THE SANSKRIT CONNECTION- THE URU CIVILIZATION, AUSTRALIA Dr Raghavendra Rao from the Anthropological Survey of India, says

that DNA evidence linking Indian tribes to Australian Aboriginal people points to the fact that humans arrived in Australia via a southern coastal route through India. His team used computer programs to predict that a common ancestor existed, between the Indian population and Aboriginal Australians, up to 50,000 years ago. The Uru megalithic sites of Australia date back to between 30,000 and 50,000 years, with extensive sites in the central west of NSW. The Sun is the most common symbol that is seen in the Megaliths erected by the Uru of Australia. The Uruans worshipped the Sky-Father and Mother Earth.These are concepts linked to the Vedic India. In India, the 'World-Mother' is worshipped as Goddess 'Jagadambika' (). The 'Sky-Father' in Sanskrit is 'Jagatpati' () which is 'Vishnu'. Jagatpati is also another word for the Sun as per the Vedic tradition. With this as the background lets apply Sanskrit to decipher the word 'Uru'- the name by which this civilization came to be known. In Sanskrit 'Uru' () means 'Earth'. This may be a reference to the 'Earth-Mother' of the Uruan culture. However, in the megalithic sites of Australia, it is the Sun that takes prominence and is the most common and recurring symbol. In Sanskrit 'Aru' () means the 'Sun'. And the name Australia may be derived from 'Aru'. The entire word Australia can be decoded if we apply Sanskrit. 'Arus' ( ) which the Indians took to arrive into Australia and the fact that the entire continent is surrounded by water - a logic similar to why Australia and New Zealand together are referred to as Oceania. 'Alaya' () means 'home' or a 'retreat'. And here is something from the Gympie Times, Australia dated 30th October, 1975.

means the 'Sun', 'Taral' () means liquid which may refer to the coastal route

A Granite Hindu God Ganesha Artefact found in Dogun, Australia "At Dogun, schoolboy Cliff Brown, 13, found an elephant about 100mm high carved from beige granite. It is thought to be the Hindu God Ganesha." - The Gympie Times.

A statue found in the Gympie Ruins area The 'Padma_Asana' Posture is the same as

Indian Vedic Goddess Courtesy: http://www.stradbrokeislandgalleon.com/index.html And now a report from BBC News, dated 14th January, 2013 quotes a genetic research study which has concluded that Australia experienced a wave of migration from India about 4,000 years ago. It also says that a Genome-wide data substantiates that the Holocene gene flowed from India to Australia.* Suggested Links: 1. Ancient Hindu Mariners and Australian Gold 2. Gympie Research 3. Indian Migrants in Australia 4000 years ago 4. Holocene Genome Data substantiates gene flow from India to Australia 5. Ancient MigrationGene's link Australia with India*

Ancient Hindu Mariners and Australian Gold

Written by John Welch

South-east Asian Hindu Ship-voyages to East Australia. The Aborigin legends and languages of central-east Australia suggest contact with Hindus and Hindu Civilization. Fo 2000 years, many historic Indian settlements spread throughout South East Asia. Hindu culture and religion was preeminent from the borders of modern Iran to the isles of the Phillipines. From that time, increasing wealth, population and thus prestige of Sanskrit-brahmin guided Hindu kingdoms motivated usage of gold for coins, sculptures and decoration of temples and palaces. Sumatra, in modern Indone was known as an "island of gold" and an 11th century hoard of royal Javanese gold bullion is preserve Indonesia, and was exhibited in Brisbane 10 years ago. In the 14th century, Hindu Javanese gold-mine sailed to Philippines to prospect and mine, and a gold sculpture from that era is now in the USA. The nagara "royal city" of Angkor Wat consumed artworks of many types, and logically this would include g in great quantities. The evidence shows that the Hindu Kingdoms' search for gold led them to the shore Eastern Australia. There they found the motherlode.

