Past Perfect Simple Structure To form the Past Perfect Tense we use had with the past participle

form of the verb. Most past participles end in -ed (painted, arrived, visited, etc.). Irregular verbs have special past participles that must be memorized. (told, said, spoken, eaten, etc.) Affirmative form I you he/she/it we you they

had painted

ask - asked /-ed/ finish - finished /-ed/ want - wanted /-ed/ ! Remember: to be - been to do - did to have - had Negative form I you he/she/it we you they

HAD NOT /hadnt/ PAINTED

1. I wish I hadnt painted the door red. 2. I knew that he hadnt told you the truth. 3. The doctor realised that the patient hadnt taken the medicine. Interrogative form

HAD

I you he/she/it we they

PAINTED?

1. Where had Steven gone? 2. When had Debora arrived? We use the Past Perfect Tense: to say that something had already happened before another action or specific time in the past (often with adverbs like already, until, already... by, before, after, just; if either before or after is used Past Simple may be used instead Past Perfect) the action which occurs previously in time is expressed in the Past Perfect Tense, and the action which occurs later is expressed in the Past Tense Examples: When Linda arrived her husband had left. 2. I read in the newspaper that he had made a great discovery. 3. They were sure they had met the girl before. 4. John had repaired the car by 6 oclock. 5. Lilly had already finished her homework when Victoria came. 6. Dan had painted (painted) the fence before his friends arrived. 7. After I had cooked (cooked) the dinner I watched TV. in reported speech after verbs like told, asked, said, wanted, wondered, explained Examples: He told me that he had never been in London. 2. I asked him how many books he had sold. 3. Your parents wanted to know what you had done yesterday. 4. We wondered if Daniel had passed his final exam. 5. She said she hadnt left her job yet. 6. They told me they had been on vacation for a month. to show regret about the past Examples: I wish I had brought my camera. (but I didnt) 2. I wish we had stayed at another hotel.

in third conditional, also called conditional type 3 (if + Past Perfect in the if clause, Perfect Conditional in the main clause). This is a structure we use to talk about unreal conditions in the past. Examples: If I had written the report last week I would have given it to you. 2. If the children had been good their mother would have taken them to the zoo. 3. He would have solved the problem if he had known how. with conjunctions like no sooner ... than or hardly/barely ... when Examples: 1. No sooner had I returned home than it began to snow. 2. Hardly had he finished working, when his girlfriend arrived. a state that started in the past, and continued up to some time in the past Examples: I had lived in Spain for 3 years before I got used to the country. 2. He had worked there for two years before he got fired. 3. They had lived in New York for 5 years before they moved to Los Angeles. Past Perfect Continuous The past perfect progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action taking place before a certain time in the past. Form

A: He had been talking. N: He had not been talking. Q: Had he been talking? Hadnt he been talking? Use action taking place before a certain time in the past sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple

puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action Signal words: for, since, the whole day, all day Mind! We use Simple Past if we give past events in the order in which they occurred. However, when we look back from a certain time in the past to tell what had happened before, we use Past Perfect. Normal order in the past or looking back to an event before a certain time in the past? Do you just want to tell what happened some time in the past or do you want to tell what had happened before/up to a certain time in the past? Simple Past Past Perfect Simple

some time in the past before/up to a certain time in the past Example: Example: Jane got up at seven. She opened her birthday Before her sixth birthday, Jane had never presents and then the whole family went to the been to the zoo. zoo. Signal Words Simple Past first then Past Perfect Simple already up to then before that day after*

*Note: "After" is only used as a signal word for Past Perfect if it is followed by a subject + verb, meaning that one action had been completed before another action began (the new action is in Simple Past). Example: After the family had had breakfast, they went to the zoo. However, if "after" is followed by object + subject + verb, the verb belongs to the new action and is therefore in Simple Past. Example: After her visit to the zoo, Jane was exhausted.

More exceptions with signal words When Depending on the situation, "when" can be used with Simple Past or Past Perfect. Compare the following examples: Example: When Jane saw the elephants, she was amazed. (at the same time) When Jane had seen the elephants, she wanted to see the giraffes. (second action happened after the first action had been completed) When Jane went to see the elephants, she had already seen the lions. (second action had been completed when the first action took place) Before "Before" as well can either be used with Simple Past or Past Perfect. If the action after "before" is a new action, use Simple Past. If the action after "before" started (and was not completed) before a certain time in the past, use Past Perfect. Compare the following examples: Example: Jane had read a lot about elephants before she went to the zoo. Jane went to the zoo before she had finished reading her new book about elephants.

