UNIT-5: RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

UNIT-5: RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

Compressed air and various other gases find application in many domestic and industrial situations. This unit deals with certain basic aspects of raising pressure of air by means of reciprocating compressors. The primary classification of industrial compressors is as positive displacement typesboth reciprocating and rotaryand continuous flow types, which include centrifugal and axial flow compressors. Reciprocating compressors are usually employed when high compression ratios are required with relatively low throughputs. 5.1 USES OF COMPRESSED AIR

Compressed air is used: In air brakes of automobiles and locomotives To apply paints, to clean surfaces, and in sand blasting To drive air motors in coal mines To operate pneumatic drills, hammers, pile drivers, etc. To start IC engines in diesel power plants In blast furnaces 5.2 RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR TERMINOLOGY In a single stage compressor air is compressed from initial to final pressure in a single cylinder. In multi-stage compressors, this process is carried out using two or more cylinders. Induction, compression, and delivery of air take place all on one side of the piston in a single acting compressor. A double acting compressor makes use of both sides of the piston. Clearance volume (Vc) in a reciprocating air compressor is the volume occupied by air inside the cylinder when the piston is at the top dead end. Clearance ratio (c) is the ratio of the clearance volume to the swept volume (Vs), i.e., . Pressure ratio is the ratio of absolute discharge and suction pressures. Free air delivery (FAD) is the volume of air delivered per minute under the intake conditions of pressure and temperature. Compressor capacity is the actual volume of fluid compressed and delivered, at the conditions of total temperature, total pressure, and composition prevailing at the compressor inlet. Displacement of a compressor is the volume swept through by the first stage of the compressor per minute. Volumetric efficiency (v) of a compressor is the ratio of the capacity of the compressor to the displacement of the compressor. Volumetric efficiency is thus the volume of compressed air delivered per stroke, measured at inlet conditions of pressure and temperature, divided by the stroke volume. WORKING OF A SINGLE STAGE, SINGLE ACTING RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR

5.3

The ideal compressor process cycle with clearance volume can be described as follows. With reference to Fig. 5.1a, state 1 is the end of the suction stroke as well as start of the compression stroke, at which the cylinder is filled with inlet condition air. Both the suction and delivery valves are closed at this point of time. The process 1-2 is considered to be polytropic with a particular n. The discharge valve opens at state 2, at which pressure P2 is slightly over the the discharge vessel pressure. Transfer of air to the discharge vessel takes place during the process 2-3. Certain minimum volume is required at 3 to prevent pison/head contact. This volume is called the clearance volume.

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS 2013

UNIT-5: RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

Figure 5.1 Working of an Air Compressor (with Ideal Indicator Diagram) As the pressure begins to drop during the process 3-4, which is again assumed to be polytropic with the same index as before, the discharge valve closes. The high-pressure air that was present in the clearance volume expands during this process, allowing the suction valve to open only when the pressure inside the cylinder drops slightly below the inlet pressure. Fresh air enters the cylider during the stroke 4-1. All processes explained are considered reversible in the ideal cycle. 5.4 WORK DONE ON AIR IN COMPRESSOR WITHOUT CLEARANCE (USING P-V DIAGRAM)

Reversible work W required per cycle for a single stage compressor is represented by the area enclosed by the curves 1-2-3-4-1 in Fig. 5.2. This area is calculated as follows for a general compression process of index n.

Figure 5.2 Compressor P-V Diagram (without Clearance)

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS 2013

UNIT-5: RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

or

3
; therefore . Substituting this in the above equation, (5.1)

For a polytropic process

If the compression and expansion processes could be considered reversible and adiabatic, then (5.2) Eq. 5.1 (and also Eq. 5.2) can be written in terms of inlet temperature also. Suppose the mass of the volume of air V1 at inlet conditions of P1 and T1 be m. Then and hence

or

Therefore work required per kg of air is (5.3) ISOTHERMAL WORK Had the compression process been reversible isothermal instead of polytropic, the work required would be

For isothermal compression

. Therefore isothermal work is (5.4)

In terms of work required per unit mass,

5.5

WORK DONE ON SINGLE STAGE COMPRESSOR (USING STEADY FLOW ANALYSIS)

