabilities: Streamlines
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CFD Basics : Post-Processing - Isosurfaces

Total Pressure = 0, Isosurface plot.
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CFD Basics - Divergence

What do I do if my solution diverges? Check physical models chosen, and boundary conditions applied. Check and make sure dimensions of the problem are setup correctly. Check and make sure mesh quality is good, and sufficient mesh density is available for resolving the flow features. Reduce under-relaxation factors. Simplify the physics
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CFD Basics Ensuring Quality in CFD Analysis

Ensuring quality of CFD analysis is an important process. The next few slides briefly outline practices used within CD-adapco.
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CFD Basics Ensuring Quality in CFD Analysis

Main Phases:
1. 2. 3.
Initial Project Review Pre-Analysis Review Final Analysis Review
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CFD Basics Ensuring Quality of CFD Analysis

Initial Project Review - Define scope of project and cross check with customer - Define time frame and resources for project - Check with customer and make sure all cad data is available and consistent
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Pre Analysis Review - Does the generated mesh match CAD supplied? - Have the boundary conditions been correctly applied? - Is the mesh density sufficient to answer objectives of analysis? - Have correct material properties been defined? - Have the correct physics models been applied? - What post processing is required? - Do results from running a few iterations / time steps look reasonable?
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Final Analysis Review - Has the solution fully converged? - Double check, initial and boundary conditions - Double check material properties - Do results make physical sense? (compare with prior analysis if possible) - Have all the questions of the customer been answered?
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CFD Basics: CD-adapco Solvers

CD-adapco offers two CFD Solvers: STAR-CD - V3.2x - 20 Years of Development - V4.x - Rewrite of STAR V3.2x as a face based solver. - Uses an upgraded pre/post Processor of V3.2x STAR-CCM+ - New Integrated Meshing / Pre-Processor / Solver / Post Processor, all under one GUI. - Developed with novel concepts, keeping in mind of very large models.
CFD Basics Comparison of CD-adapco Solvers

The next few slides compare the available features (for mesh generation, physics, and coupling) in STAR V3.26, STAR V4.06 and STAR-CCM+ V3.02
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CFD Basics Comparison of Solvers Mesh Topology
Mesh Type Hexahedral
STAR-CD V3.26 STAR-CD V4.06 STAR-CCM+ V3.02 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Hexahedral / Trim Yes Hex / Tet (Hybrid) Yes Arbirtrary Polyhedra No
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CFD Basics Comparison of Solvers Mesh Motion
Mesh Motion Rotating Reference Frames Arbitrary Sliding Meshes Parallel Partition across interfaces Cell layer addition / removal Conditional Cell attachment / detachment General Mesh Motion
STAR-CD V3.26 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
STAR-CD V4.06 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
STAR-CCM+ V3.02 Yes Yes Yes No No No
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CFD Basics Comparison of Solvers Solution Algorithms
Algorithm SIMPLE AMG PISO Coupled Solver
STAR-CD V3.26 STAR-CD V4.06 STAR-CCM+ V3.02 Yes* Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes
Note: STAR V3.26 has SIMPLE for Steady State Only.
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CFD Basics Comparison of Solvers Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer Conjugate Heat Transfer Surface Exchange Radiation Participating Media Radiation Solar Radiation Transparent Solids
STAR-CD V3.26 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
STAR-CD V4.06 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
STAR-CCM+ V3.02 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
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CFD Basics Comparison of Solvers General Combustion Models

Mesh Type Solid (e.g. Coal) Liquid Gaseous EBU CFM Hybrid (kinetic / EBU) PPDF Ignition NOx and SOOT Models Complex Chemistry STAR-CD V3.26 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes STAR-CD V4.06 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes STAR-CCM+ V3.02 No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No
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CFD Basics Comparison of Solvers IC Engine Combustion Models
IC Engine Combustion Premixed SI Partially Premixed SI Diesel Ignition Models EGR NOx SOOT
STAR-CD V3.26 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
STAR-CD V4.06 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
STAR-CCM+ V3.02 No No No No No No No
Diesel Combustion Models Yes
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CFD Basics Comparison of Solvers Multi-Phase Flows
Feature Free Surface Cavitation
STAR-CD V3.26 STAR-CD V4.06 STAR-CCM+ V3.02 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes* No No
Dispersed Multiphase Yes (Lagrangian) Interpenetrating Yes Phases (Eulerian) Liquid Film Yes
Note:* Currently L2P in STAR-CCM+ does not include evaporation.

CFD Basics Comparison of Solvers Multiphysics
Feature Aeroacoustics Fluid Structure Interaction Stress Melting and Solidification Electromagnetics
STAR-CD V3.26 STAR-CD V4.06 STAR-CCM+ V3.02 Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes* (Beta) Yes* (Beta) Yes* (Beta) No No No No
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CFD Basics Comparison of Solvers Coupling to Other Codes

CODE GT-Power Wave FlowMaster SYSNOISE and ACTRAN CHEMKIN DARS STAR-CD V3.26 STAR-CD V4.06 STAR-CCM+ V3.02 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes* (V3.27) Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Yes
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Basics

This lecture introduces the basics of STAR-CCM+ to a new user. Topics Covered Introduction to the client server architecture Unique features Meshing capabilities Physics Models Boundary conditions and Post-Processing GUI layout Simulation File Workflow Accessing Help
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
STAR-CCM+ Basics -1
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Introduction
STAR-CCM+ is a state-of-the-art CFD solver from CDadapco that uses a Client Server approach. - Java front end (light on memory) and a C++ server
Client
Server
CD-adapco, Americas Agency Training Document STAR-CCM+ Basics -2
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Introduction

