International journal of Agronomy and Plant Production. Vol., 3 (12), 579-584, 2012 Available online at http:// www.ijappjournal.

com ISSN 2051-1914 2012 VictorQuest Publications

Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer on Growth and Yield Rice (Oryza Sativa L).
YosefTabar, S Young Researchers Club, Iran Islamic Azad University, sari Branch, sari, Iran *Corresponding Author Email: sy_1981@rocketmail.com Abstract In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on growth and yield in rice cultivar Tarom Hashemi, an experimental design in north of Iran in 2011 cropping season. Nitrogen fertilizer at 50,100 and 150 kg/ha was main plot and phosphorus fertilizer at 4 level 0 (control), 30, 60 and 90kg/ha as sub plot. Using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replication. The results showed that tiller number, fertile tiller, total grain, 1000-grain weight and yield increased significantly with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. Interesting in comparison to 50 and 100 kg/ha level application of higher N-fertilizer 150 kg/ha showed a positive respond to application of high nitrogen for Taroom Hashemi cultivar. Effect of different application of P-fertilizer was significantly on this parameter, increase application of phosphorus increase parameter above. Study of interaction effect of N and P- fertilizer was significant in fertile tiller and 1000-grain weight. Keywords: Hybrid Rice-Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Growth-Yield. Introduction Rice is most important food crop and a major food grain for more than a third of the worlds population (Zhao et al, 2011). Judicious and proper use of fertilizers can markedly increase the yield and improve the quality of rice (Alam et al, 2009). Fertilizer is very important input for intensive rice production the profitability of rice production systems depends on yield and input quantities. So the appropriate fertilizer input that is not only for getting high grain yield but also for attaining maximum profertility (Khuang et al, 2008). Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer is a major essential plant nutrient and key input for in increasing crop yield (Dastan et al, 2012- Alinajoati sisie & Mirshekari, 2011-Alam et al, 2009). Nitrogen deficiency generally results in stunted growth and chlorotic leaves caused by poor assimilate formation that leads to premature flowering and shortening of the growth cycle. The presence of n in excess promotes development of the above ground aground organs with abundant dark green (high chlorophyll) tissues of soft consistency and relatively poor root growth. This increases the risk of loding and reduces the plants resistance to brash climatic condition and foliar diseases (Mohammadian Rushan et al, 2011). Nitrogen contributes to carbohydrate accumulation in culms and leaf sheaths during the pre-heading stage and in the grain during the ripening stage of rice (Swin et al, 2010). Phosphorus deficit is a most important restrictive factor in plant growth and recognition of mechanisms that increase plant phosphorus use efficiency is important (Alinajoati sisie & Mirshekari, 2011). Phosphorus is a major component in ATP, the molecule that provides energy to that plant for such processes as photosynthesis, protein synthesis, nutrient translocation, nutrient uptake and respiration. Phosphorus is also a component of other compounds necessary for protein synthesis and transfer of genetic material DNA, RNA (Wilson et al., 2006). Phosphorus application to rice increased P accumulation but did not consistently increase rice yields because flooding decreased soil P sorption and increased P diffusion. Resulting in higher P supply to rice relative to wheat (Delong et al, 2002). According to nitrogen and phosphorus importance on growth and yield, this study was conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on growth and yield of rice cultivars Tarom Hashemi.

Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod. Vol., 3 (12), 579-584, 2012

