NMUN

NMUN NUML-MODEL UNITED NATIONS

GUIDE BOOK
Pashmina Mughal
[Pick the date]

National university of Modern Languages, Islamabad

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Preface About the United Nations Rules and Procedures Steps towards Model United Nations MUN- Code of Conduct MUN Vocabulary Appendices a. Sample Position Paper b. Sample Draft Resolution c. Online Resources 8. Contacts

Preface
Degree alone is not indicative of a well-rounded graduate. Skills development through extracurricular activities are usually embedded in academic programmes, to give students the best chance to shape their future and to provide further development opportunities to complement the academic curriculum. While recognizing the importance and value of both academic curriculum and co-curricular activities, the National University of Modern Languages (NUML) Islamabad is planning to organize a Model United Nations (MUN) Conference which would contribute in developing the range of skills and attributes that are important for graduates as a transformative experience in their future lives. Model United Nations has greatly matured and expanded. Model United Nations (also Model UN or MUN) is an academic simulation of the United Nations that aims to educate participants about current events, topics in international relations, diplomacy and the United Nations agenda. It provides a platform to the youth to get together, share their knowledge, argue on most overwhelming problems and come up with best possible solutions. It is a competition in which participants have to simulate the United Nation and its committees while being the diplomats/ delegates of particular country which is usually assigned by the host team. MUNs stimulate the young students to navigate their talent and knowledge through public speaking, group communication, research, policy analysis, active listening, negotiating, conflict resolution, note taking, and technical writing and put them with the flavor of diplomacy to reach up to a consensus peacefully. Model United Nations participants learn how the international community acts on its concerns about topics including peace and security, human rights, the environment, food and hunger, economic development, and globalization. Model United Nations delegates also look closely at the needs, aspirations, and foreign policy of the countries they will represent at the event.

Pashmina Mughal Assisstant Professor-IR Focal Person-NMUN

What is Model United Nations (MUN)? Model United Nations- MUNs are vastly benefiting academic events for the youth on the pattern of UN General Assembly talks and debates among the delegates from different institutions with feeling the pressure and controlling emotions but to end diplomatically on a positive high note. In Model United Nations, students step into the shoes of Ambassadors from U.N. member states to debate current issues on the organization's vast agenda. Student called "delegates" in Model United Nations prepare draft resolutions, plot strategies and negotiate with supporters and adversaries, resolve conflicts, and intensely navigate the United Nations rules of procedures, as applied in the respective United Nations bodies. The focus of all debates is in the interest of mobilizing "international cooperation" to resolve problems. It provides a platform to the youth to get together, share their knowledge, argue on most overwhelming problems and come up with best possible solutions. It is a competition in which participants have to simulate the United Nation and its committees while being the diplomats/ delegates of particular country which is usually assigned by the host team. MUNs stimulate the young students to navigate their talent and knowledge and put them with the flavor of diplomacy. The participants role-play as diplomats representing a country or NGO in a simulated session of a committee of the United Nations, such as the Security Council or the General Assembly. Participants research a country, take on roles as diplomats, investigate international issues, debate, deliberate, consult, and then develop solutions to world problems. It gave them an agenda to be followed that is, Let Diplomacy be your argument.

What is United Nations Organization (UNO)? Established in 1945 after the end of the Second World War, the United Nations is the largest, international organization with multidimensional tasks in the world. The two world wars and their devastating consequences needed a platform for collective security and as a forum for dialogue, maintenance of world peace, and development of social progress. The UN now has 193 member states representing the vast majority of the worlds population.

The United Nations is led by the Secretary General, who oversees the working of the entire organization. There are five main principal organs of the United Nations system: Security Council General Assembly Economic and Social Council International Court of Justice Secretariat Trusteeship Council

In addition to these organs, there are numerous subsidiary organizations and committees that are focused in specialized areas. The more popular of these include the UN Environment Programme, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, the World Health Organization, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

Many MUN conferences are modeled after the United Nations system by offering committee choice to the delegations that mimic those of the actual United Nations structure, procedure and framework.

