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Energy Efficiency in Artificial lighting system

Pradeep Kumar
Senior Fellow & Associate Director

TERI

Interior lighting

Conventional Indoor Lighting Design

1. Luminaire type

2. Fixture layout

3. Connected lighting load (kW)

Energy Efficient Indoor Lighting Design

1. Lighting levels /Visual comfort

2. Lighting design efficiency

Adequate visual comfort


National Building Code of India 2005 : Part 8 Section 1 Table 4

Impact of lighting levels on lighting load


15.58 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3
300 500

10.414

6.232
750

With every increase of lighting level by 10 lux lighting load increases by 3.5%

Lighting power density (LPD)


LPD = Total connected load of a space/floor area of the space

LPD = Total connected load of lighting system/total built-up area

Building Type Total built-up area Total interior lighting load LPD

: : : :

Office 3000 m2 51 kW 51*1000/3000 = 17 W/m2

ECBC Recommended LPD for buildings


Building Area Type Automotive Facility Convention Center Dining: Bar Lounge/Leisure Dining: Cafeteria/Fast Food Dining: Family Dormitory/Hostel Gymnasium Healthcare-Clinic Hospital/Health Care Hotel Library Manufacturing Facility Motel Motion Picture Theater LPD (W/m2) 9.7 12.9 14.0 15.1 17.2 10.8 11.8 10.8 12.9 10.8 14.0 14.0 10.8 12.9 Building Area Type Multifamily Residential Museum Office Parking Garage Performing Arts Theatre Police/Fire Station Post Office/Town Hall Religious Building Retail/Mall School/University Sports Arena Transportation Warehouse Workshop LPD (W/m2) 7.5 11.8 10.8 3.2 17.2 10.8 11.8 14.0 16.1 12.9 11.8 10.8 8.6 15.1

Energy Efficient Interior Lighting System

Building Area Type Multifamily Residential Museum Office Parking Garage Performing Arts Theatre

LPD (W/m2) 7.5 11.8 10.8 3.2 17.2

Average lighting levels shall not be less than 300 lux LPD shall not be more than 10.8 W/m2

Exterior or outdoor lighting

Street Lighting/Security Lighting


High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPI)

High Pressure Metal Halide (MH)

High Pressure Ceramic Discharge Metal Halide (CDM)

Driveway lighting
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)

High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPI)

High Pressure Metal Halide (MH)

High Pressure Ceramic Discharge Metal Halide (CDM)

Garden Lighting
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)

High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPI)

High Pressure Metal Halide (MH)

High Pressure Ceramic Discharge Metal Halide (CDM)

Parking Lighting
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)

High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPI)

High Pressure Metal Halide (MH)

Fluorescent Lamps (TL)

Solar energy based external lighting

Luminous Efficacy of the lamp


900 lm 13 W

18 W 5W

Luminous Efficacy : 900/(13+5) = 50 lm/W

Luminous Efficacy of TLD with HPF


2450 lm 36 W

51 W

15 W

Luminous Efficacy : 2450/(36+15) = 48 lm/W

Bye-law 3.1.1 (C): Energy Efficiency in Artificial Lighting


Interior Lighting
For all types of building

The installed interior lighting power shall not exceed the LPD (lighting power density) value as recommended by ECBC 2007

Bye-law 3.1.1 (C): Energy Efficiency in Artificial Lighting


Exterior Lighting
Commercial & Multi-Storey Residential Complexes
Lamps External lighting sources should have luminous efficacies as per the table given below Light Source CFLs (compact fluorescent lamps) LEDs (light emitting diodes) Fluorescent Lamps Metal Halide Lamps High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps Minimum allowable luminous efficacy (lm/W) 50 50 75 75 90

15% of the total external lighting load shall be met from renewable energy sources (solar, wind, biomass, fuel-cells and so on)

Energy Efficiency in HVAC system

Pradeep Kumar
Senior Fellow & Associate Director

TERI

Non-Air conditioned Buildings


Room conditions 2929-320C / 70%

Cooling energy demand 9~35 W/m2 Cooing energy performance index 15~70 kWh/m2-yr

Air conditioned Buildings


Room conditions 2323-260C / 60%

Cooling energy demand 60~80 W/m2 Cooing energy performance index 120~160 kWh/m2-yr