What is a client? Client is the part through which you launch a simulation and work with, typically through the STAR-CCM+ workspace. What is a server? Server is the part of the architecture that implements commands in a simulation (e.g. import data, run the solver)
STAR-CCM+ Basics -3
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Basics Unique Environment
What is unique about the STAR-CCM+ environment? State of the art object-based GUI Simulation database: Fast, loaded on demand Binary Platform and Parallel independent User Programming Java language scripting User defined boundary conditions, source terms and post-processing Scalable, seamless parallel operation Client Server Architecture Operable on Windows, LINUX, and several UNIX platforms Documentation

Via online browser Context Sensitive help with F1 Key pdf document
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Novel Concepts

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Multi-Physics, continuum based modeling. Separation of Physics and Mesh. Generalized interfaces (allow communication between different regions in the solution domain).
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Ports Supported

STAR-CCM+ is currently ported to: Windows 2000 / XP (32 bit and 64 bit) Linux 32 bit Linux 64 bit IBM AIX HPUX PaRisc HP Itanium SGI Altix Sun Solaris
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Mesh
Surface Mesh Formats

.dbs pro-STAR surface database .inp pro-STAR cell / vertex shell input file .nas NASTRAN shell file .pat PATRAN shell file .stl Stereolithography file .fro FELISA front surface file Jt JT Open Surface file
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Basics - Mesh

CAD Import Formats x_t, x_b Parasolid Transmit File .stp, .step Standardized Exchange of Product File .igs, .iges International Graphics Exchange Standard File
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Basics - Mesh

Surface Meshing Surface Remesher Surface Wrapper (automated method for closing surfaces) Hole Filling Rough Patcher Edge Zipper Edge split, swap (techniques for improving triangle quality) Automatic repair of surface errors Automatic / Manual extraction of feature curves Surface Creation and Manipulation Creation of simple shapes Boolean Unite, Subtract and Intersect
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Basics - Mesh
Volume Meshing Core Mesh

Tetrahedral mesh Polyhedral mesh Advanced Hexahedral (Trim) mesh
Boundary Layer mesh with prism layer Local / global parameter setting for mesh generation Volume sources (shapes like box, cone, cylinder, sphere for declaring regions in the cfd domain that need refinement) Extruder (For extending domains, building a solid layer)
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Mesh
Mesh Manipulation

Transform scale, translate, rotate, and reflect meshes Split and combine boundaries and regions Create, delete and fuse interfaces Convert 3D mesh to 2D mesh Create Cell Sets
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Basics - Mesh
Import of Volume Mesh

pro-STAR Gridgen (via .cas file) Fluent (.cas, .msh) Gambit ICEM
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Physics

Basic Models
Space

Two-Dimensional Axisymmetric Three-Dimensional Steady Explicit / Implicit Unsteady Moving Reference Frames, Rotational, Translational Frozen Rotor (multiple reference frame)
Time

Motion


Flow and Energy

Inviscid, Laminar and Turbulent flow regimes Gas, Liquid, Solid, and Porous Media Total Energy Formulation Conjugate Heat Transfer Free-surface (VOF) Cavitation Lagrangian Multi-phase (no evaporation) Radiator Type Heat Exchanger Fan Curve Adjusted Momentum Source Fan

Turbulence Models

3 Variants of Spallart-Allmaras 7 Variants of k- 3 Variants of k- 3 Variants of Reynolds Stress Transport Large Eddy Simulation Detached Eddy Simulation Wall Treatment Low y+ High y+ All y+

Radiation

Thermal Solar View Factors including support for baffles and symmetric boundaries Surface-to-Surface Participating Media
Multiphase Flow

VOF Cavitation Homogeneous Boiling Model Lagrangian Multi-Phase


Combustion

Eddy Break Up (EBU) Coherent Flame (CFM) Partially-Premixed Coherent Flame (PCFM) Presumed Probability Density Function (PPDF), adiabatic and non-adiabatic Ignitors
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Boundary Conditions

Boundary Conditions
Wall No-slip, slip, specified temperature, adiabatic, specified heat flux, thermally convective wall (Tamb and heat transfer coefficient specified) Pressure Outlet Specified pressure, radial equilibrium Flow Split Outlet Specified outlet mass flow for incompressible flows Mass Flow Inlet Specified mass flow for compressible flows Stagnation Inlet Total Temperature, Total Pressure and Flow Direction
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Boundary Conditions
Non-Reflecting Average total pressure, temperature and flow angle at inlet, static pressure at outlet. Velocity Inlet Specified velocity components, or specified magnitude and direction Free Stream Specified Mach number and flow angle, static temperature and static pressure Symmetry Plane Axis For Axisymmetric simulations
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Numerics

Numerics in STAR-CCM+
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Segregated Implicit Uses AMG SIMPLE solver Coupled Explicit Uses multi-stage Runge-Kutta solver Coupled Implicit Uses block AMG solver
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Tools for Interacting with the Solution What are the tools available for interacting with the solution?
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User defined properties and conditions Local coordinate systems Engineering Units for Input and Output (SI, USCS, User defined) Full interactivity between user and solution Field Functions Reports and Monitors Derived Parts (iso-surfaces, planes, lines, points, etc.)
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Tools For Interacting with the Solution

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Visualization
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Mesh, scalar and vector display Streamlines Animated streamlines and vectors Transforms (for symmetric or periodic models) Annotations with text or images Scene Legend Save Restore Views
High Resolution hard copy for plots X-Y plotting capability
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Terminology