What are MUN Rules and Procedures? Rules and procedures of Model United Nations are the way of conduct and formalities of United Nations diplomatic sessions. All MUN delegates have to obey these Rules of Procedure, which are a simplified version of those used in the real United Nations conferences. Model UN Committees have lengthy agendas. To help maintain order, Model UN Conferences adopt rules of procedure to establish when a delegate may speak and what he or she may address. Some conferences adopt a few simple rules while others use lengthy and complex rules of procedure. The sessions of the committees are led by Chairs and Co-Chairs. At a Model UN conference, there is formal debate as well as informal debate, called caucusing.

Formal Debate: During formal debate, the staff (Chair, Co-Chair) maintains a speakers list and delegates speak in the order they are listed. At this time, delegates have an opportunity to share their views with the entire Committee. Delegates make speeches, answer questions and introduce and debate resolutions and amendments. Formal debate is important to the Committee's work/session. Moderated Caucus: During a caucus, which is a temporary recess, the rules of procedure are suspended. To go to a moderated caucus, a delegate makes a motion to suspend debate and the committee votes. Caucusing helps to facilitate discussion, especially when there is a long speakers list. A moderated caucus is a mixture of both formal and informal debates. Anyone may speak if they raise their placard and are called on by the Chair.

Unmoderated Caucus: In an unmoderated caucus, delegates meet informally with one another and the committee staff to discuss and negotiate draft resolutions, amendments and other issues. Position Paper: A position paper is an essay that is written by participants of some models. It describes the detailed position of a certain country on a topic or issue that the writer will debate in his or her committee. It is also known as the (Foreign) Policy Statement. Conferences have different format and styles for position papers. Most position papers consist of a heading with Committee, topic, country and delegate information and body which explains in detail the position of the author's country. The position paper usually includes several pages outlining: 1. Background of the Topic 2. UN Involvement 3. Country's Position 4. Possible Solution

The Speaker List: The Speakers List determines the order in which delegates address the committee. The dais calls on delegates to speak according to the order of the list for a set speaking time (usually one to two minutes). When the Speakers List is first opened, one may add oneself to the list by raising the placard. During debate, you may add yourself by sending a note up to the dais. Each country may only appear on the Speakers List once.
Things to Care about: Avoid using personal pronouns when making a formal address. Dont say things like I believe... or I urge you... Instead, you should use phrases like Italy believes... or The Delegation of China urges that this Committee... you are here to represent your countrys views, not your own. You will have a strict time limit for speaking. The Chair may or may not warn you of when your time is coming to an end. Try to keep track of the time limit and pace yourself wisely. If you finish your speech before your time limit is up, you have the opportunity to yield the remainder of your time in three ways: Yield to Another Delegate: You may give the remainder of your valuable speaking time to another delegate. This can be useful if you have an ally

who is able to back you up, give supporting arguments, or able to strengthen your speech. Yield to Questions: This will allow time for delegates from the Committee to ask questions regarding your speech. This may work for or against you, so use this yield wisely. Yield to the Chair: You forfeit the remainder of your time to the Chair. Although you will be graciously thanked for your yield, this serves no strategic purpose.

Points and Motions: In between speakers, the Chair will ask the committee if there are any points or motions. Points and motions give delegates the opportunity to ask questions, refine the debate, or introduce resolutions. To raise a point or motion, simply raise your placard and wait for the Chair to acknowledge you. Following are some common points of order: Point of Personal Privilege: You may raise this to address aconcern over the

Committee environment that is severely impeding your ability to participate. For example, this may include technical issues, inability to hear the speaker, or physical discomfort. Point of Order: You may raise this to complain of improper parliamentary procedure from the Chair or another delegate. Right of Reply: If you feel your national dignity has been insulted or been personally offended by a speakers remark, you may rise on this right. If the Chair acknowledges your right to a reply, you will be immediately given an opportunity to address the offending remarks. Some conferences encourage you to write a note up to the dais to prevent interrupting the debate. Point of Parliamentary Inquiry: If you have a question regarding the rules or procedures, or are uncertain of what is going on, you may ask a question for clarification. Motion for Adjournment of Meeting: This motion may be raised to end the Committee session for the remainder of the entire conference. Do not raise this motion until the end of the last scheduled Committee session. Motion for Suspension of the Meeting: This motion may be raised to end the Committee session until the next scheduled meeting. The dais will rule this out of order if this motion is raised prematurely.