In 1858 at Gympie north of Brisbane, a legend about foreigners who came to dig for yellow stones was recorded by early British settlers. Gympie was "Meru'ndai" according to the Australian "ng'tja guru" eld In Indonesia, "Meru'ndai" means "beautiful Meru", and Bali language "ngajahin guru" means "training. teacher". In the 1860s a hill at Meru'ndai had a circle of pillars with a wheel shaped stone in the centre 7 levels with stone-lined terraces. Indra sends floods to the world which is shaped as a wheel. Early Ta temples had a wheel shape and the work that was involved in building this one indicates the size of the

population at the gold-mine. Aboriginals were fearful of the temple spirits, which shows that they were the builders. It is near the river at Gympie and the bay south of Fraser Island. In 1867 gold was found b Europeans and the cut stones of the temple were removed by European gold-miners , to build houses. They collected 4 tons of gold by hand in the 1800s as well as from the deep mine, and today Gympie Brisbane is the 8th biggest gold-mine in Australia and gold is still collected in the creeks.The temple pi today are in the river to protect the river-bank, and a bulldozer was used to dig holes searching for gold the hill. Only some terrace stone-walls remain, and a few photos of carved animals. (1). Click here for exquisite sample of Gympie Gold inlaid Quartz.

Artist Rendering of the Ancient Gympie Temple

The country of Meru'ndai at Gympie also included Fraser Island, where the Batjala people called the is Gurree. In that legend,Gurree was a beautiful white sky-spirit princess who created mountains in south Queensland and the island named Gurree, where she looks at the sky reflected in the pure lakes of rai water in white sand.(2).The legend reminds me of Gauri, the shining white spirit wife of Shiva who was her in Himalayan snow. She was a creator to balance the destructive power of Shiva, who is also nam Indra.

At Brisbane, south of Meru'ndai, the word Indooroopilly means "running waters". Indra sends rain and liberates rivers, as he did by killing the snake Vritra who held back rivers. Indra is carved at Angkor Wa with a rainbow snake. In Tamil, "piili" means tap-water, and in Malay he is named "Inderah". Kings in Lanka used to float in a river to represent Indra sending rain, and "Indra floating" is "Indra pilavana". Indonesian pilek means "running nose from a cold", and pilu means "moved". Examples of words whic combine Indra are : Indriya "belonging to Indra" ; Indrasita "sent by Indra"; Indragopa "insects that com after rain". Indrapura is a city of Indra in Sumatra, as is Bangkok in Thailand, and Indratataka is the gre irrigation lake of Indra at Angkor Wat. Indra made Tirta Empul "sacred spring" in Bali, a major temple f Hindus today. "Indradhanus" is the rainbow of Indra, which fits with Indooroopilly as the rain-water, the running water at Brisbane. The word is derived from "Nyindooroopilly", and in Bali language the prefix means an impulse going out, such as "desire, watch, join". Sanskrit "nya" means "led along by", so Nyindooroopilly would mean "running water from the impulse of Indra". This is correct Hindu teaching.

Ancient Technology was Used to Dig the Gold Mines of Australia. The open-cut operation was made through solid basalt.

The Sanskrit word "dhan" meaning "flowing gift" in "Indra/dhan/us", appears in the name Dandahra cre at Coombadjha sacred site west of Grafton, north NSW, and may be Sanskrit dhandhara "bountiful flo stream". Coombadjha is on a mountaintop with beautiful forest and lyre-birds, and has many sacred s of the countries of Bundjalung and Gambaingirr which border on it. Kumbhaja is a title of Agastya who a Hindu author of Vedic texts and is honoured by Tamils as their champion. He subdued or broke down mountains and is today identified with Agastya national park in mountains of Tamil Nadu in India. Aga means "mountains", astya means "suddued",and Agastya was connected with mountains in Thailand, Indonesia and Cambodia. The star Canopus which was used as a south polar star for ship navigation i the southern hemisphere, was named for Agastya Kumbhaja. That Kumbhaja star rises in March near Southern Cross as the Indian Ocean becomes calm before the monsoon trade winds begin blowing from India towards Asia. Agastya also means "fro the mind of Indra and Shiva". 2500 years ago, Agastya Kumbhaja was the uncle of Kaundinya in Tami Nadu, and a Kaundinya prince ruled the first Hindu kingdom in Cambodia, 2000 years ago. Australia h names and legends of the Southern Cross, and Gamilari language has a word meaning "meeting place under the Southern Cross'. The South Pole is on the axis of Meru. Coombadjha is sacred to Bundjalun and Gambaingirr people.