STAR-CCM+ uses the following terminology: Regions Boundaries Interfaces Continuum Using the example shown on the right, the next few slides explain the terminology used.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Region

A Region is a volume domain in space. Could be conformal (nodes connected one to one) or non-conformal (nodes not connected one to one).
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Boundaries

Boundaries are the exterior surface of regions. They could be a physical boundary (e.g. wall, inlet, outlet) or a connection between different regions.
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Interfaces

Interfaces permit transfer of mass and (or) energy between different regions, or non-conformal parts of the same region. Internal interface permits transfer of mass and energy. Contact interface permits transfer of energy only.
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Continuum

A continuum represents a collection of models that represent either the physics or the mesh of a given region.
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Mouse Controls

Left Rotate Middle Zoom Right Pan Shift + Left Zoom box
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Launching STAR-CCM+ In Windows: Double click on the STAR-CCM+ Icon In UNIX/LINUX Issue the command starccm+ Note: Need to make sure that the location of the starccm+ executable is defined in the path environmental variable.
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Startup

At startup, user can either: 1. Start a new simulation. 2. Load an existing simulation (after browsing files). 3. Select a simulation from recently opened simulations.
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Workspace
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Basics - Toolbars

Toolbars in STAR-CCM+ provide easy access to common tasks executed while preparing and running a simulation. The next slide shows standard toolbars in STAR-CCM+. STAR-CCM+ provides methods for controlling the appearance of toolbars.
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - Toolbars

System Toolbar Edit Toolbar Build Toolbar Mesh Toolbar Data Toolbar Display Toolbar
Plot Toolbar Animate Toolbar
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Objects
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Objects
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics - General Information

STAR-CCM+ has one file: (.sim) that contains the mesh, analysis setup and results. How do I save the simulation? File -> Save
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics: General Information

How do I run a simulation? Either: 1. Solution -> Run 2. Toolbar, pick run icon
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Setting Preferences
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Basics Setting Preferences
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - General Information Work Flow

Work Flow in STAR-CCM+

Import CAD Check Surface Do manual repair if required. Setup Meshing Models and properties Setup Physics Models and properties Setup Boundary Conditions Generate Mesh Setup solver parameters and stopping criteria Setup post-processing (optional) Run analysis
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - General Information - Workflow
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Getting Help

If you need help, you can click on the help button.

The online documentation can be accessed with a browser
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Basics - Help

Help contains:

Model description and formulation. Meshing, Solving, and Post-Processing techniques GUI panel descriptions. Training Guide that has several tutorials

In addition the F1 Key provides context sensitive help. e.g. If you need help on stopping criteria, then select Stopping Criteria, and hit the F1 key.

The browser will display help on Stopping Criteria
Lecture STAR-CCM+ Basics - Summary
STAR-CCM+ is a state of the art CFD solver that uses a client server architecture. It is available on LINUX, several UNIX, and Windows platforms. Clearly separates physics and mesh providing great flexibility. Uses an object oriented GUI. All properties of the simulation (mesh, physics, solver settings, BCs) are stored in a .sim file. Online help is accessible via a browser.
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Post-Processing

This section covers basic post-processing techniques in starccm+. For this case, we will use a pre-existing simulation file (lock30.sim). Main topics covered Scene Properties Working with Views Creation of Iso-surface Creation of tables to extract boundary values XY Plotting
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Post-Processing Location of file
File for the exercise (lock30.sim) is located in: Foundation/STARCCM+/PostProcessing
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Post-Processing - Basics

STAR-CCM+ provides a powerful set of tools to visualize your solution. Post-Processing can be setup before, or after a CFD solution is obtained. Setting up of post-processing before start of the CFD solution, offers the advantage of watching the solution develop (as the CFD analysis is running in serial or parallel mode)
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Lecture - Post-Processing - Basics

What is a Scene? A scene encapsulates a complete representation of components required to create an image or animation. It includes lights, cameras, actors, properties, transformations and geometry. What are the various types of Scenes? Geometry Scene Mesh Scene Scalar Scene Vector Scene Empty Scene
CD-adapco, Americas Agency Training Document Post-Processing - 4
Lecture - Post-Processing - Displayers

What is a displayer? It is the basic building block of a scene. Displayers provide a flexible way of controlling graphics entities in a scene. What are the types of displayers available? Geometry displayer (controls geometric appearance) Outline displayer (controls appearance of sharp edges) Scalar displayer (controls appearance of scalar contours) Vector displayer (controls appearance of vectors) Streamline displayer (controls appearance of streamlines)
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The next few slides show the layout of a typical scene in STAR-CCM+ (taken from our lock-valve tutorial) that has a geometry and scalar displayer. The properties associated with these displayers are explained.
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What are the Attributes of a Scene? -Background color -View (Projection mode) -Update (Is plot updated per iteration, time step? Where is it output (screen or file)) -Axes (Is triad displayed?) -Lights
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Geometry displayer controls -Color Mode -Opacity - Representation shown -Display of outline, mesh -Lighting -Transforms
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Properties of Outline displayer are similar to the geometry displayer, but it controls the appearance of outlines (edges) in the plot.
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Properties of a contour plot are controlled by the Scalar Displayer.
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Lecture Post-Processing - Displayers

Main properties vector displayer controls: -Vector appearance and style -Projection mode -Opacity -Lighting

Vector Field Controls: -Range -Clipping -Units
Lecture Post-Processing - Views

Views control the appearance of a plot in STAR-CCM+. What are the three attributes of a view? Position Focal Point View up Projection Mode Where can I access views? Via Tools Folder

What is the Projection Mode? Property that controls how the camera maps world coordinates to view coordinates. Perspective Mapping of world coordinates into view coordinates that roughly approximates a camera lens. Parallel Mapping of world coordinates into view coordinates that preserves all parallel lines.