Motion for an Unmoderated Caucus: If you want to have an unmoderated cacus you must specify the duration of the unmoderated caucus when raising this motion.

Motion for a Moderated Caucus: You must specify the topic, duration, and speaking time for the caucus when raising this motion.

Resolutions: A resolution is a formal document that reflects the decisions and future direction of topics
within a committee. The main goal of each committee is to successfully pass or agree well-written

and useful resolutions. After a topic has been brought up, discussed, and examined extensively, it may be time to work on a resolution to compile the committees thoughts and suggested courses of action. A resolution paper passes through following stages: Working Papers Each resolution starts out as a working paper. There is no specific guideline as to how a working paper should be written. The idea behind a working paper is to express and summarize key points for discussion. The format is less important than the content. Once you have completed a working paper, you may submit it to the Director for approval. When approved, it will be distributed to all members of the Committee for further discussion. Draft Resolutions: Once a working paper has been introduced to the Committee, discussed among the delegates, and examined in detail, its the time to write a draft resolution. This document should sum up the key ideas and recommendations discussed in the working paper and by the Committee. Draft resolutions must be written in proper resolution format. The draft resolution needs to be approved by the Chair. Passing a Resolution: After your draft resolution has been approved by the Chair, it needs to be formally introduced to the Committee with a motion (usually done by a sponsor). The sponsor/sponsors is/are required to read aloud the document to the committee for deliberation. After it has been introduced, a question and answer session may be motioned for. Here, sponsors will answer any questions the Committee might propose. After this, debate will resume on the contents of the resolution. During this stage, changes may be proposed and passed in what are known as amendments. There are two types of amendments: o Friendly: When a proposed change is supported by all sponsors of the resolution, it is a friendly amendment. The change is made without a vote of the committee.

o Unfriendly: When a proposed change is not supported by all the sponsors of the resolution, it is known as an unfriendly amendment. These must be submitted in writing to the Chair with the signatures of one-fifth of the delegates present. Unfriendly amendments are voted upon by the entire committee before the vote on the resolution.

What are the Steps to participate in MUN? Research: The first step to participate in Model UN preparation is research. The participants needed a thorough research and various resources for gathering information on their allotted country and its positions, the topics to be discussed at the conference, and the UN system. Country Assignment: After registration to MUN, the delegation is assigned a country. The participants must be equipped with all the information and policy objectives of their allotted countries in order to best represent the foreign policy of relevant country. The delegates must be clear about the profile, facts and general knowledge about the country and should have a proper understanding of political, social, economic, strategic and cultural orientation of their allotted countries. Position Paper: Position paper is a written document by the delegates containing the background and current status of issues being discussed in the sessions from their respective countries perspective. It allows the participant to explain their country's position on an issue and to provide ideas on how the Committee should address the issue. Public Speaking: Public speaking is one of the most important skills that a participant will need as a Model UN delegate. Usually, English is an official language of Model UN Conferences. The delegate should have fluency as well as clarity of the language during all the UN proceedings. The delegates need to be vigilant of his/her speaking, statements and views and must be efficient to respond to the opponents in very diplomatic manners. Caucusing: Caucusing, or informal negotiation, is one of the most significant parts of a Model UN Conference. Much of the problem-solving, collaboration and compromising happens in these important sessions. Many delegates prefer to speak during a moderated caucus rather than being placed on the Speaker's list. In a moderated caucus, speakers are usually able to convey one or

two key points to the entire Committee or share new ideas that have developed through the course of debate. Writing Resolutions: The final results of discussion, writing and negotiation are resolutions written suggestions for addressing a specific problem or issue. Resolutions, which are drafted by delegates and voted on by the Committee, normally require a simple majority to pass (except in the Security Council).

