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Intra-RAT mobility
LTE
2G/3G
Handovers
Intra LTE inter cells HO (LTE HO within eNB) Intra LTE inter eNB HO (LTE HO between eNB) Inter LTE HO (HO between LTE and other access technologies)
Between E-UTRAN and UTRAN (3G) Between E-UTRAN and GSM Between E-UTRAN and non 3GPP Access
What UE measures?
After instructions from eNB; UE measures two parameters on reference signal: cell RSSI & CPICH RSCP or CPICH En/lo. The handover measurement report triggering are based on cell RSSI & CPICH RSCP in GSM or CPICH Ec/Io for UMTS for inter-RAT. Serving Cells RSRP (purple) is degrading threshold 1, while neighbor cell RSSI or CPICH RSCP or CPICH En/lo (orange) increasing threshold 2 will trigger the event as shown in graph. Similarly, hysteresis (to prevent ping pong between E-UTRAN and UTRAN) and time to trigger events could be set.
Inter-frequency neighbor (cell) measurements are done as shown below in image; performed by the UE when the neighbor cell operates on a different carrier frequency, compared to the current cell. This type of measurements are carried out by UE based on its capability and generally measured with measurement gaps. HO will be performed to the best cell according to prioritization (As per 3GPP 36.304, absolute priorities of different E-UTRAN frequencies or inter-RAT frequencies may be provided to the UE in various SIBs.) eNB triggers the process RRC connection release with redirect based on downlink Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurements in the source cell.
Scenario D current cell UE target cell Scenario E current cell UE target cell Scenario F current cell UE target cell
Measurements
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UL/DL User Plane PDUs RRC Connection Reconfiguration Measurement Report (Consists of target UMTS Cells)
Handover Decision
S1AP: Handover Required (target UMTS Cell id)
Handover Preparation
S1AP: Handover Command RRC Mobility from E-UTRAN Command
Direct FWDing
In-direct Forwarding (if same S-GW/GGSN serving subscriber) DL User Plane PDUs Relocation Complete
UE measures UMTS cells and sends RRC: Measurement Report eNB takes decision to perform HO to UMTS
eNB then sends RRC: Mobility from E-UTRA Command to UE indicating move to UTRAN.
Coverage based HO
Handovers in E-UTRAN are network controlled and usually triggered by measurement reports sent by UE. Measurement reports are sent according preconfigured reporting criteria (like we have seen in the example, neighboring cells becomes better or serving cell becomes worst than absolute threshold). RRC Reconfiguration message provide list of intra-LTE and inter-RAT measured cells. It also provides handover related parameters such as threshold and cell prioritization for measurement reports.
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Summary
Intro to Inter-RAT Handover Inter-RAT HO Applications Setting up measurements Evaluating measurement reports Handover Preparation Handover Execution Handover Completion Data forwarding
Acknowledgements:
3GPP TS 23.401 (E-UTRAN) access 3GPP TS 36.300 Overall description 3GPP TS 36.214 Physical Measurements http://wired-nwireless.blogspot.com/2009/12/lte-inter-rathandover-e-utran-to-utran.html http://lib.tkk.fi/Dipl/2011/urn100472.pdf http://lteworld.org/blog/measurements-lte-eutran Radisys Whitepaper - UE Handovers in LTE