Exercises
1. Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect progressive).

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10.

We(sleep) .for 12 hours when he woke us up. They(wait) at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally arrived. We(look for) .her ring for two hours and then we found it in the bathroom. I(not / walk) ..for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain. How long(learn / she) .English before she went to London? Frank Sinatra caught the flu because he(sing) in the rain too long. He(drive) less than an hour when he ran out of petrol. They were very tired in the evening because they(help) on the farm all day. I(not / work) all day; so I wasn't tired and went to the disco at night. They(cycle) .all day so their legs were sore in the evening.

2. Choose the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Perfect).

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The wind (blow) .away the leaves that we (gather). She (throw) . away the letter that she (receive).. They (show) me the pictures, they (take) during their holidays. In the evening, the children (tell) their daddy what they (see).. at the zoo. The boy (feel) very sorry for what he (do)... My friend(eat) .up all the biscuit we(bake) ... The teacher(correct) ..the tests we(write) I(give) them some of the candies I(buy) My sister(see / not) .the note that I(lay)..on the kitchen table for her. We(want) to watch a film that we (see / not) .before. When Simon out to play, he his homework. Jenny home, .down and on the telly Before that day in winter, the African boy (see) ..snow in winter. She (tell) .me about the book that she (buy). When he(wake up).., his mother(already / prepare) breakfast. We (visit) ..the museum that our friend (tell)..us about a week before. We(go) ..to London because the Queen(invite) .us for tea When she(start) .to learn English, she(already / learn) .French. Jane(already / type) ..ten pages when her computer(crash Before that day we(never / think) ..of going to Japan

6.
7. 8. 9.

10.
11. 12. 13. 14.

15.
16.

17. 18.
19. 20.

3. Write the story! Put the verbs in the correct tense (Past Tense or Past Perfect) A. Bob(wake) .up early in the morning. He(feel) very tired because he(sleep / not) very well the night before. A strange noise in the garden(keep) ..him awake. Now it(be) six o'clock and Bob(get) ..up and(go) ..to the bathroom where he(have) ..a cold shower to wake up. Then he(make) himself a nice cup of coffee. When Bob(look) ..out of the kitchen window, he(believe / not) ..his eyes. There(be) a bear in his garden! He(search) ..Bob's garden for food last night. Bob(knock) at the window. The bear(hear) ..that and(run) .away. But what a mess the bear(make) .in the garden! B. The Pilgrims Fill the gaps with the correct tense. Use Simple Past or Past Perfect Simple. In the 17th century, there(be) ..lots of religious tensions in England.

King James I(not / allow) ..freedom of religion in England as he(have) ..problems with certain religious groups in the past. That's why during his reign some people(leave) .the country. In September 1620 for example, members of the English Separatist Church(go) aboard the Mayflower to emigrate to America. Before their journey to America, they(live / already) ..in Holland for a while. Now on the Mayflower, storms(make) .the journey to America difficult. The Pilgrims only(reach) .America after they(sail) ..the Atlantic for 66 days. Because of the delay, the Pilgrims(not / build) ..enough houses and they(not / collect) .enough food when winter(begin) . By spring, half of the 100 Pilgrims(die) .of hunger and cold. But then, in March 1621, the Pilgrims(meet) .the friendly Wampanoag. One member of the Wampanoag, Squanto, even (know) ..English because several years before he(spend) some time in Europe. The Wampanoag(show) ..the Pilgrims how to hunt and fish. They also(give) the Pilgrims seeds to grow corn and beans. After the Pilgrims (harvest) .the food in autumn, they(celebrate) ..their good harvest with the Wampanoag. This event is known today as the first Thanksgiving. 4. Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Perfect).: 1. When my alarm clock(ring) ..in the morning, it(be) .half past five. 2. After I(switch) ..the alarm clock off, I(turn) .around and(fall) .asleep again. 3. After an hour I(wake) .up again. 4. When I(look) ..at the alarm clock, I(get) ..a fright - I(oversleep) ... 5. When I(come) into the kitchen, I(brush / already) .my teeth. 6. When I(take / just) a few bites from my sandwich, I(hurry) to get dressed. 7. I(rush) out of the house before I(finish) .my breakfast. 8. When I(reach) .the bus stop, the bus(leave / already) ... 9. So I(start) ..to run. I(run) about 1 km before I finally(catch) ..a taxi. 10. I(arrive) .at the station just a few minutes before my train(depart) ... 5. Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses (Past Perfect Simple, Past Perfect Continuous):