Gympie Pyramid-Satellite View @ 2 miles

Gambaingirr teach that "miira" the moon gives the balance in nature and gives energy to people.Sansk "mihira" is the moon, a form of Surya the sun, and means to lift up waters for rain. Bali language omits /h/ in words so that the Aboriginal reflects the Bali pronunciation.Vaharamihira, or Mihira, was a famed astronomer 1500 years ago and is honoured by a wall-mural in India's parliament. Gidgeon Miiral is the island in Coff's Harbour of Gambaingirr, and the moon causes rip-tides and floods against those who ignore the laws. (3).Boats can enter the river there only at hightides. The astronomy of Kumbhaja and Mihira would be vital for ships navigating past the Queensland Barrier Reef and locating rivermouths fo landing. Possibly the ships were exploring for gold and sailed south from Meru'ndai in Queensland. "M daksina" means the South Pole.

Bundjalung is the country between Coombadjha and Brisbane and west to the mountains. Bundjalung people remember that a ship arrived from Ngareenbeil, meaning "overseas islands". (4).In Old Bali language, "negarinbeli" means "your beloved countryman", a high status word used by a princess to a prince, and fits the idea of Ngareenbeil as referring to Bali. (5)."Negara" means the ritual Hindu government in Java-Bali, and means the state in Malaysia. In a similar way, Bundjalung "ngari" means "ritual dance", and "borroon" is the dance ring of Meru'ndai. Bara in Thailand is the dance-room of the king, and Cambodian borei is the royal temple. Sanskrit "nagara" became the word nekhor, or "Angkor Wat, in Cambodia. Thus, Cambodia had "nagara borei", and east Australia had "ngari borroon". At the boorroon, elders sat on a raised platform, a "dhur". Sanskrit "dhur" means "title, summit". Bundjalung "budar budarum" means to speak of ancient knowledge. Bundjalung legend says the 3 men on the ship spread out to other Aboriginal countries and gave them language and laws and in this way people kep contact with overseas laws. Mahaji as great conqueror is a title of Shiva in Thailand, as in majji meanin "he conquered". Mahhji is the strong god of Bundjalung at Grafton, where the ship from Bali landed.

Ancient Gympie Apeman-Hanuman?

The ngatja elders of Meru'ndai resemble the "nkata" elders of Bundjalung, and "ngajahin" guru of Bali. years ago, the Sanskrit Hindu kingdoms of Angkor Wat and Java were defeated and brahmins and craftsmen escaped to Bali by ship, and Macassan fishermen were sailing to Cape York in north Austra They gave about 600 words to north Australian languages, such as ruppiah for "money". (6). 2000 yea ago, India had ships 50 metres long weighing 600 tons for trade with east Asia. The ship which arrived Bundjalung at Yamba near Grafton had 3 men, named : Mamoon which is a Sanskrit and Bali name meaning "maternal uncle"; Ya Birrein meaning "the one who begins" and Birrung "the end", in Old Bali language. The woman with them was Gaminya, in Sanskrit "the one who walks". She became known a goanna lizard, and was also named Dirrangan and had power to make a storm when she became ang being left behind by the ship. Dirrangan was the angry woman who blocked the river by moving mountains, until Balugaan the hunter liberated the river. Her name "Dirran may be seen in Sanskrit dhira meaning "the mind", and the Indonesian expression diri anggota meanin "personal election" in political voting for government. In Bali, diri means an individual person. In the language on the west of Bundjalung, dhirrin means "personal escape ". Bali angga means "one-self", a angen means "thinking". Dirrangan seems to mean "personal thoughts". Dirrawong was also a goann lizard,and may be seen in Bali language "wong" which means "person". He fought against the Rainbow Serpent named Waugal, which may be from Bali warni meaning "colour", and warna which means "appearance". In Bali language, galih is "bone" and galang means "evident", so "Waugal" then has the sense of "coloured appearance evident", which fits the Rainbow Snake. Dirrawong chased the offending Rainbow Snake named Kurrea down the Clarence River. West of Brisbane the snake is Gurriya, at Goondiwindi, in Gamilaroi country. The Bundjalung legend about a