Materials and methods In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on growth and yield in rice cultivar Tarom Hashemi, an experimental design in north of Iran in 2011cropping season. Nitrogen fertilizer at 50,100 and 150 kg/ha was main plot and phosphorus fertilizer at 4 level 0 (control), 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha as sub plot. Using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replication. The plot size was kept as 22 meter. Chemical herbicides were employed against different weeds during the course of study. Plots received identical cultural treatments in terms of ploughing, cultivation seed rate, K fertilizes and disease control. In maturity time, number of tillers, fertile tiller, total grain, 1000-grain weight and yield was measured. The data were analyzed following analysis by SAS software. The Duncans multiple range tests was used to compare the means at 5% of significant. Results and discussion The effect of nitrogen fertilizer on tiller number, barrier tiller percentage (%), 1000-grain weight and yield was significant in 1% probability level and total grain significant in 5% probability level. The effect of phosphorus fertilizer on total grain and yield was significant in 1% probability level. 1000-grain weight and barrier tiller number percentage (%) were significant in 5% probability level but the phosphorus fertilizer on tiller number no significant effect. the interaction effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on barrier tiller percentage (%) and 1000-grain weight was significant in 5% probability and no significant effect in other parameter. Application of p fertilizer is one of the most important for higher crop yields, the phosphorus accumulation in cultivated soils is a concern for non-point environmental pollution and for efficiency of phosphorus resources becouse of excessive phosphorus input (Li et al, 2010).Maximum tiller number under nitrogen fertilizer treatment was (27.6) observed for 150 kg/ha nitrogen and minimum of that was (22.8) obtained for 50 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer (figure1). Alinajoati sisie and Mirshekari (2011) report that phosphorus is essential for tillers development and root growth of wheat. Phosphorus is important for plant growth and promotes root development, tillering, early flowering and performs other functions like metabolic activities, particularly in synthesis of protein (Panhawar et al, 2011).

Figure1. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on tiller number. Fertile tiller under nitrogen fertilizer treatment in N1 to N3 was (17.15), (19.2) and (21.81) respectively (figure2) and Fertile tiller under phosphorus fertilizer treatment in P1 to P4 was (16.35), (17.82), (19.98) and (20.84) respectively (figure3). Maximum Fertile tiller under interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer was (22.25) observed for (N3P4)150 kg/ha nitrogen with90 kg/ha phosphorus and minimum of that was (14.88) obtained for (N1P1) 50 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer with 0 (control) phosphorus fertilizer (figure4). Chaturvedi (2004) report that number of tillers per unit area is the most important component of yield, more the number of tillers, especially fertile tillers, the more the number of tillers, especially fertile tillers; the more will be the yield. Nitrogen fertilizer application increased significantly 2 tillers/m in rice at harvest (95 days after transplanting).

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Figure 2. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on fertile tiller. Figure 3. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer on fertile tiller.

Figure 4. Effect of interaction N and P fertilizer on fertile tiller. Maximum total grain was (96.51) observed for 150 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer and minimum of that was (94.94) obtained for 50 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer (figure1). Maximum total grain was (97.01) observed for 150 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer and minimum of that was (94.63) obtained for (control) 0 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer (figure1). Yoefi et al (2011) reveals that grain number per panicle was significantly influenced by phosphorus fertilizer. Chaturvedi ,(2004) report that the number of grain /ear against various applications of N- fertilizers several that ammonium sulphate nitrate, produced maximum number of grains per ear (95.2 and 95.9) during 2002 and 2003 respectively.

Figure 5. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on total grain. Figure 6. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer on total grain. 1000-grain weight under nitrogen fertilizer treatment in N1 to N3 was (23.3), (24.2) and (25.6) respectively (figure2) and 1000-grain weight under phosphorus fertilizer treatment in P1 to P4 was (22.88),

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(23.1), (24.47) and (25.03) respectively (figure3). Maximum 1000-grain weight under interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer were (26.81) and (26.26) observed for (N3P3)150 kg/ha nitrogen with 90 kg/ha and (N3P3)150kg/h with 60 kg/ha phosphorus. Minimum of that was (22.3) obtained for (N1P1) 50 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer with 0(control) phosphorus fertilizer (figure4). Ashouri and Amiri (2011) showed that weight of 1000grain in 150 kg /ha N fertilizer was22.2g in 2008 and 23.3g in 2009.the highest paddy yield at 200 kg N per hectare might be due to higher number of grains per panicle and 1000-grain weighit at this nitrogen rate (Metwally et al, 2011).

Figure 7. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on 1000-grain weight. Figure 8. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer on 1000grain weight.

Figure 9. Effect of interaction N and P fertilizer on 1000-grain weight. Maximum yield was (4540) observed for 150 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer and minimum of that was (3700) obtained for 50 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer (figure1). Maximum yield was (4470) observed for 150 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer and minimum of that was (3650) obtained for (control) 0 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer (figure1). Dastan et al. (2012) report that the maximum grain yield was observed for 150kg/ha nitrogen application. At harvest, grain and straw N contents were significantly affected by N treatment. N content increased significantly affected by N fertilization and was the highest with 400 kg N ha (Metwally et al, 2011). Analysis of variance showed that grain yield was affected by phosphorus fertilizer (Yosefi et al., 2011). Panhawar et al. (2011) showed that phosphorus fertilizer application has been reported to increase upland rice yield. Li et al. (2010) reported that application of P fertilizer is one of the most important for crop yield.