1. I'm sorry I left without you last night, but I told you to meet me early because the show started at 8:00. I (try) ..to get tickets for that play for months, and I didn't want to miss it. By the time I finally left the coffee shop where we were supposed to meet, I (have) five cups of coffee and I (wait) .over an hour. I had to leave because I (arrange) to meet Kathy in front of the theater. 2. When I arrived at the theater, Kathy (pick, already) ..up the tickets and she was waiting for us near the entrance. She was really angry because she (wait) .for more than half an hour. She said she (give, almost) ..up and (go) ..into the theater without us. 3. Kathy told me you (be) ..late several times in the past and that she would not make plans with you again in the future. She mentioned that she (miss) ..several movies because of your late arrivals. I think you owe her an apology. And in the future, I suggest you be on time! 6. Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses (Paste Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous): 1. It is already 9:30 PM and I (wait) ..here for over an hour. If John does not get here in the next five minutes, I am going to leave. 2. I was really angry at John yesterday. By the time he finally arrived, I (wait) ..for over an hour. I almost left without him. 3. Did you hear that Ben was fired last month? He (work) ..for that import company for more than ten years and he (work) ..in almost every department. Nobody knew the company like he did. 4. I (see) ..many pictures of the pyramids before I went to Egypt. Pictures of the monuments are very misleading. The pyramids are actually quite small. 5. Sarah (climb) .the Matterhorn, (sail) around the world, and (go) on safari in Kenya. She is such an adventurous person. 6. Sarah (climb) .the Matterhorn, (sail) ..around the world and (go) ..on safari in Kenya by the time she turned twenty-five. She (experience) more by that age than most people do in their entire lives. 7. When Melanie came into the office yesterday, her eyes were red and watery. I think she (cry) .. 6. Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses 1. You look really great! (you, work) .out at the fitness center recently? 2. A: What (you, do) ..when the accident occurred? B: I (try) ..to change a light bulb that had burnt out. 3. I (have) ..the same car for more than ten years. I'm thinking about buying a new one. 4. If it (snow) ..this weekend, we (go) .skiing near Lake Tahoe. 5. A: What do you call people who work in libraries? B: They (call) .librarians.

6. I came to England six months ago. I started my economics course three months ago. When I return to Australia, I (study) for nine months and I (be) ..in England for exactly one year. 7. Sam (arrive) .in San Diego a week ago. 8. Samantha (live) in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live) there when the Berlin wall came down. 9. If Vera (keep) .drinking, she (lose, eventually) ..her job. 10. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their culture (disappear, virtually) ..by the time Europeans first (arrive) ..in the New World. 11. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) . 12. It (rain) all week. I hope it stops by Saturday because I want to go to the beach. 13. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) ..the bus this morning. You (be) ..late to work too many times. You are fired! 14. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake) up tomorrow morning, the sun (shine) . 15. I have not traveled much yet; however, I (visit) ..the Grand Canyon and San Francisco by the time I leave the United States. 16. I (see) .many pictures of the pyramids before I went to Egypt. Pictures of the monuments are very misleading. The pyramids are actually quite small. 17. In the last hundred years, traveling (become) .much easier and very comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take) ..two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip (be) ..very rough and often dangerous. Things (change) ..a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours. 18. Joseph's English (improve, really) .., isn't it? He (watch) ..American television programs and (study) .his grammar every day since he first arrived in San Diego. Soon he will be totally fluent. 19. When I (arrive) home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare) a beautiful candlelight dinner. 20. If you (need) to contact me sometime next week, I (stay) at the Sheraton in San Francisco. 7. Complete questions 1-10 below with the appropriate tenses and answer questions 1115. 1. When Carol (call) ..last night, I (watch) my favorite show on television. 2. I (work) .for this company for more than thirty years, and I intend to stay here until I retire! 3. Sharon (love) to travel. She (go) .abroad almost every summer. Next year, she plans to go to Peru. 4. Thomas is an author. He (write) ..mystery novels and travel memoirs. He (write) ..since he was twenty-eight. Altogether, he (write) ..seven novels, three collections of short stories and a book of poetry.