How can I access standard views?
Lecture Post-Processing Iso-surfaces

Iso-surfaces can be created via the Derived Parts folder in STAR-CCM+. Once created, iso-surfaces can be displayed in geometry, scalar and vector scenes, by including it in the parts folder of the appropriate geometry. Exercise: Create an iso-surface of turbulent viscosity ratio = 20 for the lock valve 30 deg Configuration.
Lecture Post-Processing Iso-surface
Lecture Post-Processing Iso-Surfaces
Lecture Post-Processing Iso-Surface
Lecture Post-Processing - Tables

STAR-CCM+ provides an easy means of extracting scalar quantities from boundaries, and exporting the data in table format. The next few slides show how wall shear stress can be extracted for the lock valve tutorial.
Lecture Post-Processing XY Plots

The next few slides outline a procedure for creation of a line probe along a plane section, and plotting pressure on this line probe in the form of an XY plot.
Lecture Post-Processing XY Plot
Lecture Post-Processing XY plot
Lecture Post-Processing XY plot
Lecture Post-Processing - Summary

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The concept of displayers was explained in detail. Properties of views were discussed. Creation of Iso-Surface was outlined. Creation of tables and export of data was described. Creation of XY plot was illustrated.
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing

This Lecture outlines the Mesh Generation capabilities that are currently available in STAR-CCM+. Topics Surface Mesh Import and Checks Surface Mesh fixing tools Mesh generation Models Mesh Model Parameters Volume mesh generation Cell Quality Metrics
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Surface Import

What are the surface mesh formats allowed by STARCCM+? .dbs proSTAR/amm database file .inp proSTAR/amm cell, vertex file .nas NASTRAN shell file .pat PATRAN shell file .stl Stereolithography file .fro- FELISA front surface file .jt JT Open Surface file
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Surface Import Format Summary
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing CAD Import Formats What CAD Import Formats are allowed in STAR-CCM+? .iges Initial Graphics Exchange Specification file .x_t,.x_b Parasolid transmit file .stp, .step Standardized Exchange of Product file
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing CAD Import Format Summary
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Surface Requirement What are the requirements for a surface mesh? Closed No free edges or mismatches Manifold Edges shared by no more than two triangles Non-Intersecting surface does not self intersect Good triangle quality - Nearly equal sized triangles - Gradual variation in triangle size - No sharp angles/ surface folds
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Surface Fixing

What are the errors that can be fixed in STAR-CCM+? Holes Mismatches in surface (shells not connected one to one) Double surfaces, overlaps and unwanted internal features (via surface wrap) Pierced edges (self intersections) Details of surface repair in STAR-CCM+ will be covered with a tutorial.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Surface Checking How can I check the imported surface for errors?
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Open Representations Folder. Right click on Import, and select Repair Surface.
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Surface Fixing
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Surface Checks
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Surface Repair

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After running surface checks, review the errors in surface. If there are too may errors to fix, you may need to run surface wrapper to fix errors. If there are a few errors in the surface, the following procedure is recommended: Fix non-manifold errors and free edges. Run Auto-repair to fix remaining errors
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Surface Repair Options
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Surface Repair Options
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Surface Repair Selection Controls
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Surface Repair Display Controls
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing - Continuum

What is a mesh continuum? A mesh continuum is a collection of models that are used to generate a mesh. What are the models that are available? Surface Wrapper Remesher Volume Mesher (tetrahedral, trimmed, polyhedral) Prism Layer Mesher Extruder
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Surface Mesher Selection When should the surface remesher be used?
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When a high accuracy of surface resolution is required. When imported surface is closed, but has poor quality triangulation (e.g. STL import) When triangulation quality of import surface has to be improved. When surface wrapper has been used.
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing - Surface Mesher Choice When should the Surface Wrapper be used? When a high level of surface accuracy is not critical When imported surface contains large gaps, holes and overlaps that cannot be fixed easily using manual repair. When import surface is made up of intersecting volumes that have to be combined.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Model Selection

To select models, right click on Mesh Continuum Pick Select Meshing Models
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Model Selection

Now select the models that are needed, and pick close.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Reference Values

The properties of the Meshing models can be specified via the Reference Values Folder
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Reference Values

Reference values allowed, depend on meshing models selected.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Reference Values Reference values can be specified at 4 levels: Continuum Region Boundary Interface Values specified at the boundary and interface level supercede values specified at region level, which in turn supercedes values specified at a continuum level.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Reference Value Specification What is the base size? Base size refers to a characteristic size used in mesh generation. What is a target size? Desired edge length What do we mean by min-max size? When proximity / curvature refinements are turned on, this parameter controls the lower and upper bounds of the cell size.
CD-adapco, Americas Agency Training Document Meshing -24
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Reference Value Specification Methods for specifying surface size: Min and Target -Try to achieve target size in absence of refinement from curvature / proximity -Refinements from curvature will not cause surface size to go below minimum Min and Max - Try to maintain current triangle size - If triangle size is larger than max, surface is refined - If triangle size is smaller than min, surface is coarsened
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Reference value specification Min only - Models will try and maintain current local triangle size - When local triangle size is below minimum, it will be coarsened
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Surface Wrapper