blocked river is connected with a similar legend at Dirranbandi near Goondiwindi. Sanskrit bhandi mea "to bind. block rivers", so the word Dirranbandi resembles Dirrangen Dirrawong. Gurriya the Rainbow Snake is seen in the local word goori "pink-yellow lizard", goora "flowers", possibly red-yellow. Gora wa name of Indra sun-god and means "yellow-red", thus the Rainbow Snake colours. The word "ya" is the pronoun in both Sanskrit and Bundjalung, so that "goora ya" may mean "the one who is yellow-red". G and Indra and Agastya Kumbhaja are named together in some Hindu texts.

In Gamilaroi language, "kamil" means a man's spirit, as in Indonesian language. At Goondiwindi, the Gamilaroi title for a local elder is Ngurampaa, guardian of sa teachings. (7). In Bali, ngurah is a royal title, as in Ngurah Rai Airport, and Mpu means a semi-divine ru which would combine as Ngurah Mpu. A similar term in India is parampara "respected line of teachers legend, a hunter at Goondiwindi used all his weapons to try to kill the Rainbow Serpent who was preventing people catching fish and ducks there. Along the Brisbane river, the snake is also named Goondah Dani Bulu. Goondah in India are thugs and criminals. Like Indra, the Rainbow snake is both good and bad. Danu is the river-goddess in Bali who has a temple on a lake, which is "danau" in Bali. Bundjalung, the word booloo means "to plunge into water". "Goondah" appears as Gundah creek at Coombadjha near Dandahra, which suggests that the rainbow snake Goondah Dani Bulu was fighting there also, and its name may mean "the criminal who plunges into lakes". In Sanskrit and Bundjalung "windi" means "whistle; hissing", like a snake. At Goondiwindi, the hunter resembles Indra who used a weapons against the rainbow snake Vritra. In Wenaruah country near Newcastle, is a rock-painting of a deity, 1 metre high and with arms 5 metre wide, with bird feet, and with 2 boomerangs .(9) Indra has very long arms and carries a weapon in eac hand, and can assume any shape he chooses. "Wenaruah" means "hills and plains" , and in Bali "wen

means "forests" and "ruah" is "countless", with adjectives following nouns. Wenaruah had treeless plai but densely rain-forested hills near Barrington Tops mountains.

The Bundjalung word punya means "well-being" and in Bali means "to possess". Punyah in Cambodia means "pure ,sacred" and Punya Bharata is "blessed land of India". Punya is an ideal and purpose of t College of Aboriginal Studies at Southern Cross University,Lismore in Bundjalung country - as is "gann the Bundjalung word meaning "understanding, the use of knowledge".(8). Sanskrit gan means "think" in Bali ganti is "change, renew". Agastya Kumbhaja's knowledge of science and astronomy was "ganita and in Bali language, guna means "the use, applying knowledge", just as Bundjalung "ganna".

Further south, in Victoria there is a rock chamber with a painting that is not in usual Aboriginal style. (9 may have a third eye. The left shoulder has something folded on it, in Hindu style. The actual body colo is red. His name is Bunjil and the painting is in the mountains west of Bendigo gold-field, where gold nuggets are today found on the surface. In Victoria, bora means the tribal dance ground, like Thailand meaning "royal dance-room" and Cambodian borei, dance temple.