5. We were late because we had some car problems. By the time we (get) to the train station, Susan (wait) for us for more than two hours. 6. Sam (try) .to change a light bulb when he (slip) ..and (fell) ... 7. Everyday I (wake) .up at 6 o'clock, (eat) breakfast at 7 o'clock and (leave) ..for work at 8 o'clock. However, this morning I (get) ..up at 6:30, (skip) ..breakfast and (leave) for work late because I (forget) .to set my alarm. 8. Right now, Jim (read) ..the newspaper and Kathy (make) .dinner. Last night at this time, they (do) the same thing. She (cook) and he (read) ..the newspaper. Tomorrow at this time, they (do, also) .the same thing. She (prepare) dinner and he (read) .. They are very predictable people! 9. By this time next summer, you (complete) your studies and (find) .a job. I, on the other hand, (accomplish, not) anything. I (study, still) ..and you (work) ..in some new high paying job. 10. The students (be, usually) .taught by Mrs. Monty. However, this week they (teach) ..taught by Mr. Tanzer. 11. Jane talks on the phone. Bob has been talking on the phone for an hour. Mary is talking on the phone. Who is not necessarily on the phone now? 12. I'm going to make dinner for Frank. I'm making dinner for Judy. I'll make dinner for Mary. I make dinner for Ted. I will be making dinner for Tony. Who are you offering to make dinner for? 13. Jane left when Tim arrived. Bob left when Tim had arrived. When Tim arrived, Mary was leaving. John had left when Tim arrived. After Tim arrived, Frank left. Who did not run into Tim? 14. Jane is talking in class.

Bob always talks in class. Mary is always talking in class. Whose action bothers you? 15. Jane never left Jamestown. Bob has never left Jamestown. Who is still alive? Direct and reported speech Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between inverted commas ("....") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation Examples She says "What time will you be home?" She said "What time will you be home?" and I said "I don't know! " "There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone. John said, "There's an elephant outside the window." Reported speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used. She said, "I saw him." She said that she had seen him.

That may be omitted: She told him that she was happy. She told him she was happy. 'Say' and 'tell': Use 'say' when there is no indirect object: He said that he was tired. Always use 'tell' when you say who was being spoken to (i.e. with an indirect object): He told me that he was tired.

'Talk' and 'speak' are used: - to describe the action of communicating: He talked to us. She was speaking on the telephone. - with 'about' to refer to what was said: He talked (to us) about his parents. Tense Changes When Using Reported Speech Normally, the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct speech: She said, "I am tired." She said that she was tired. The changes are shown below: Simple present "I always drink coffee", she said Present continuous "I am reading a book", he explained. Simple past "Bill arrived on Saturday", he said. Present perfect "I have been to Spain", he told me. Past perfect "I had just turned out the light," he explained. Present perfect continuous They complained, "We have been waiting for hours". Past continuous "We were living in Paris", they told me. Simple past She said that she always drank coffee. Past continuous He explained that he was reading a book Past perfect He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday Past perfect He told me that he had been to Spain Past perfect He explained that he had just turned out the light. Past perfect continuous They complained that they had been waiting for hours. Past perfect continuous They told me that they had been living in Paris.

Future "I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said Future continuous She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday".

Present conditional He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday. Conditional continuous She said that she would be using the car next Friday.

You do not need to change the tense if the reporting verb is in the present, or if the original statement was about something that is still true, e.g. He says he has missed the train but he'll catch the next one. We explained that it is very difficult to find our house. 2. These modal verbs do not change in reported speech: might, could, would, should, ought to, e.g. We explained that it could be difficult to find our house. She said that she might bring a friend to the party. Time/place references change when using reported speech "I will see you here tomorrow", she said. next day. She said that she would see me there the

The most common of these changes are shown below: Today "I saw him today", she said. Yesterday "I saw him yesterday", she said. The day before yesterday "I met her the day before yesterday", he said. Tomorrow "I'll see you tomorrow", he said The day after tomorrow "We'll come the day after tomorrow", they said. Next week/month/year that day She said that she had seen him that day. the day before She said that she had seen him the day before. two days before He said that he had met her two days before. the next/following day He said that he would see me the next day. in two days time/ two days later They said that they would come in two days time/ two days later. the following week/month/year

"I have an appointment next week", she said. Last week/month/year "I was on holiday last week", he told us. ago "I saw her a week ago," he said. this (for time) "I'm getting a new car this week", she said. this/that (adjectives) "Do you like this shirt?" he asked here He said, "I live here". Other changes:

She said that she had an appointment the following week. the previous/week/month/year He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week. before He said he had seen her a week before. that She said she was getting a new car that week. the He asked if I liked the shirt. there He told me he lived there.