Equations 5.1 through 5.4 can also be derived applying the first law of thermodynamics to the reciprocating compressor, assuming steady state steady flow conditions. Refer Fig. 5.3. Using the steady state-steady flow equation,

Using the T-ds relation

Comparing the above two relations,

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS 2013

UNIT-5: RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

Figure 5.3 Steady Flow Process Assuming compression with polytropic index n, ; therefore

Integration yields (5.5) If W is considered as work input to the compressor, the negative sign in Eq. 5.5 can be ignored to obtain Eq. 5.1. Thus it is seen the analyses based on reciprocating action and steady flow assumption yield the same result. The other results of Section 5.4 also can be derived similarly using the steady flow analysis. 5.6 EFFECT OF CLEARANCE VOLUME

Purpose of clearance volume is to prevent the piston making contact with the cover of the cylinder. In this section the effect of clearance volume on work done and volumetric efficiency will be discussed. EXPRESSION FOR WORK REQUIRED (WITH CLEARANCE VOLUME) Work W required per cycle of the compressor with clearance volume is represented by the area enclosed by the curves 1-2-3-4-1 in Fig. 5.1b. This area, in turn, is the difference of the areas inside 1-2-P2-P1-1 and 3-4-P1P2-3. The first of these, W1, can be calculated following the steps which yielded Eq. 5.1.

Similarly, if W2 is the work represented by the area inside 3-4-P1-P2-3,

Therefore work required is,

where Va is the actual volume of air intake at intake state. If volume Va of air at pressure P1 and temperature T1 has a mass m, then

Work required per unit mass of air is therefore (5.6)

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS 2013

UNIT-5: RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

Eq. 5.3 and Eq. 5.6 are identical; thus, work required per unit mass to compress air from a given state to a given higher pressure, with the same index of compression (and expansion), is the same, irrespective of the clearance volume. CLEARANCE VOLUME AND VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY As can be seen from Fig. 5.1b, certain quantity of air is present inside the compressor cylinder when the piston starts its return stroke. The inlet valve cannot open till the pressure of this mass of air falls to the inlet pressure. Thus only part of the return stroke is useful in inducing air into the cylinder. Volumetric efficiency is a measure of this efficacy. Volumetric efficiency has been defined in Section 5.2. Using this definition, an expression for volumetric efficiency can be derived as follows. Volumetric efficiency, , where

Thus (5.7) It is often necessary to calculate the volumetric efficiency of a compressor for certain standard ambient state of air that may be different from the actual inlet state. Suppose PR and TR specify the pressure and temperature of air at this reference state. For maintaining the same mass flow rate at the this state as the actual inlet state,

or,

Dividing both sides by Vs,

(5.8) 5.7 ADIABATIC, ISOTHERMAL, AND MECHANICAL EFFICIENCIES

Adiabatic compression is undesirable from the point of view of energy wasted in compression; isothermal compression is impractical because it is difficult to maintain the initial temperature of air during compression and expansion. In practical compressors, therefore, the index of compression and expansion n will lie between and unity. Value of work calculated using this index, given by Eq. 5.1, is termed the indicated work. Eq. 5.1, however, does not consider irreversible effects such as valve losses. Actual work of compression will be therefore greater, and is measured rather than calculated. (See Fig. 5.4.) The ratio of isothermal work WT to the indicated work is known as the isothermal efficiency (T) of the compressor. (5.9) where WT and W are as in equations 5.4 and 5.1, respectively.

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS 2013

UNIT-5: RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

Figure 5.4 An Actual Indicator Diagram The compression process in turbo-compressors is usually considered to be adiabatic. In these machines the efficiency of the compression process is measured using the concept of adiabatic efficiency (s), which is defined as (5.10) In Eq. 5.10, the denominator represents the increase in enthalpy of the working fluid between the inlet and the exit of the actual compressor, whereas the numerator is the work of compression for the same pressure rise in a reversible machine. All of the work provided at the compressors input shaft does not reach the air being compressed. The energy lost in transmission gives rise to another efficiency term called the mechanical efficiency. Mechanical efficiency of a power absorbing machine, such as a compressor, is defined as the ratio of the indicated power to the power input to the machine shaft, which is called brake power (BP). (5.11) 5.8 MULTI-STAGE COMPRESSION WITH INTERCOOLING