What is the surface wrapper? Surface Wrapper, provides the user with a closed, manifold, non-intersecting surface, starting from a poor quality CAD surface. Problems commonly fixable by surface wrapping: Multiple intersecting parts Surface mismatches Double surfaces Overly complex details
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Surface Wrapper Example
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Surface Wrapper Example
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing - Remesher

What does the Remesher do? The remesher re-triangulates and improves the overall quality of the surface and optimizes it for generation of a volume mesh.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing - Remesher

The remesher improves triangulation quality as shown below.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Volume Meshing

What are the types of volume meshes that can be generated by STAR-CCM+? Tetrahedral Mesh Polyhedral Mesh Trimmed Mesh (Advanced Hexahedral)
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Tetrahedral Mesh
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Polyhedral Mesh
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Meshing Volume Meshing
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Meshing Volume Meshing Poly/Tet Density
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Trimmed Mesh (Advanced Hexahedral)
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Meshing Volume Meshing
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Prism Layer Model What is the prism layer model? The prism layer model creates orthogonal, prismatic cells close to the boundary. Why is a prism layer needed? Whenever accurate simulation of turbulence or heat transfer is required, it is recommended to include a prism layer.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Prism Layer Model
For wall functions 1-3 layers are recommended. For Low Re turbulence models 10-15 layers are recommended.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Meshing Prism Layer Model
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Prism Layer Model

What methods are available to specify the prism layer properties? -Stretch Factor (default) -Wall Thickness -Thickness Ratio
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Prism Layer Meshing

Selection of boundary type affects the default behavior of prism layers
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Extruder Model

What is the Extruder Meshing Model? If the extruder is specified on a given boundary, the volume mesh will be extruded from the specified boundary either in the normal or specified direction, resulting in an extension to the original domain.
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Extruder Model

What are the options available for extrusion type?
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Constant Rate Constant Rate Normal Hyperbolic Tangent What parameters are applied for extrusion at boundary level?
Number of extrusion layers Extrusion Stretching Extrusion Magnitude
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing - Extruder
Note: There is an option to create a new region for the extruded mesh.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Cell Quality Metrics The following are the main cell quality metrics that are used to check a mesh in STAR-CCM+
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Face Validity Cell Quality Volume Change Cell Skewness Angle Boundary Skewness Angle
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Cell Quality Metrics How can I check Cell Quality Metrics in STAR-CCM+?
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Select Mesh -> Diagnostics to run Mesh Diagnostics report. Via Derived parts, create thresholds for required cell quality metric.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Cell Quality Metrics

Face Validity It is an area weighted measure of the correctness of the face normals relative to their attached cell centroid. For a good quality cell, the face normals will point away from the attached cell centroid. For a cell with poor face validity, one or more face normals will point towards the cell centroid. Values below 1 mean that some portion of the face attached to the cell are not pointing away from the centroid (implying concavity). Values below 0.5 indicate a negative volume cell.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Cell Quality Metrics

Cell Quality This metric defines the quality of the cell based on the finite volume approximation of the gradient reconstruction at the cell centroid. A cell with a quality of 1.0 is considered perfect (e.g. perfect hex or tet). As the cell quality approaches zero, the cell becomes degenerate. Depending on the physics selected, the quality of the cell could be as low as 1e-6 and run without problems.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Meshing Cell Quality Metrics

Volume Change This metric describes the ratio of a cells volume to the volume of its largest neighbor. A value of 1.0 indicates a cell has a volume equal to or higher than its neighbors. As the cell volume decreases relative to its neighbors (e.g. a sliver or flat cell), then the volume change metric can be used to flag the cell. Large jumps in volume from cell to cell cause instability in the solver. Cells with a value of Volume change of 1.0e-3 or less should be considered suspect and investigated.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ Meshing Cell Quality Metrics

Skewness Angle: This is the angle between the line joining the cell centroids of neighboring cells and the face normal. Cells with skewness angles greater than 85 degrees can cause convergence problems.
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Cell Quality Metrics

Boundary Skewness Angle is the angle between the area face vector, and the vector joining the cell centroid and face centroid. It is important to keep this angle below 85 degrees, either when flow is laminar, or when solids are modeled.
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Metrics - Fixing

What are the choices for fixing a mesh that has cells with poor cell quality metrics?
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Locate problem regions and remedy surface mesh (and thus volume mesh) by remeshing. Use Cell quality remediation (In Physics Models) Remove invalid cells from simulation.
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Cell Quality Remediation What does the cell quality remediation do? Computed gradients in bad quality cells and their neighbors are modified (at the expense of accuracy) to improve robustness of the solution. Thus impact on solution accuracy is limited to localized regions. Please note that it is always preferable to obtain a solution without using this option.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Removal of Invalid Cells

Make sure three dimensional model is turned on in the physics continuum. Region -> Remove Invalid cells. Suggested values are: 0.93 0.95 for face validity 1e-6 1e-9 for Min cell quality 1e-3 1e-4 for Min volume change Select OK
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Removal of Invalid Cells