The ship of Bundjalung legend was shipwrecked, and so Mamoon and Gaminya became part of the population as ancestors. It seems that Hindu faith influenced east Australia, with the strongest impact i triangle of 500 km. extent between Fraser Island, Coffs Harbour and Goondiwindi. Today, Brisbane Cit Council is at Indooroopilly, the Hindu running waters of Brisbane. References: 1. B Green, from historical notes of J Green, 1863. 2. "Written in Sand" F Williams, Jacaranda. 1982. 3. Coffs Harbour Tourism, Gydgeon Miiral island. 4. "Australian Dreaming" Dr J Isaacs, Cam. 1996. "Papers of Marjorie Oakes". Australian Institute Aboriginal Torres "Dictionary of Bundjalung" Dr M Sharpe, UNE Armidale. 5. Dr Darma Putra, School of Languages, UQld Brisbane. 6. Dr McC Taylor, Asian Studies, ANU Canberra. 7. Michael Anderson, Ngurampaa elder of Euahlayi of Gamilaroi. 8. Dr J Atkinson, College of Aboriginal Studies, SCU Lismore. 9. "Riches of Ancient Australia" Dr J Flood, UQld Brisbane, 1990.

Strait Islander Studies. Canberra

There appears to be evidence that ships from Indonesia sailed to east Australia, between Fraser Island and Yamba NSW, before British settlement. Aboriginal legends of Bundjalung (North coast NSW) and Kabi Kabi (Sunshine coast Qld) seem to corroborate that ships arrived, evidently from Java-Bali at 500-1000 BP. Many mythic-hero words in the languages of cent east Aust. are appropriate names in Indonesian Hindu culture, as are the names in these 2 legends. (Dr Darma Putra. Sch Languages. U Qld). Indonesia has exhibited gold artefacts of Javan Hindu kingdoms from 800 BP. .The Qld legend describ foreigners digging yellow stones at Gympie, from 10 years before British discovered gold there which is today the 8th large Aust. gold-mine. There are about 600 Sanskrit-Indonesian words in north Australia (Dr McComas Taylor. ANU), and Macas fishing boats reached Cape York. Maori voyages in the Coral Sea indicate the possibility of Indian-built trading ships reach NSW from Bali. JOHN WELCH

sjswelch@yahoo.com.au

This Ancient Bronze Hindu/Buddhist Deity (Vishnu?) was Found at the Gympie 'Pyramid' Site

by Brett Green
1999 from AwarenessQuest Website recovered through BibalexWayBackMachine Website

Brett Green has written a series of five limited edition books called Tales of a Warrior. With a printing of 1000 copies each they quickly sold out. In July 1999 book six sold out in the first few weeks of release. Book seven will is now available. It is titled The Gympie Pyramid Story and is available from Awareness Quest. Book seven contains all the pyramid theories and includes over 20 pictures detailing stone columns and artifacts left in the district by a non-aboriginal race - before the aboriginals! Includes a photograph of the Pyramid. Witness hieroglyphs on 6 meter high stone columns of an unknown race...

Photos taken on glass plates in the Gympie area by one of Bretts ancestors about 1890 depict 4 statues approx 1 meter high .

What was an Easter Island head doing in Gympie?. The other statues are of a dogs head, and two types of Marsupials. Following is a list of some of the artifacts found in the Gympie District, Queensland Australia. See location maps below:

The Gympie Ape

A stone ape statue possibility 3000 years old. The statue was unearthed in 1966 on Mr. Dal K. Berrys Wolvi Rd property. The ape is made of conglomerate iron stone and shows a squatting ape figure. ("click" on images to enlarge) It is believed to represent the Egyptian God Thoth in ape form.