When the pressure ratio is fairly large, the compression process is often carried out in two or more stages. Advantages of this multistage compression arise mainly from reasons related to volumetric efficiency and work of compression. HIGH PRESSURE RATIOS AND VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY From Eq. 5.7 it is evident that, for a given clearance ratio, volumetric efficiency decreases with increasing pressure ratio. This fact is also illustrated in Fig. 5.5a. The cycle 1-2-3-4-1 is seen to possess a lower capacity for the same stroke when compared to the cycle 1-2-3-4-1, which has a lower pressure ratio. The indices of compression and expansion are assumed to be the same in either case. EFFECT OF PRESSURE RATIO ON WORK OF COMPRESSION From equations 5.3 and 5.4 it is seen that work is least when compression is isothermal. Disparity between the values of adiabatic and isothermal work widens markedly at high pressure ratios. (See Fig. 5.5b.) Isothermal compression, however, is a slow process and affects compressor capacity adversely. An approximation to isothermal compression is compression in two or more stages, with an index of compression n such that 1 < n < , and cooling of the compressed air in between. This process is known as multistage compression with intercooling.

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS 2013

UNIT-5: RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

Figure 5.5 Effect of Pressure Ratio on Volumetric Efficiency and Specific Work ADVANTAGES OF MULTI-STAGE COMPRESSION WITH INTERCOOLING Multistage compression with intercooling has the following advantages. Saving in work of compression Improved volumetric efficiency Reduced air leakage Lighter cylinders The lower air temperature allows less expensive compressor fabrication materials and reduces load on the compressor lubrication system.

However, multi-stage compression adds to system complexity and initial investment. WORK REQUIREMENT IN TWO-STAGE COMPRESSOR WITH INCOMPLETE INTERCOOLING Fig. 5.6a is a schematic diagram of a two-stage compressor with intercooling. Air is compressed with an index of compression n in the low pressure (LP) stage from inlet conditions to state 2, and then cooled to temperature corresponding to state 2. (See Fig. 5.6b.) Perfect cooling in the intercooler would have rendered air to temperature T2, which is same as the initial temperature T1. Note that the dashed line is an isotherm.

Figure 5.6 Multistage Compression with Intercooling

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS 2013

UNIT-5: RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

Air then enters the high pressure (HP) compressor stage in which it is again polytropically compressed to state 3, and then delivered to the receiving pressure vessel. The saving in work owing to intercooling is represented by the shaded area in the indicator diagram. The work of compression in this scheme can be estimated, ignoring clearance volume, as follows. Work done in the LP cycle,

Work done in the HP cycle,

Total work per compressor cycle is, therefore, (5.12) TWO-STAGE COMPRESSOR WITH PERFECT INTERCOOLING When the intercooling is complete, state 2 coincides with state 2, and hence state 1 and state 2 lie on the same isotherm; therefore . Eq. 5.12 can then be simplified as (5.13) TWO-STAGE COMPRESSOR: OPTMUM PRESSURE RATIO AND MINIMUM WORK OF COMPRESSION On the right hand side of Eq. 5.13 only P2 is variable for a given set of initial conditions and requirements. Thus W is a function of P2, and it is possible that there exists a particular value for P2 for which W is minimum. This value can be determined by differentiating W with respect to P2 and equating this derivative to zero. Let . Then (5.14) For work to be least , i.e.,

Simplifying the above equation,

; or, (5.15)

Eq. 5.15 also yields the optimum stage pressure ratio. Squaring both sides,

Therefore,

; and since

, (5.16)

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS 2013

UNIT-5: RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

Substituting this latest result in Eq. 5.14, the minimum work of compression (5.17) COMPRESSOR WITH N STAGES Before introducing a formula for minimum work of compression in the case of a compressor with N stages, the same for a 3-stage compressor may be considered. (See Fig. 5.7.)