On selecting OK, STARCCM+ will display the number of cells that are removed. To have minimal effect on the solution, symmetry plane boundaries are applied on the removed cell internal faces. Note: If cells are removed in this manner, the mesh cannot be exported.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing - Summary
To generate a volume mesh in STAR-CCM+, the Surface Mesh has to be Closed, Manifold and Free of Pierced Faces (Intersections). The mesh should also have good triangulation quality. Surface Wrapper can be used to repair very poor quality CAD data (data with overlaps, intersecting parts, double shells, etc.) Remesher is used to improve triangulation quality. Volume mesh types allowed are Polyhedral, Trimmed (Advanced Hexahedral), and Tetrahedral. Prism Layer mesh is recommended when solving flows where turbulence and heat transfer at wall is important.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing - Summary
Base Size is a reference size relative to which meshing parameters can be specified. Target Size is the desired edge length on a boundary. Min and Max size control the edge length when proximity or curvature based refinements are activated. Recommended Cell Quality Metrics for volume meshes are:

Face Validity > 0.93 Cell Quality > 1.0e-6 Volume Ratio > 1.0e-3 Skewness angle < 85 degrees
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Advanced Topics This Lecture outlines some of the advanced meshing topics in STAR-CCM+ Topics Creation and use of volume sources Multi-Region Meshing requirements Boolean Operations on Surfaces
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Volume Sources

What are volume sources? Volume sources provide a means of defining refinement zones away from the surface of the geometry. (In the volume zone) Where can I access volume shapes? Under Tools -> Volume Shapes What shapes are currently allowed? Brick Sphere Cylinder Cone
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Volume Shapes What are steps for using volume sources? Define volume shape Include volume shape in meshing continua, and specify size to be used.
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Meshing Volume Shapes
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Multi Region

What are the requirements for multi-region meshing?
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Each region should be closed, manifold, and nonintersecting. Common boundaries that exist between regions should be grouped together and flagged as interfaces. If a conformal mesh is required, interfaces have to be imprinted, and a single mesh continuum should be used.
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ Meshing Multi-Region
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Lecture Meshing Boolean Operations

What are the Boolean operations that can be performed in STAR-CCM+? Unite Intersect Subtract What are surface requirements for Boolean Operations? Each region should be closed, manifold and nonintersecting. The surface triangulation quality of regions does not matter.
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Lecture Client Server in STAR-CCM+

Outline of Lecture Introduction to client and server Viewing Client and Server processes Connecting and Reconnecting to Servers Remote Server requirements Parallel Processing
Client Server 1

STAR-CCM+ uses a client server architecture in which: Simulation Objects are created and solved on the server Workspace views these objects through the client.
Client Server 2

Where should I run my Client? Client should be run on a local machine, that has hardware-accelerated graphics available. Where should I run my Server? Server should be run on a machine(s) with computing resources available for your simulation.
Client Server 3

Options for location of client and server:
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Client and Server run on same machine (default) Client runs on local machine, server runs on remote machine. Client runs on one remote machine, server runs on a different remote machine. Note: Client can run on one architecture, and server can run on a different architecture.
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Lecture Client Server in STAR-CCM+ - Client and Server What is a Client? The client is that part of the client-server architecture through which you launch a simulation and work with it, typically through the STAR-CCM+ workspace. What is a Server? The server is the part of the client-server architecture, that implements your commands in a simulation (e.g. importing a mesh, running the solver)
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Lecture Client Server in STAR-CCM+ - Viewing Processes
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Lecture Client Server in STAR-CCM+ - Viewing Processes
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Lecture Client and Server in STAR-CCM+

How can I run my client in batch mode? A client can be run in batch mode, by passing a java macro that contains required commands. When should I run my client in batch mode? When no user interaction is required. (e.g. Running a large mesh for 1000 iterations, and saving simulation file)
Client Server 8
Lecture Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ - Server Properties
Client Server 9
Lecture Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ - Server Local Network Which server processes are displayed in the servers window? All servers that respond to a broadcast to the local network are listed in the window. What is a local network? In STAR-CCM+, a local network is all machines accessible without crossing a router, subject to any firewalls blocking the server locator port (8406).
Client Server 10
Lecture Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ Disconnecting From Server How can I disconnect from a Server? -Select Simulation Tab -Select File -> Disconnect
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Lecture Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ Reconnecting to Server How can I reconnect to my server? Option 1 File -> Connect to Server ; Specify host machine and port number that the server is listening. Option 2 Servers -> A Server -> Connect ; This attempts to connect directly to a given process based on properties of currently selected object. Note: Multiple clients can connect to the same server.
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Lecture Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ Reconnecting to Server
Client Server 13
Lecture Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ - Remote Servers The client server model allows users to start the workspace on a different machine to the server. This is useful if you wish to setup and monitor your simulation from your workstation, but let another machine compute the solution. Requirements for running remotely Have remote shell access to the remote server machine without password prompting. Starccm+ command should be available on the remote machines.
1.
2.
Client Server 14
Lecture Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ - Parallel Processing What is a parallel simulation? A parallel simulation is one in which work is computed by more than one process. In distributing the processes across multiple CPUs the overall time to obtain a solution can be reduced. What are the key advantages in running a parallel analysis? Reducing turnaround time for a solution. Ability to run larger problems.
Client Server 15
Lecture Client Server in STAR-CCM+ - Parallel Processing

What is a Parallel Server?
The client server model is extended for parallel operation, by including a controller. The controller is a light weight process. It gathers instructions from the client, passes them to the workers. Then it gathers data from the workers and passes it to the client.
Lecture Client Server in STAR-CCM+ - Parallel Processing

The following are the basic requirements to run STAR-CCM+ in parallel:
1.
2. 3. 4.
5.
STAR-CCM+ must be installed on each of the machines you wish to run. (Alternately the workstations should have access to a server that has the installation) For Windows, MPI must be installed on each machine. LINUX / UNIX requires password free rsh access to each machine. Controller and the worker processes should run on homogeneous machines (client could run on a different platform). Correct number and type of licenses should be available during run time.
Client Server 17
Lecture Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ - Parallel Processing