Trends in HVAC system design

20 kWh/m2-yr

120 kWh/m2-yr

200 kWh/m2-yr

Challenges in cooling system design

Room conditions 2626-280C / 70%

Room conditions 2323-260C / 60%

Cooling energy index 20 kWh/m2-yr

Cooling energy index 120 kWh/m2-yr

Sustainable cooling system

Adequate thermal comfort

Reduced energy demand

Use renewable energy sources

Major Steps in HVAC design


Load estimation

Selection of equipment

Controls/Heat recovery/Hybrid systems

Outdoor Design Conditions


Developed based on climatic data In India specified by National Building Code Part 8/Section 3

Cooling DB/MCWB Station 0.4% Bhopal Gwalior Lucknow Nagpur Bangalore Patna 41.7 43.9 42.0 43.8 34.7 40.7 22.0 23.0 24.2 23.6 19.5 23.4 1.0% 40.5 42.5 40.8 42.6 34.0 39.5 21.7 22.9 24.8 23.9 19.6 23.7 2.0% 39.3 41.3 39.3 41.4 33.1 38.0 21.3 23.5 24.5 23.6 19.2 24.7

Outdoor Design Conditions Impact

Outdoor ISHRAE NBC 0.4% NBC 1.0%

Plant load (TR) 511 503.2 492.8


Plant load (TR)

Reduction

1.50% 3.60%

515 510 505

(TR)

500 495 490 485 480 ISHRAE NBC 0.4% NBC 1.0%

Indoor Design Conditions


Developed based on human comfort In India specified by National Building Code Part 8/Section 3 Category Inside design condition Summer Dry bulb Temp (o C) 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 Restaurants Office buildings Departmental stores Hotel guest rooms Class rooms Auditoriums Recovery rooms Patient rooms 23 to 26 23 to 26 23 to 26 23 to 26 23 to 26 23 to 26 24 to 26 24 to 26 Relative humidity (%) 55 to 60 50 to 60 50 to 60 50 to 60 50 to 60 50 to 60 45 to 55 45 to 55

S No.

Indoor Design Conditions Impact

S No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Indoor design conditions DBT (C/F) 23/73.4 23/73.5 24/75.2 24/75.2 25/77 25/77 26/78.8 26/78.8 RH (%) 50 60 50 60 50 60 50 60

Plant load TR 704.4 677.6 663.7 660.7 638.3 638.3 616 616
(TR)
720 700 680 660 640 620 600 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Plant load Variation

Unitary system
Window Air Conditioner Split Air Conditioner

Evaporator FanFan-kW

CompressorCompressor-kW Condenser FanFan-kW

Centralised AC system -Air cooled water chillers


Compressor/condenser fan-kW

Pump-kW

Fan-kW

Centralized AC system-Water cooled water chiller

CT FanFan-kW

PumpPump-kW

CompressorCompressor-kW

PumpPump-kW

FanFan-kW

Energy Efficiency
Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) EER = Cooling capacity (Btu/hr) Energy input in W

Coefficient of Performance (COP) COP = Cooling capacity (Btu/hr or W) Energy input (Btu/hr) or W)

Specific energy ratio IKW/TR = Energy input (kW) Cooling capacity (TR)

Room air conditioning system efficiency

Cooling capacity: 1 TR or 12000 Btu/hr Power consumption : 1350 Watts SER : 1.35/1 = 1.35 kW/TR EER : 12000/1350 = 8.9

Chiller system efficiency


CT FanFan-7.5 kW

Cooling capacity: 120 TR SER Chiller : 96/120 = 0.8 kW/TR

PumpPump- 7.5 kW

CompressorCompressor- 96 kW

COP: (120*12000)/(96*3415) = 4.4

FanFan- 22.5 kW

PumpPump-11.25 kW

Minimum equipment efficiency (COP)-ECBC recommendations


1. Window/split unit 2. Air cooled water chiller <150 TR 3. Air cooled water chiller > 150 TR 4. Water cooled reciprocating chiller (All) 5. Water cooled Screw chiller < 150 TR 6. Water cooled Screw chiller >150 < 300 TR 7. Water cooled screw chiller > 300 TR 8. Centrifugal chiller > 150 < 300 TR 9. Centrifugal chiller > 300 TR : : : : : : : : : 3.08 2.9 3.05 4.2 4.7 5.4 5.75 5.8 6.3

Bye-law 3.3.6: Energy efficient Air Conditioning system design for buildings
The inside design conditions of a conditioned space should conform to as recommended in the National Building Code 2005. The outside design conditions shall be in accordance with the conditions specified in National Building Code 2005. Efficiency of the equipment installed shall comply with ECBC requirement.

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