What is the Code of Conduct in MUN? Rules: The rules are not subject to change. Language: English shall be the working language of the General Assembly and Committee Sessions. Courtesy: All delegates must show courtesy and respect to the Secretary General, President of the General Assembly, Committee Staff, Advisors and fellow delegates. o The Secretary-General must be addressed as Madame or Mr. Secretary-General; o The President of the General Assembly must be addressed as Madame or Mr. President. o The Committee Chairperson must be addressed as Madame/Mr. Chairperson. o Fellow delegates must be referred to as Madame/Mister Delegate or the Honorable Delegate from. o All speeches in the General-Assembly must begin Madame Secretary-General, Madame President o All speeches in Committee Session must begin Madame / Mr. Chairperson Quorum: The President of the General Assembly or the Committee Chairperson may declare the General Assembly or Committee Session open when at least 1/4 of its members are present. A member is a state which is officially registered at the Conference. Quorum is necessary for any vote to be taken. Agenda- The order in which the issues shall be debated and which the resolution shall be introduced is at the discretion of the President/Chairperson.

Parliamentary Procedure: Point of Order: During the discussion of any matter, a delegate may rise on a Point of Order to complain about departure from parliamentary procedure (i.e. these rules). This point may interrupt a speaker. Point of Parliamentary Inquiry: When the floor is open, a delegate may rise on a Point of Parliamentary Inquiry to ask the President/Chairperson a question about the rules of procedure. This point may NOT interrupt a Speaker. Right of Reply If a delegate feels that her/his personal or national integrity has been injured, she/he may rise on a Right of Reply. The Presidents/Chairpersons decision whether or not to grant the Right of Reply is final and not open to appeal. A delegate may not reply to a Right of Reply. A request for a Right of Reply may interrupt a Speaker. However, the reply shall not be granted until the conclusion of the speech presently being made. The reply shall be limited to one (1) minute only. Debates and Speeches: Debate: In both the General Assembly and the Committee Session, a Speakers list will be created for the purpose of general debate. Once a resolution is introduced, it will remain on the floor until it passes, fails or is postponed. Speeches: No delegate may address the General Assembly or the Committee Session without first having obtained the permission of the President/Chairperson. Permission may be obtained by raising ones placard or sending the name of ones state to the President/Chairperson. A time limit of three (3) minutes applies to all speeches in the General Assembly and Committee Sessions. This limit is debatable and a motion to change it shall be entertained at the Presidents/Chairpersons discretion. Moderated Debate: While in Committee Session, a motion to enter into Moderated Debate shall be in order.

 While in Moderated Debate, discussion continues to be controlled by the Chairperson, but the procedures are more relaxed. Amendments: Delegates may amend any resolution which has been introduced. Prior to being introduced, amendments must be approved by the President/Chairperson. Voting: Voting: Each Member State of the United Nations shall have one vote. States with Observer Status are not permitted to vote. Each state may vote yes, no or abstain. On procedural matters, members may not abstain. Resolutions require a majority (50% + 1) to pass. Amendments require a 2/3rd majority to pass. Voting shall be conducted by placard. Procedural Issues:
Closure of Debate: When the floor is open, a delegate may move to close debate on the

matter being discussed.

The President/Chairperson may choose not to accept this motion. The President/Chairperson shall allow up to two (2) Speakers against this motion. There

shall be no Speakers in favor.

If Closure of Debate passes, the General Assembly/Committee Session shall move into

immediate voting on the resolution or amendment being discussed.

Adjournment While in the General Assembly, and when the floor is open, any

delegate may move to adjourn the conference.