How do I launch STAR-CCM+ in parallel from workspace and run on local workstation with multiple processors?
-
File -> New Simulation Set Run Mode to Parallel Select Run all processes on local host which is the default. Set number of Compute Processes to number of processors on workstation. Select OK
Client Server 18
Lecture Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ - Parallel Processing

How can I launch a parallel STAR-CCM+ run from the workspace to run on hosts (different from my workstation)?
-
Select File -> New Simulation (or File -> Load Simulation) Select Specify Parallel hosts Pick an option for the controller process Enter name of host, number of processors and select add host. (Or alternately use a machine file)
Client Server 19
Lecture - Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ - Parallel Processing How do I launch STAR-CCM+ on 2 processors of my workstation from the command line? starccm+ -np 2 To run on a local machine, the on and the machinefile options can be omitted.
Client Server 20
Lecture - Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ - Parallel Processing How can I run in parallel from the command line on four different hosts? starccm+ -on node1,node2,node3,node4 ~/airfoil.sim
Client Server 21
Lecture - Client and Server in STAR-CCM+ - Parallel Processing STAR-CCM+ can be run in parallel using the following batch queuing systems: pbs lsf Load Leveller Sun Grid Engine For more details, consult the online documentation. starccm+ -h or starccm+ -phelp will give additional details.
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting

This section gives a brief introduction to script development in STAR-CCM+. The topics covered include:
-
Introduction Recording and Playing Java Macros Simple Examples Java API Summary
Scripting -1
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting - Introduction

Why do we script? We develop scripts to automate repetitive tasks. What is a Java Macro? A STAR-CCM+ Java Macro is a Java Program that is compiled and executed within the STAR-CCM+ workspace.
Scripting -2
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting

What is the easiest way to create a macro in STARCCM+? Start recording a macro in a STAR-CCM+ session. Next, make suitable modifications, by editing the recorded macro in a text editor.
Scripting -3
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting - Introduction

Some Simple Rules to keep in Mind:
1.
2. 3.
Name of source code file must match the name of the public class defined in that file, and the file extension must be .java // comments out rest of the line. /*.*/ is used to comment multiple lines of text.
Scripting -4
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting Recording Macros
Scripting -5
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting Playing Macros
Scripting -6
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting Playing Macros How can I play a macro in batch mode? starccm+ -batch cavity.java (on linux / unix) starccm+.exe batch cavity.java (on windows)
Scripting -7
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - Scripting Playing Macros If you would like to execute a java macro starting from an existing simulation file simname.sim, then issue the following command for a UNIX/LINUX based system: starccm+ simname.sim batch filename.java For windows: starccm+.exe simname.sim batch filename.java
Scripting -8
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting - Examples

The first example macro shows setting up of total number of iterations in a simulation. First, this will be hard coded in the macro. Next, it will be show how the number of iterations can be obtained as an input from a user.
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Scripting -10
Scripting -11

The next macro shown sets up a physics continuum for air. This macro was created by means of recording a physics continuum setup from the GUI.
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting Java API

What is the Java API? Java API or Application Programmer Interface, contains a comprehensive set of Java code that functions in STARCCM+ macros. It can be accessed via Help -> Java API.
Scripting -15
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting Java API
Scripting -16
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Scripting - Summary

Scripting is used for automation of tasks. Java Macros are used for scripting STAR-CCM+. Easiest way of creating macros is by recording them from the GUI and playing them. Macros can be played interactively or in batch. A few simple macro examples were discussed.
Scripting -17
Lecture - Field Functions - Introduction

What are Field Functions? Field Functions provide a mechanism by which fields (i.e. raw data from a simulation stored in cells and / or boundaries) may be viewed and defined in STAR-CCM+. What are System Field Functions? These are pre-defined field functions created by models activated in continua. They have a unique name and could either be a scalar or a vector. What are User Field Functions? These are field functions created by a user to access scalar or vector field data. They are created manually and defined in terms of already defined field functions.
Field Functions - 1
Lecture - Field Functions - Uses

What are common uses of field functions? Specification of boundary conditions (e.g. Varying back pressure as a function of time). Specifying Material Properties (e.g. specification of density variation based on temperature). Initialization. Post-Processing (e.g extracting secondary quantities from the primary variables) Geometric manipulation (e.g. splitting of a boundary)
1.
2.
3. 4.
5.
Field Functions - 2
Lecture - Field Functions Locations and Components

Where are Field Functions Located? Tools -> Field Functions What are the components of a Field Function? Dimension Type (scalar or vector) Function Name
Field Functions - 3
Lecture - Field Functions Format and Rules

- Field Functions follow ANSI C syntax - General Syntax (condition)? true_value : false_value - Scalar field functions start with a $ - Vector field functions start with $$ - Scalar components of vector field functions are obtained by including a 0,1,2 in square brackets (e.g. $$Velocity[0])
Field Functions - 4
Lecture - Field Functions Commonly Used Field Functions
Field Functions - 5
Lecture - Field Functions Miscellaneous Operators
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Lecture - Field Functions Trigonometric Operators
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Lecture - Field Functions Vector Operators
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Lecture Field Functions - Examples

If we want to apply time varying velocity defined by:
V = 10 Sin (50t)
This can be defined as:
10 * sin(50 * $Time)
Field Functions - 9

A few field function coding examples are shown in the next few slides. It is assumed that the user has already defined the dimensions and name of the field function, and only the formula to be used is shown.
Field Functions - 10