Figure 5.7 3-stage Compression with Complete Intercooling Using Eq. 5.1 for each of the compressor cylinders, total work required for compression is,

When intercooling is complete, as in Fig. 5.7, the above reduces to (5.18) It can be shown that expression on the right side in Eq. 5.18 has the least value when all the stage pressure ratios are the same. Following the argument that yielded Eq. 5.16, the optimum stage pressure ratio for a 3stage compressor is (5.19) and (5.20) Equations 5.19 and 5.20 can be generalized for a compressor with N stages, as (5.21) and (5.22)

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS 2013

UNIT-5: RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

TUTORIAL PROBLEMS 1. A single-acting single-stage reciprocating compressor delivers 150 m of free air per minute, th compressing it from 1 bar to 8 bar. The speed of compressor is 300 RPM. If the clearance is 1/16 of the swept volume, find the bore and stroke of the compressor. Take L/D = 1.5, where L is stroke and D is bore. The value 3 of n can be taken as 1.3. [Ans. Va = 0.5 m , v = 75.3%, D = 0.826 m, L = 1.239 m] 3 2. Find the power required to drive an air compressor which has to compress 34 m of air per minute from 1.013 bar to 4.052 bar and deliver it at the higher pressure. Assume that the index of compression is 1.25 and 15% of the work supplied to the compressor is wasted. [Ans. BP = 107.9 kW] 3. Atmospheric air at 1.013 bar and 21C is taken into a single stage compressor having zero clearance. It 1.2 is compressed according to the law PV = constant to the constant discharge pressure of 4.052 bar. The 3 discharge is taken through a regulating valve into a closed vessel of 2.8 m capacity. Here the initial conditions were 1.013 bar and 21C and after charging for 4.2 minutes were 34 bar and 27C. Calculate the FAD and IP of 3 the compressor. [Ans. = 0.031 kg/s, FAD = 1.548 m /min, IP = 3.94 kW] 3 4. A single-stage, double-acting air compressor is required to deal with 16.8 m of air per minute measured at 1.013 bar and 16C. The delivery pressure is 5.77 bar and it runs at 500 RPM. Assuming a clearance volume of 5% of the stroke volume, index of compression and expansion of 1.32, calculate the 3 necessary stroke volume. Find also the temperature of air delivered. [Ans. Vs = 0.01942 m , W = 8944 J, P = 74.5 kW, T2 = 167.6C] 3 5. The pressure in the mains of a compressed air service is to be 8 bar and a supply of 28 m /min at 15C and at that the pressure is to be maintained. The air is compressed from an initial pressure of 1 bar by a 2stage compressor in which the compression is adiabatic. The air is cooled to its initial temperature of 15C in 3 the intercooler. What is the minimum power required to compress the air? [ Ans. FAD = 3.734 m /min, P = 15.06 kW] 6. A 2-stage compressor compresses air from 15C and 100 kPa to 6000 kPa. The air is cooled in an intercooler to 30C and the intermediate pressure is steady at 733 kPa. The low pressure cylinder is 10 cm in 1.35 diameter and stroke of both the cylinders is 11.25 cm. Assuming a compression law of PV = const and that the volume of air at atmospheric conditions drawn per stroke is equal to the low pressure cylinder swept volume, find the power of the compressor when running at 250 RPM. Find also the diameter of the high-4 3 pressure cylinder. [W1 = 238.2 J, V2 = 1.267x10 m , W2 = 259.6 J, P = 2.07 kW, D2 = 3.78 cm] 7. A 2-stage air compressor with complete intercooling delivers air to the mains at a pressure of 3.4 bar, the suction conditions being 1 bar and 15C. If both cylinders have the same stroke, find the ratio of the cylinder diameters for efficiency of compression to be maximum. Taking an index of compression of 1.3, find the work done per cubic metre of free air delivered and compare it with the isothermal work. [ D1/D2 = 2.41, W 3 3 = 435.2 kJ/m , WT = 352.6 kJ/m ] 3 8. A 2-stage compressor delivers 1.2 m of free air per minute. The delivery pressure is 13.6 bar and the suction temperature and pressure are 15C and 1 bar. The index of compression is 1.25 for both stages, intercooling is complete, and the intermediate pressure is such as to give the most efficient compression. Calculate the theoretical power necessary to drive the compressor and the heat carried away from the intercooler per minute by the cooling water. Take Cp = 1.0035 kJ/kgK and R = 287 J/kgK for air. [Ans. P = 5.56 kW, T2- T2 = 85.8 K, = 1.355 kg/min, Q = 334.0 kJ/min] 9. In a test of a single-stage single-acting air compressor of 10.5 cm bore and 14 cm stroke air is taken from atmosphere at 1 bar and delivered through a valve which maintains a delivery pressure of 8 bar to a 3 receiver of 1.4 m capacity. A motor giving 2.5 kW brake power drives the compressor at 400 RPM and the IMPEP is 2.1 bar. The receiver is initially at atmospheric pressure and 20C and after running 20 minutes reaches 7.5 bar at 70C. Determine the free air delivery at 20C and 1 bar, and volumetric, isothermal, and 3 3 mechanical efficiencies. [Ans. = 7.4767 kg/s, Vs = 1.212 m , Va = 0.943 m , v = 77.8%, IP = 1.7 kW, T = 77%, mech = 68%]
3