Source: The Gympie Times 30/10/75

A smaller stone idol unearthed near the Gympie Pyramid is also believed to represent the Egyptian God Thoth in ape form clutching the Tau or the Cross of Life. This statuette is badly weathered with age. Thoth was the god of writing & wisdom, depicted as an ape by the Egyptians until about 1000 BC when he became an Ibis-headed human bodied deity who recorded the judgment of the souls of Amenti, the after world. Thoths symbol was the papyrus flower.

Source: The Gympie Times 19/12/79

An ancient "Terraced Hill at least 6000 years old has been found on the outskirts of Gympie off Tin Can Bay Road. The Pyramidal structure is 100 foot high and consists of a series of terraces up to 4 feet tall and eight feet across constructed of small and larger lumps of stone. It was recorded by the first white man into the area in the 1850's.

An ancient metal spoon, about 140mm long, of an unknown bronze alloy was found by Mr. Cyril Tindal in the vicinity of Mothor Mountain (Gympie). 1. Metallurgists who have examined the spoon agree it is crude and hand forged and of great antiquity & has been matched with other examples from the ancient Middle East. 2. Spoons like this one were made by blacksmiths for handling Mercury used in gold mining, which Gympie is known for.

Source: The Gympie Times 24/6/76

At Dogun, schoolboy Cliff Brown 13, found an elephant about 100mm high carved from beige granite. It is thought to be the Hindu God Ganesha.

Excerpts from the book

The Gympie Pyramid Story

Near Gympie there are rumors of a stone city, buildings & pathways in dense rainforest. A Spanish helmet was discovered at Tin Can Bay, not far from Gympie.

 Symbols representing the ancient Egyptian God Horus are reportedly carved 60 feet up a cliff, about half a mile from... The remnants of an ancient quarry. At the quarry a sandstone ridge has been cut away forming a causeway down which is believed slabs of rock were dragged. There are still some large blocks of stone at the site. A few weighing half a ton. They are badly weathered with age but at some stage they have been cut away from the cliff. Is this the Rocks Road quarry where part of the standstone wall around the Gympie Surface Hill Uniting Church came from? A stone carved to resemble someone wearing a turban. The turbaned head is 400mm long, 200mm wide from the nose to the back of the head and 240mm thick at the base of the neck. Could be of Phoenician origin? Ancient open cut gold or copper mines have been found in the Gympie area & have been kept secret by Rex Gilroy to prevent unwanted destruction. Not far from where the Gympie Ape was ploughed up 10 years ago, Rex Gilroy claims to have excavated a hearth four feet underground from which he removed nodules of smelted bronze. Unearthed at Noosaville on the Sunshine Caost, was an ancient Egyptian Jade Ankh or Cross of Life A man unearthed a small gold scarab in 1959 which would have fitted into a matchbox. Rex Gilroy hopes to locate mystery ruins which are said to exist in a heavily timbered area outside Gympie. The structures are said to be built of large stone blocks some of which are too big for any human to have moved under normal circumstances. In 1976 Rex Gilroy was given a large fossilized jaw fragment of a giant marsupial unearthed on the Mary River by a farmer. Dating around 50,000 years it belongs to a Diprotodon optatum, a giant Wombat like marsupial up to twice the size of a Rhinoceros. Mrs Irwin found a Macedonian coin of Alexander the Greats time on Wolvi Mountain. Also, a man named Mr Bully found a masonic medallion in Gympie. It is a known fact among Geologists that an ancient harbor once connected Gympie to Tin Can Bay as late as 1000 years ago. It was up this harbor according to ancient aboriginal tradition that the mysterious culture heroes sailed to build the sacred mountain (the pyramid) and apparently mine the region taking the rubble out to sea in their ships which the aborigines claim were shaped like birds. This might suggest the bird headed prows of the old Phoenician triremes. The ocean used to be at Gympie because in places 2 foot down is fine beach sand. Dutch clay pipes have been found in Aboriginal middens on Fraser Island. The discovery on Fraser Island of a Celtic lead fishing weight lends credence to a Celtic or European involvement in the area about 700 years ago. An onyx scarab was unearthed near Kingaroy many years ago. TRUTH ROBBED FROM HUMANITY.... AGAIN At Tin Can Bay a pyramid once existed before being bulldozed onto a barge and the stone dumped off Fraser Island (Qld). The 10-12 men involved in this operation had to sign secrecy agreements with the Australian Government - never to tell anyone of their operation to steal more of our past from us.

