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Consider ring its ligh ht weight, a lamina (p ply) of fibe er reinforced d composite e is remark kably strong along the fiber direction. However, the same la amina is con nsiderably w weaker in al ll offfiber directions. To address th his issue an nd withstan nd loadings from multi iple angles, , one would us se a laminat tion constructed by a number of la minae orien nted at diffe erent directio ons.
Kinematics:
where u0, v0, and w0 are the dis splacements s of the mid ddle plane in n the x, y, and z directions, respectiv vely. Please e note that some litera ature may define kxy as the e total skew w curvature which elimi inates the f factor of 2. Also note that Kirchhoff's K a assumptions s are introd duced to sim mplify the displac cement field ds. titutive: Const
alternative ely,
where the subscript k indicates th he kth layer counting fr rom the top of the lamina ate. ultants: Resu
Again, the e subscript k indicate es the kth l layer from the top of f the laminate and a N is the e total numb ber of layers s. Note that t perfect bon nding is assumed d so we can n move the i integration inside the s summation.
Equilibrium:
By apply ying the sum mmation and integratio on operation ns to their r respective c components s, the force and d moment resultants r ca an be furthe er simplified d to
where A is called th he extension nal stiffness, B is called d the couplin ng stiffness, and D is c called ding stiffnes ss of the lam minate. The component ts of these three stiffne ess matrices are the bend defined as a follows:
centroid of the kth la ayer. Formin ng these thr ree stiffness s matrices A, B, and D, is probably the most cru ucial step in the analysis of compos site laminate es. In some situations, strains expressed in terms of re esultants ar re more han ndy. The st trainresultant t relations can c be derived with app propriate ma atrix operations:
where
at A, B, D and A*, B*, D* are all sy ymmetric m matrices. Am mong them, A, B, and D are Note tha considered universa al notations in the field of composi ites, i.e., the same not tations appe ear in almost all literature of composit te materials s. A*, B*, an nd D*, on th he other han nd, are not.