In general, personal pronouns change to the third person singular or plural, except when the speaker reports his own words: I/me/my/mine, you/your/yours we/us/our/ours, you/your/yours him/his/her/hers they/their/theirs:

He said: "I like your new car." He told her that he liked her new car. I said: "I'm going to my friend's house." I said that I was going to my friend's house. Question Forms and Reported Speech Normal word order is used in reported questions, that is, the subject comes before the verb, and it is not necessary to use 'do' or 'did': Where does Peter live?" She asked him where Peter lived. Yes / no questions: This type of question is reported by using 'ask' + 'if / whether + clause: 1."Do you speak English?" He asked me if I spoke English. 2."Are you British or American?" He asked me whether I was British or American. "Is it raining?" She asked if it was raining. "Have you got a computer?" He wanted to know whether I had a computer. "Can you type?" She asked if I could type. "Did you come by train?" He enquired whether I had come by train. "Have you been to Bristol before?" She asked if I had been to Bristol before.

Question words: This type of question is reported by using 'ask' (or another verb like 'ask') + question word + clause. The clause contains the question, in normal word order and with the necessary tense change. "What is your name?" he asked me. He asked me what my name was. "How old is your mother?", he asked. He asked how old her mother was. The policman said to the boy, "Where do you live?" The policeman asked the boy where he lived. "What time does the train arrive?" she asked. She asked what time the train arrived. "When can we have dinner?" she asked. She asked when they could have dinner. Peter said to John, "Why are you so late?" Peter asked the John why he was so late.

ORDERS, REQUESTS, SUGGESTIONS When we want to report an order or request, we can use a verb like 'tell' with a toclause. e.x. He told me to go away. The pattern is verb + indirect object + to-clause. (The indirect object is the person spoken to.) Other verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are: command, order, warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, forbid. Examples: a. The doctor said to me, "Stop smoking!". The doctor told me to stop smoking. "Get out of the car!" said the policeman. The policeman ordered him to get out of the car. "Could you please be quiet," she said. She asked me to be quiet. The man with the gun said to us, "Don't move!" The man with the gun warned us not to move. Requests for objects are reported using the pattern ask + for + object: Examples: "Can I have an apple?", she asked. She asked for an apple "Can I have the newspaper, please?" He asked for the newspaper. "May I have a glass of water?" he said. He asked for a glass of water. "Sugar, please." She asked for the sugar.

"Could I have three kilos of onions?"

He asked for three kilos of onions.

Suggestions are usually reported with a that-clause. 'That' and 'should' are optional in these clauses: She said: "Why don't you get a mechanic to look at the car?" She suggested that I should get a mechanic to look at the car. OR She suggested I get a mechanic to look at the car. Other reporting verbs used in this way are: insist, recommend, demand, request, propose Examples: It would be a good idea to see the dentist", said my mother. My mother suggested I see the dentist. The dentist said, "I think you should use a different toothbrush". The dentist recommended that I should use a different toothbrush. My manager said, "I think we should examine the budget carefully at this meeting." My manager proposed that we examine the budget carefully at the meeting. "Why don't you sleep overnight at my house?" she said. She suggested that I sleep overnight at her house. Suggest can also be followed by a gerund: I suggested postponing the visit to the dentist. HOPES, INTENTIONS & PROMISES When we report an intention, hope or promise, we use an appropriate reporting verb followed by a that-clause or a to-infinitive: "I'll pay you the money tomorrow." He promised to pay me the money the next day. He promised that he would pay me the money the next day. Other verbs used in this pattern include: hope, propose, threaten, guarantee, swear. Examples: "I'll be back by lunchtime." He promised to be back by lunchtime. He promised that he would be back by lunchtime. "We should arrive in London before nightfall." They hoped to arrive in London before nightfall. They hoped they would arrive in London before nightfall.

