UNIT I SOURCES OF EMISSION Two mark questions and answers 1. Define air pollution?

? Air pollution can be defined as an addition to our atmosphere of any material which will have deleterious effect on life upon our planet. 2. What is meant by stoichiometric ratio of fuel? The chemically correct air fuel ratio by mass for complete combustion is known as stoichiometric ratio. 3. What are the various steps involved in USEPA emission test cycle? Cold transition phase of 505 sec with a weightage factor of 0.43 Stabilized phase of 867 sec with a weightage factor of 1.0 Hot soak face of 10 min Hot transition phase; repeat of first phase of 505 sec with a weightage factor of 0.57 4. How does the calculation of fuel consumption made from the emissions? Cycle break down Length: 11.09 miles Time: 1877=600 sec Av. Speed: 21.3 mph Max. speed: 56.7 mph Idle: 17.3% Steady speed: 20.5% Acceleration: 33.7% Deceleration: 26.5% 5. What is meant by pollution? The mixing of unwanted and undesirable substance into our surroundings that cause undesirable effects on both living and non-living things is known as pollution. 6. What are the major sources of air pollution? Automotive engines Electrical power generating stations Industrial and domestic fuel consumption 7. What is the amount of pollutants contributed by gasoline engine sources?
Fuel tank evaporative loss Carburettor evaporative loss Crank case blow by Tail Pipe exhaust Almost all Co and NOx 5 to 10 % of HC 5 % of HC 20 to 35 % of HC 50 to 60 % of HC and

8. What are the various types of pollutants and mention their effect? Pollutants Unburned Hydro Carbons (UBHC) Nitric Oxide Carbon monoxide Lead compounds Pollutant Effects Photochemical Smog Toxic , Photochemical Smog Toxic Toxic

9. What are the effects of unburned Hydro carbons on environment? Unburned Hydro Carbons ( UBHC ): The major sources of UBHC in an automobile are the engine exhaust, evaporative losses from fuel system, blow by loss and scavenging in case of 2-stroke petrol engines. Unburned or partially burned hydrocarbons in gaseous form combine with oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight to form photochemical smog. UBHC + NOx Photochemical smog

The products of photochemical smog cause watering and burning of the eyes and affect the respiratory system, especially when the respiratory system is marginal for other reasons. Some of the high molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons have been shown to be carcinogenic in animals. Some of the unburned hydrocarbons also serve as particulate matter in atmosphere. 10. What are the effects of carbon monoxide on environment? Carbon monoxide: Carbon monoxide is formed during combustion in engine only when there is insufficient supply of air. The main source is the engine exhaust. The toxicity of carbon monoxide is well known. The hemoglobin the human blood which carries oxygen to various parts of the body has great affinity towards carbon monoxide than for oxygen. When a human is exposed to an atmosphere containing carbon monoxide, the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced and results in the formation of carboxy hemoglobin. Due to this the human is subjected to various ill effects and ultimately leads to death. 11. What are the effects of oxides of nitrogen on environment? Oxides of Nitrogen ( NOx ) : Oxides of nitrogen ( NO, NO2 , N2O2 etc) are formed at higher combustion temperature present in engines and the engine exhaust is the major source.

Like carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen also tend to settle on the hemoglobin in blood. Their most undesirable effect is their tendency to join with moisture in the lungs to form dilute nitric acid. Because the amounts formed are minute and dilute, their effect is very small but over a long period of time cam be cumulatively undesirable, especially when the respiratory problems for other reasons are found. Another effect is that, the oxides of nitrogen are also one of the essential component for the formation of photochemical smog. 12. What are the effects of sulphur dioxide on environment? Sulphur dioxide: Sulphur dioxide from automotive vehicle is very less when compared to that emitted by burning coal. Sulphur dioxide combines with moisture in atmosphere and forms sulphuric acid at higher temperatures. This comes to the earth as acid rain. Much of the sulphur dioxide combines with other materials in the atmosphere and forms sulphates which ultimately form particulate matter. 13. What are the effects of particulates on environment? Particulates: Particulate matter comes from hydrocarbons, lead additives and sulphur dioxide. If lead is used with the fuel to control combustion almost 70% of the lead is airborne with the exhaust gasses. In that 30% of the particulates rapidly settle to the ground while remaining remains in the atmosphere. Lead is well known toxic compound. Particulates when inhaled or taken along with food leads to respiratory problems and other infections. Particulates when settle on the ground they spoil the nature of the object on which they are settling. Lead, a particulate is a slow poison and ultimately leads to death. 14. Draw the time vs concentration diagram of toxicity of carbon monoxide?