o o o

Migrants from India settled in Australia 4,000 years ago before Captain Cook's arrival (and they took their dingos with them) Genes reveal that a wave of Indian migrants arrived 4,230 years ago Up to 11 per cent of Aboriginal DNA derives from Indians An earlier wave of migrants arrived about 45,000 years ago
By LEWIS SMITH
PUBLISHED: 17:34 GMT, 15 January 2013 | UPDATED: 11:53 GMT, 16 January 2013

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Australia was settled by a wave of immigrants from India little more than 4,000 years ago, a genetic study shows. The finding overturns the view that the continent was isolated from the time it was first colonised about 45,000-50,000 years ago until Europeans discovered Australia in the eighteenth century. DNA evidence suggests that rather than complete most of the journey over several generations by foot, the Indian migrants came over by boat.

By the time the Indian settlers reached Australia the ancient land bridge was under water so they sailed.

Australias first human colonisation was the culmination of the long walk out of Africa by the human species. Humans are believed to have left Africa, via the Arabian coast and through India before reaching Indonesia and New Guinea and finally over an ancient land bridge to Australia. Following their arrival there was, according to the prevailing view, little if any contact between Australias Aboriginal inhabitants and the rest of the world.
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But DNA evidence has now revealed a second wave of human settlement took place about 4,230 years ago, long before the first European settled there.

Australia was first seen by a European in 1606 when it was sighted from a ship and a further 53 vessels arrived before Captain James Cook arrived in 1770 to claim it for Britain. Analysis of DNA samples from Aboriginal people living in the Northern Territories of Australia today shows that they have up to 11 per cent of their genetic heritage is Indian The new settlers came from India and the lack of their DNA in other parts of Asia suggests they sailed directly across the Indian Ocean rather than work their way towards Australia by foot.

Scientists found strong evidence of a wave of settlers from India reaching Australia 141 generations ago.

Aborignals who took part in the study were found to have up to 11 per cent of their DNA from Indian descent.

Intriguingly, their arrival corresponds to evidence in the archaeological record that shows dingos reached Australia about the same time, suggesting they may have been transported by boat by the human settlers. Dr Irina Pugach, of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, said the international research team calculated that the Indian DNA reached the Aboriginal population 141 generations ago. Assuming that each generation is separated on average by 30 years the geneticists were able to conclude that the Indian population arrived on in Australia 4230 years ago.

CAPTAIN COOK FACTS

James Cook was born in Marton, in Yorkshire, in 1728. He worked for a shopkeeper before joining the Navy. In 1768 he set off in HM bark Endeavour, a former collier, on a secret mission to find land for King George III. In 1770 Cook located the east coast of Australia named it New South Wales and claimed it for Britain. He was killed in 1779 by islanders on Hawaii. Interestingly this date also coincides with many changes in the archaeological record of Australia, which include a sudden change in plant processing and stone tool technologies, with microliths appearing for the first time, and the first appearance of the dingo in the fossil record, she said. Since we detect inflow of genes from India into Australia at around the same time, it is likely that these changes were related to this migration.

Mark Stoneking, a geneticist at the Max Planck Institute, led the study and told Nature magazine: Australia is thought to represent one of the earliest migrations for humans after they left Africa, but it seemed pretty isolated after that. DNA from 344 people was analysed for the study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Samples were taken from people in Papua New Guinea, South East Asia, China, the US and Australias Northern Territory.