10

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS 2013

UNIT-5: RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

10. A compressor takes in charge at 1 bar and 38C, the final pressure being 100 bar. Neglecting clearance volume and assuming perfect intercooling between stages, and given n = 1.3, determine the minimum number of stages the machine should have if the maximum temperature from any stage is not to exceed 140C. Also find the actual pressure ratio. [Ans. N = 4, P.R. = 3.16] 11. The cylinders of a 2-stage air compressor have the same stroke and ratio of their diameters is 2.4 to 1. The delivery pressure is 34 bar and the air supply to the compressor is at 1 bar and 17C. If the temperature of the air leaving the intercooler is 40C, find the work done per cubic metre of free air delivered when 3 compression is adiabatic in each cylinder. [ V1/V2 = 5.76, P2/P1 = 6.21, P3/P2 = 5.48, work = 475.9 kJ/m ] ASSIGNMENT DESCRIPTIVE 1. Explain the effect of clearance volume on the work of compression in a reciprocating air compressor. 2. Define isothermal efficiency and volumetric efficiency of an air compressor. 3. Derive an expression for the volumetric efficiency of a single stage reciprocating air compressor in terms of clearance factor (K), pressure ratio (P2/P1) and index of compression (n). 4. What are the drawbacks of single stage compressor for producing high pressure? How are these overcome in multistage compression? 5. Why is intercooling required in multistage compression? Show with the help of a diagram the effect of intercooling on a 2-stage compressor. 6. Derive an expression for the condition of minimum work input for a 2-stage compressor with perfect intercooling. State the assumptions made. 7. Show that for minimum work of compression in a multistage air compressor the interstage pressure must be the geometric mean of the initial and final pressures. Hence deduce an expression for work of compression in a 2-stage compressor and extend the result to obtain an expression for m stages. 8. Derive an expression for power required to drive a 6-stage air compressor in terms of the number of stages, pressures, and index of compression, assuming perfect intercooling. 9. Show that for a multistage compressor , where Z = stage pressure ratio, x = number of

11

stages, Px+1/P1 = overall pressure ratio. NUMERICAL 1. A single-stage reciprocating compressor takes in air at the rate of 1 m per minute at 1.013 bar and 15C and delivers at 7 bar. If the law of compressor is and the clearance volume is negligible. Compute the indicated power. 2. A reciprocating compressor has 5% clearance volume with a bore of 25 cm and stroke of 30 cm. The compressor operates at 500 RPM. Air enters the cylinder at 27C and 95 kPa and is discharged at 2000 kPa. If n = 1.3 for compression and expansion processes, determine the volumetric efficiency, volume of air handled at 3 inlet conditions in m /s, power required, and the mass of air discharged in kg/s. 3. A single-acting compressor has a bore and stroke of 12 cm and 15 cm. The speed is 1200 RPM. It compresses CO2 gas from 120 kPa and 20C to 215C. Assume compression with polytropic index of 1.3, no clearance and a volumetric efficiency of 100%. Calculate the pressure ratio, indicated power and shaft power for a mechanical efficiency of 80%, and the mass flow rate. If a second stage of equal pressure ratio were to be added, calculate the overall pressure ratio and bore of the second stage if the same stroke were maintained. 4. A single-stage single acting air compressor 30 cm bore and 40 cm stroke runs at 200 RPM. The suction pressure is 1 bar and temperature is 15C and delivery pressure is 5 bar. Determine the indicated mean effective pressure and ideal power to drive it when compression is isothermal (ii) follows the law (iii) follows the law and (iv) follows the law . Determine efficiency in each case.
3