15. Name the main three sources of pollutants from SI engines? The crank case The fuel system The exhaust system 16. What are the factors affecting hydro carbons (HC) emissions? Surface-volume ratio (S/V) Wall quenching 17. What are the factors affect the formation of NOx? Air-fuel ratio (A/F) Rpm 18. Why the exhaust pollution is more in a poorly maintained engine? An automatic choke sticking in the closed position or a very dirty air cleaner element can reduce A/F ratio, generally increasing HC and CO emissions. A misfire allows an entire air fuel charge to be exhausted without combustion. 19. What are the effects of pollution on human health? Diseases like bronchitis and asthma, affects central nervous system, irritation of eye, lung cancer, gastro intestinal damage, liver and kidney damage, abnormality in fertility and pregnancy, respiratory diseases etc. 20. What is meant by smoke? Smoke is nothing but visible carbon particle. Six Mark Questions 1. Explain the various effects of pollution on human health? 2. Explain the mechanism of formation of CO, HC and NOx? 3. Explain emission norms Euro I and II? 4. Explain various sources of pollutants from gasoline engine? 5. Explain emittant as a pollutant? Ten Mark Questions 1. Explain briefly about the various pollutants derived from combustion products? 2. Explain in detail about USEPA emission test cycle for light and medium duty vehicles? 3. Explain European emission test procedure for light and medium duty vehicles?

4. Explain Japanese test cycle for light and medium duty vehicles? 5. Explain in detail about US test procedure for heavy duty vehicle engines? 6. Explain in detail about European heavy duty engine emission test procedure? 7. Explain in detail about Japanese heavy duty engine emission test procedure?

UNIT II EMISSIONS FROM SI AND CI ENGINES Two mark questions and answers 1. What is squish in a piston? In some combustion chambers, the piston squishes or squeezes some part of the mixture at the end of the combustion stroke. This squeezing of the mixture is termed as the piston squish. 2. What is meant by blow by in piston arrangement? Blow by is the escape of an unburned air-fuel mixture and burned gases from the combustion chamber, past the piston and into the crank case or in other words the gas blown by the piston. 3. What are the functions of compression ring in the piston? They act as a seal between the piston and the cylinder and prevent the leakage of high pressure gas from blowing into the crank case. 4. How many piston rings are usually provided on diesel engines? Six rings are provided on each piston in diesel engines. The four top ring are conventional compression rings while the ring immediately above the wrist pin and the one in the piston skirt are oil control rings. 5. Why is crank case ventilation usually used in an automobile engine? Crank case ventilation is provided to reduce dilution due to the presence of water particles, sludge and blow-by gases. 6. What are the effects of low volatility of gasoline? Low volatility of gasoline results in poor vaporization and condensation in intake manifold. 7. What are the factors causing higher oil consumption? Worn out piston rings Leakage through gaskets Worn out valve guides 8. Name the various methods to control SI engine emission? Modification in the engine design and operating parameters Treatment of exhaust products of combustion Modification of the fuels

9. How the combustion chamber design can be modified? Reduce surface to volume ratio Reduce squish area Reduce space around the piston ring Reduce distance of the top of the piston ring from the top of the piston 10. What are the failures of catalytic converter? Converter melts down Carbon deposit Catalyst fracture Poisoning 11. What are the catalysts used for oxidation reaction? Platinum and plutonium, copper, vanadium, iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium etc. 12. What are the catalysts used for reduction reaction? Rhodium is best catalyst to control NOx. 13. What are the major draw backs of catalytic converters? Owing to the exothermic reaction in the catalyst bed, the exhaust system are hotter than normal. Cars equipped with such converter should not use leaded fuels as lead destroys complete catalytic activities. If the fuel contains sulphur (as diesel oil) emission of SO3 is increased. 14. What is a catalytic converter? A catalytic converter is a device which is placed in the vehicle exhaust system to reduce HC and CO by oxidizing catalyst and NOx by reducing catalyst. 15. What are the basic requirements of a catalytic converter? High surface area of the catalyst for better reactions. Good chemical stability to prevent any deterioration in performance. Low volume heat capacity to reach the operating temperatures. Physical durability with attrition resistance. Minimum pressure drop during the flow of exhaust gases through the catalyst bed; this will not increase the back pressure of engine. Six Mark Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Explain briefly about piston ring blow-by? Explain briefly various types of evaporative emissions? Explain various types of exhaust emissions? Explain various types of crank case emissions? Explain after burner with a neat sketch?

Ten Mark Questions 1. Explain different types of SI engine emissions with neat sketch? 2. Explain in detail about various types of catalytic converter? 3. Explain blow by control with neat sketch? 4. Explain how SI engine emission is controlled by treatment of exhaust products of combustion? 5. Explain how SI engine emission is controlled by modifying the engine design and operating parameters?