"Give me the keys to the safe or I'll shoot you!" He threatened to shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe. He threatened that he would shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe. Summary of reporting verbs Note that some reporting verbs may appear in more than one of the following groups. Verbs followed by 'if' or 'whether' + clause: ask know remember Verbs followed by a that-clause: add admit agree announce answer argue boast claim comment complain confirm consider deny doubt estimate explain fear feel insist mention observe persuade propose remark remember repeat reply report reveal say state suggest suppose tell think understand warn say see

Verbs followed by either a that-clause or a to-infinitive: decide expect guarantee hope promise swear threaten

Verbs followed by a that-clause containing should (but note that it may be omitted, leaving a subject + zero-infinitive): advise beg demand insist prefer propose recommend request suggest

Verbs followed by a clause starting with a question word: decide describe discover discuss explain forget guess imagine know learn realise remember reveal say see suggest teach tell think understand wonde

Verbs followed by object + to-infinitive advise ask beg command forbid instruct invite teach tell warn

Exercises: 1. Complete the sentences. 1. "It is too late." - I said .. 2. "I have replied." - He claimed that 3. "I met you yesterday." - Sam told me 4. "I cannot come." - Mary explained that. 5. "I could fall down." - He was afraid 6. "I will pay tomorrow." - He said.. 7. "The Himalayas are the highest." - He knew that.. 8. "I may lend you some money." - Bill promised. 9. "I have been watching a film." - He replied that.. 10. "Claire must rest." - The doctor said 11. "I have not done it today." - I explained that.. 12. "If I was younger, I would accept it." - He thought that 13. "I was with him last week." - Jill admitted that 14. "I was with him last week." - Jill admitted that.. 15. "You needn't change your shoes in our house." - She reminded me that. 16. "I am calling my mum." - She said 17. "I will finish this picture tomorrow." - Diana supposed that. 18. "I would buy it." - She said. 19. "Greg used to be my friend." - He told us.. 20. "They were calling their mum." - She said.

2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Complete the sentences. "Put it here." - He told me.. "What do you do?" - She wondered. "Do you want it?" - Joe asked me. "Don't forget!"- He reminded me "Where did you live?" - He wanted to know.. Park your car behind the house, please." - He asked me "Do not hesitate." - He told me.

3. Rewrite the sentences in direct speech. 1. He admitted that he had never met us. -. 2. They told us they would start the following day. - 3. We called them that we were walking in the park. -.. 4. She said she worked for Ford. -. 5. I replied that I had been trying to mend it since morning. -. 6. He said that at one o'clock he had been doing nothing. - 7. They explained that they had closed down the previous year. 8. Neil said he wished he could be independent. -. 9. She told us we had better accept it. -.. 10. He claimed that while he was sleeping someone screamed in the garden. 4. Read the dialogue and report it. Mike: "What are you doing here, Liz? I haven't seen you since June." Liz: "I've just come back from my holiday in Ireland." Mike: "Did you enjoy it?" Liz: "I love Ireland. And the Irish people were so friendly." Mike: "Did you go to the Wicklow Mountains?" Liz: "It was my first trip. I can show you some pictures. Are you doing anything tomorrow?" Mike: "I must arrange a couple of things. But I am free tonight." Liz: "You might come to my place. What time shall we meet?" Mike: "I'll be there at eight. Is it all right?" Mike asked Liz ... and he said.. Liz explained that . Mike wondered... Liz told him that .and that Mike wanted to know . But he added that Liz suggested that .and asked him.

Mike said. And then he asked...............................

5. Complete the sentences. 1. "Where are you?" - He asked me. 2. "What will you choose?" - He asked me 3. "Please, get in touch with them today." - He asked me. 4. "Don't leave your luggage unattended." - He asked me 5. "Are you flying soon?" - He asked me ... 6. "May I ask you a question?" - He asked me. 7. "Jump in!" - He asked me. 8. "Have you set your alarm clock?" - He asked me.. 9. "Is Prague the capital?" - He asked me. 10. "You mustn't touch the screen!" - He asked me 11. "Would you rather dance?" - He asked me.. 12. "How long have you been standing here?" - He asked me.. 13. "Stop laughing!" - He asked me 6. Write the correct ending: 1. I got the message while I was waiting at the bus stop." He told me that. 2. "We will set off tomorrow." They said. 3. "Get out of my way!" He ordered us 4. "I invited him last week." She told me this week that 5. "I will resign today." This morning he announced that he.. 6. "She'd better refuse this job." He insisted that. 7. "We used to take the same medicine." She thought that 8. "I entered the university a year ago." He told me last year . 9. "It is time we had an agreement." She suggested that. 10. "We must go skiing in winter." He said that..