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS 2013

UNIT-5: RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

3

5. A single stage double-acting compressor is required to deliver 14 m of air per minute measured at 1.013 bar and 15C. The delivery pressure is 7 bar and the speed is 300 RPM. Take the clearance volume as 5% of the swept volume with compression and re-expansion index of n = 1.3. Calculate the swept volume of the cylinder, delivery temperature, and indicated power.* 6. A single-acting, two-stage air compressor delivers air at 17 bar when the pressure and temperature of air at the end of suction is 1 bar and 303 K. The interstage pressure is 4 bar and the intercooling is perfect. The LP cylinder diameter is 23 cm and common stroke is 15 cm and the speed of the compressor is 350 rpm. Determine the volumetric efficiency of the LP stage compressor, heat transfer in the intercooler in kJ/min and capacity of the motor required to drive the compressor when the mechanical efficiency is 85%. Assume the clearance volume in the LP compressor to be 5% of the stroke volume, and the compression and expansion follows the law . 7. In a 2-stage, single acting compressor with complete intercooling atmospheric air at 1 bar and 15C is compressed polytropically (n = 1.3) to 30 bar. If both cylinders have the same stroke, calculate the diameter of the HP cylinder. The diameter of the LP cylinder is 300 mm. 8. In a 2-stage compressor the work output is 350 kJ/kg of air. It is used to compress free air from 1 bar and 32C. The value of n is 1.3 and R = 0.287 kJ/kg. Find the intermediate pressure. 3 9. A 4-stage single acting compressor delivers 2 m of free air per minute at 200 bar. The suction pressure and temperature are 0.95 bar and 47C. The pressure and temperature of the ambient air are 1.03 bar and 27C. The air is cooled to 30C in the intercooler after every stage. Find the BP of the motor required to run the compressor assuming a mechanical efficiency of 80% and transmission efficiency of 90%. Take RPM equal to 300 and law of compression and re-expansion is . Neglect the pressure losses in the system. Maximum temperature should not exceed 150C at any point. 10. A multistage compressor is used to compress air from 1 bar to 120 bar such that the pressure ratio will not exceed 4. Determine the number of stages required, exact stage pressure ratio, intermediate 3 pressures, and minimum power required to compress 15 m /min of air. Take n = 1.2. 11. A 2-stage reciprocating compressor works between 1 bar and 8 bar drawing air at 15C at the rate of 467 lit/min. The compression in both the stages is isentropic and intercooling is perfect. Estimate the minimum power supplied. 12. The following particulars apply to a 2-stage single acting compressor. Stroke = 28.5 cm, LP cylinder diameter = 23 cm, final pressure = 25 bar, intermediate pressure = 5 bar, temperature of the air leaving the intercooler = 35C. If the air is drawn into the compressor at 1 bar and 15C find the power required to compress the air when running at 350 RPM. The process of compression is given by . Determine also the energy rejected in the intercooler. 13. A 2-stage air compressor with perfect intercooling takes in air at 1 bar and 27C. The law of compression in both stages is . The compressed air is delivered at 9 bar. Calculate for unit mass flow rate of air the minimum work done and the heat rejected to intercooler. Compare the values if compression is carried out in single stage with after-cooler. 14. Air at standard atmospheric conditions is compressed and delivered to a receiver of 0.4 m diameter and 1 m long until a final pressure of 10 atm is reached. Assuming ideal conditions with no valve pressure drops, compute the power need to drive the compressor for (i) isothermal compression (ii) polytropic compression n = 1.32. Assume that the receiver temperature is maintained atmospheric throughout and filling takes place in 5 min. Atmospheric temperature is 25C. Also calculate the isothermal efficiency of the compressor. 15. The following data refer to a single-stage air compressor. Atmospheric conditions: 1 bar and 25C. Receiver pressure: 10 bar, cylinder diameter: 12 cm, stroke to bore ratio: one; clearance volume:
th

12

of stroke

volume. Index for both compression and expansion is 1.25. Mechanical efficiency is 80%. If the receiver capacity is 600 litres and it takes 8 minutes to fill the receiver till pressure is 10 bar starting with 1 bar, determine the actual volumetric efficiency, mass of air compressed per second, speed of the compressor, power input. Assume the receiver temperature remains at 25C throughout the filling process.

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS 2013