The dingo is thought to have reached Australia with humans

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2262843/Migrants-India-settled-Australia-4-000-years-agoCaptain-Cooks-arrival-took-dingos-them.html#ixzz2SIlX9cSR Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook

Genome-wide data substantiate Holocene gene flow from India to Australia

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Irina Pugacha,1, Frederick Delfina,b, Ellen Gunnarsdttira,c, Manfred Kayserd, and Mark Stonekinga Author Affiliations

1. Edited by James OConnell, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, and approved November 27, 2012 (received for review July 21, 2012)

Abstract
The Australian continent holds some of the earliest archaeological evidence for the expansion of modern humans out of Africa, with initial occupation at least 40,000 y ago. It is commonly assumed that Australia remained largely isolated following initial colonization, but the genetic history of Australians has not been explored in detail to address this issue. Here, we analyze large-scale genotyping data from aboriginal Australians, New Guineans, island Southeast Asians and Indians. We find an ancient association between Australia, New Guinea, and the Mamanwa (a Negrito group from the Philippines), with divergence times for these groups estimated at 36,000 y ago, and supporting the view that these populations represent the descendants of an early southern route migration out of Africa, whereas other populations in the region arrived later by a separate dispersal. We also detect a signal indicative of substantial gene flow between the Indian populations and Australia well before European contact, contrary to the prevailing view that there was no contact between Australia and the rest of the world. We estimate this gene flow to have occurred during the Holocene, 4,230 y ago. This is also approximately when changes in tool technology, food processing, and the dingo appear in the Australian archaeological record, suggesting that these may be related to the migration from India.

Ancient migration: Genes link Australia w India

By Rebecca MorelleScience reporter, BBC World Service

Researchers compared the DNA of Aboriginal Australians with Indians' genetic material Continue reading the main story

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Australia experienced a wave of migration from India about 4,000 years ago, a genetic study suggests. It was thought the continent had been largely isolated after the first humans arrived about 40,000 years ago until the Europeans moved in in the 1800s. But DNA from Aboriginal Australians revealed there had been some movement from India during this period. The researchers believe the Indian migrants may have introduced the dingo to Australia. In the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, they say that the fossil record suggests the wild dogs arrived in Australia at around the same time. They also suggest that Indians may have brought stone tools called microliths to their new home. Ancient origins "For a long time, it has been commonly assumed that following the initial colonization, Australia was largely isolated as there wasn't much evidence of further contact with the outside world," explained Prof Mark Stoneking, from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.

Dingoes first appeared in Australia at about the same time as the Indians

"It is one of the first dispersals of modern humans - and it did seem a bit of a conundrum that people who got there this early would have been so isolated." To study the early origins of Australia's population, the team compared genetic material from Aboriginal Australians with DNA from people in New Guinea, South East Asia and India. By looking at specific locations, called genetic markers, within the DNA sequences, the researchers were able to track the genes to see who was most closely related to whom. They found an ancient genetic association between New Guineans and Australians, which dates to about 35,000 to 45,000 years ago. At that time, Australia and New Guinea were a single land mass, called Sahul, and this tallies with the period when the first humans arrived.
Continue reading the main story

It is strongly suggestive that microliths, dingo and the movement of people were all connected
Mark StonekingMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology

But the researchers also found a substantial amount of gene flow between India and Australia.

Prof Stoneking said: "We have a pretty clear signal from looking at a large number of genetic markers from all across the genome that there was contact between India and Australia somewhere around 4,000 to 5,000 years ago." He said the genetic data could not establish the route the Indians would have taken to reach the continent, but it was evidence that Australia was not as cut off as had been assumed. "Our results show that there were indeed people that made a genetic contribution to Australians from India," Prof Stoneking explained. The researchers also looked at fossils and other archaeological discoveries that date to this period. They said changes in tool technology and new animals could possibly be attributed to the new migrants. Prof Stoneking said: "We don't have direct evidence of any connection, but it strongly suggestive that microliths, dingo and the movement of people were all connected."