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Figure 10. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield.

Figure 11. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer on yield

Discussions Application Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on growth and yield resulted showed tiller number, fertile filler, total grain, 1000-grain weight and yield increase by application N-fertilizer. Maximum of this parameter were in application 150 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer. Also Fertile tiller, total grain, 1000-grain weight and yield increase by application P-fertilizer. Maximum of this parameter were in application 90 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer. study of interaction effect of N and P- fertilizer was significant in Fertile tiller and 1000grain weight, maximum of this parameter were in application 150 kg/ha N-fertilizer at 90 kg/ha P-fertilizer (N3P4). References Alam MM, Hassanuzzaman M, Nahar K, 2009.Tiller dynamics of three irrigated rice varieties under varying phosphorus levels.American Eurasian Journal of Agronomy2(2):89-94. Alinajati Sisie S and Mirshekari B, 2011. Effect of phosphorus fertilization and seed bio fertilization on harvest index and phoshorus use efficiency of wheat cultivars. Journal of Food ,Agriculutral & Environment.vol9(2):388-397. Ashouri M and Amiri E, 2011. Comparing of yield and yield components of rice hybrid in different irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels.Journal American Science.7(3):472-475. Chaturvedi I, 2005. Effect of nitrogen fertilizers on growth,yield and quality of hybrid rice (oryza sativa L.). journal of central european agricultural.volume6.No.4(611-618). Dastan S, Siavoshi M, Zakavi D, Ghanbaria-malidarreh A, Yadi R, Ghorbannia Delavar E, Nasiri AR, 2012. Application of nitrogen and silicon rates on morphological and chemical lodging related characteristics in rice (oryza sativa L.) north of iran. Journal of agricultural science; vol.4, No.6. Delog RE, Slaton NA, Anders MM, Johnson JRWF, 2002. Phosphorus fertilization and previous crop effects nutrient uptake and grain yield of wheat. Arkansas soil Fertility Studies.1:28-31. Khuang TQ, Huan TT, Hach CV, 2008. Study on fertilizer rates for getting maximum grain yield and profitability of rice production. Omonrice,16:93-99. Li J,Gao J, Ma Y, 2010. Phosphorus accumation in soil in rice-rice cropping systems with chemical fertilizer application:modeling and validation.World congress of soil science,soil solutions for a changing world. 224-227. Metwally TF, Gewaily EE, Naeem SS, 2011. Nitrogen response curve and nitrogen use efficiency of egyptian hybrid rice.J,Agric,res,kafer EL-Sheikh univ.37(1). Mohammadin Roshan N, Azarpor E, Moradi M, 2011. Stady effects of different nitrogen and micronutrients fertilizers rates on yield and yield components of rice.World applied science journal.13 (3):419-423. Nchimuthu G, Velu V, Malarvizhi P, Ramasamy S, Gurusamy L, 2007. Standardization of leaf colour chart based nitrogen management in direct wet seeded rice (oryza sativa L.).Journal of Agronomy,6 (2):338343. Panhawar QA, Othman R, 2011.Effect of phosphatic fertilizer on root colonization of aerobic rice by phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. International conference on food engineering and biotechnology IPCBEE.Vol(9):145-149. Swain DK, Jagtap Sandip S, 2010. Development of spad values of medium-and long duration rice varity for site-specific nitrogen management.Journal of Agronomy,9(2):38-44.

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Wilson CE, Bollich PK and Norman RJ, 1998. Nitrogen application timing effects on nitrogen efficiency of dry-seeded rice.Soil Sci .Soc.Am.J.62:959-964. Yosefi KH, Galavi M, Ramrodi M, Mousavi SR, 2011. Effect of bio-phosphate and chemical phosphorus fertilizer accompanied with micronutrient foliar application a growth, yield and yield component of mazie (single cross704).Australian journal of crop science.175-180. Zhao L, Wu L, Wu M and LiY, 2011.Nutrient uptake and water use efficiency as affected by modified rice cultivation methods with irrigation. Paddy Water environ, 9: 25-32.

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