If we want to define Turbulence Intensity as:
2 I= k 3
This can be defined as: sqrt (2/3 * TurbulentKineticEnergy)
Lecture Field Function - Examples

For a boundary, if we want to set a temperature of 300K if X > 1, and 400K if X <= 1, this can be done as: ($$Centroid[0] > 1) ? 300 : 400
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Solver Memory Requirement How Much Memory Does STAR-CCM+ Solver Require? For a non-polyhedral mesh with a two equation turbulence model: Segregated Coupled Explicit Coupled Implicit 500 MB per 1 million cells 1 GB per 1 million cells 2 GB per 1 million cells
FAQ -1
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ - Convergence

Convergence Problems In numerous instances poor convergence can be traced to: Mesh quality
-
Skewness angles greater than 85 degrees eg. Placing a flow split boundary where there is recirculation.
In correctly placed or specified boundary conditions

-
Insufficient mesh resolution in regions of strong gradients
FAQ -2
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Tracking Residuals

How Can I track residuals on a cell wise basis?
In solver expert properties turn on Retain Temporary Storage
If analysis is run with this option turned on, then in the functions available for plotting, we get residuals and corrections for each equation. Use this option only for debug purposes, as it increases the memory requirement and the size of the file.
FAQ -3
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Under-relaxation Factors

Under-relaxation Factors
Coupled Solver

Turn on verbosity to low If number of inner iterations is less than 4, increase the courant number. If the number of inner iterations is larger than 8, then reduce the courant number. Use default values If flow and energy are coupled, use 0.5 for energy If analysis is struggling use 0.5 for for U,V,W and 0.2 for P If you have to lower the under-relaxation a lot lower than the above values, it may be an indication of other problems with the mesh or setup.
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Segregated Solver

Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Turbulence Initialization
When is it important to initialize turbulence? It is important to initialize turbulence when zero velocity initialization is used.
Reasonable values are 2% intensity and turbulence viscosity ratio between 1 and 100. K = 1.5 * I^2 * U^2 ; epsilon = (rho * 0.09 * k^2) / (viscosity ratio * mu) Note: Failure to use appropriate initialization tends to show as large normalized residual values for k and epsilon.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Residual Monitoring

What residuals are reported by STAR-CCM+ as default? The residuals reported by STAR-CCM+ as default are the residuals normalized with respect to the maximum residual value (in any cell) in the first 5 iterations. If I want to print the absolute residuals, how can I do this in STAR-CCM+? Under Monitor, if the Normalization option is set to off, then the RMS (root mean square) of the residuals of the entire domain will be plotted.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Residual Monitoring
FAQ -7
STAR-CCM+ - FAQ - Precision

What is the precision used in STAR-CCM+? STAR-CCM+ starts out as double precision. Anything that does not need double precision is downgraded to single precision. Spatial Coordinates and Pressure are stored using double precision. Volume and Pressure residuals are stored using single precision.
FAQ -8
Lecture STAR-CCM+ FAQ Meshing Memory

How much memory does STAR-CCM+ require for mesh generation? Rough conservative numbers are: Advanced Hexahedral (Trim) Tetrahedral Polyhedral 250 MB for 1 million cells 250 MB for 1 million cells 1 GB for 1 million cells
FAQ -9
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - Tessellation Density

What feature angle value is used at various tessellation densities for parasolid / iges / step import? The angles used are 12, 6, 3, 1.5, 0.75 degrees, moving from coarse to very fine.
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Lecture STAR-CCM+ FAQ Stopping Mesh Generation
FAQ -11
Lecture - STAR-CCM+ FAQ Cell Sets

Where Can I access the Cell Set Tool? Cell Set Tool is present in the Representations Folder.
What are the main methods for creating a new cell set? -Cell List (proSTAR cell number) -Threshold (using a scalar criteria) -Zone (drawing a box) -Geometric Range
FAQ -12
Lecture STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Adding Materials

How can I add a material to the material properties database?
1.
2.
Make a copy of props.dbs in the starccm+ installation directory for safe keeping. Edit database and add material to database.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Finding Scalar Values

How can I find the value of a scalar and location of a cell in a scalar scene? 1. Move mouse over cell of interest, and hit . The output window shows the value.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Reference Pressure

What is the use of reference pressure? Reference pressure is means of reducing numerical round off error in pressure calculations. This is necessary since differences in pressure are small relative to the absolute value of pressure (especially in incompressible and low Mach Number flows). When is the location of pressure reference important? If the domain does not have a pressure boundary, the location of pressure reference is important. Why is the location of pressure reference required for a problem without pressure boundaries? In such cases, Neumann conditions are applied at the boundary. If the pressure is not pinned, pressure can become arbitrarily high causing problems.
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Lecture - STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Reference Pressure

How does STAR-CCM+ determine the location of reference pressure? STAR-CCM+ sets the reference pressure on the boundary face that has the smallest x,y,z coordinates.
FAQ -16
STAR-CCM+ - FAQ Saving Notes to sim file
Step 1.
Step 2.
Step 3. Step 4.
FAQ -17
Lecture STAR-CCM+ FAQ Graphics Hardware
STAR-CCM+ requires use of latest graphics drivers. On LINUX workstations, make sure that latest glx drivers are installed (older drivers can make the measuring tool freeze) If graphics problems persist after installation of latest drivers, users can launch starccm+ with the mesa option to bypass the installed graphics hardware.
FAQ -18

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*via STAR-CD or STAR-CCM+

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Solution Revealed to User

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mass momentum energy

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