The President may choose not to accept this motion

MUN Vocabulary Abstain. During a vote on a substantive matter, delegates may abstain rather than vote yes or no. This generally signals that a state does not support the resolution being voted on, but does not oppose it enough to vote no. Frequently abstaining is banned in Model UN sessions for minor substantive matters, such as amendments or amendments to the 2nd degree, in order to force progress in a resolution. Adjourn. All UN or Model UN sessions end with a vote to adjourn. This means that the debate is suspended until the next meeting. This can be a short time (e.g., overnight) or a long time (until next year's conference). Agenda. The order in which the issues before a Committee will be discussed. The first duty of a Committee following the roll call is usually to set the agenda. Amendment. A change to a draft resolution on the floor. Can be of two types: a "friendly amendment" is supported by the original draft resolution's sponsors, and is passed automatically, while an "unfriendly amendment" is not supported by the original sponsors and must be voted on by the Committee as a whole. Amendment to the 2nd Degree. A change to the draft amendment on the floor. Can also be either a "friendly" or an "unfriendly" amendment. In some formats of debate, passing the amendment to the 2nd degree is equivalent to passing the original amendment; in others it merely means debate continues on the now altered amendment. In the Security Council amendments can be permitted to multiple degrees in order to allow an amendment to be designed to be acceptable to all countries. Background guide. A guide to a topic being discussed in a Model UN Committee usually

written by conference organizers and distributed to delegates before the conference. The starting point for any research before a Model UN conference. Binding. Having legal force in UN member states. Security Council resolutions are binding, as are decisions of the International Court of Justice; resolutions of the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council are not. Bloc. A group of countries in a similar geographical region or with a similar opinion on a particular topic. Caucus. A break in formal debate in which countries can more easily and informally discuss a topic. There are two types: moderated caucus and unmoderated caucus. Chair. A member of the dais that moderates debate, keeps time, rules on points and motions, and enforces the rules of procedure. Also known as a Moderator. Committee. Participants choose to be in different committees, and discuss with others on topics related to the Committee. For example, 'Economics and Social' committee will debate the question of 'Refugee Crisis'. Decorum. The order and respect for others that all delegates at a Model UN conference must exhibit. The Chair will call for decorum when he or she feels that the Committee is not being respectful of a speaker, of the dais, or of their roles as ambassadors. Delegate. A participant acting as a representative of a member state or observer during a Model UN conference. Delegation. The entire group of people representing a member state or observer in all committees at a particular Model UN conference.

Director. A member of the dais that oversees the creation of working papers and draft resolutions, acts as an expert on the topic, makes sure delegates accurately reflect the policy of their countries, and ensures that decorum is maintained during caucuses. Division of the question. During voting bloc, delegates may motion to vote on certain clauses of a resolution separately, so that only the clauses that are passed become part of the final resolution. This is known as division of the question. Draft resolution. A document that seeks to fix the problems addressed by a Model UN Committee. If passed by the committee, the draft resolution will become a resolution. Faculty adviser. The faculty member in charge of a Model UN team, class or club. Flow of debate. The order in which events proceed during a Model UN conference. See Flow of Debate chart. Gavel. The tool, shaped like a small wooden hammer, that the Chair uses to keep order within a Model UN Committee. Many conferences give the gavel used in a Committee to the delegate recognized by the dais as the best in that Committee; therefore, the term is frequently used to refer to the award given to the best delegate, even in cases where no actual gavel is given. Formal debate. The "standard" type of debate at a Model UN conference, in which delegates speak for a certain time in an order based on a speakers' list. Head delegate/ambassador. The student leader of a Model UN club or team. Responsible for ceremonial actions required of the delegation at a conference or answering specific questioning, such as in the Security Council.

Member state. A country that has ratified the Charter of the United Nations and whose application to join has been accepted by the General Assembly and Security Council. Currently, there are 193 member states. The only internationally recognized state that is not a member state is the Holy See. Moderated caucus. A type of caucus in which delegates remain seated and the Chair calls on them one at a time to speak for a short period of time, enabling a freer exchange of opinions than would be possible in formal debate. Moderator. See Chair. Motion. A request made by a delegate that the Committee as a whole do something. Some motions might be to go into a caucus, to adjourn, to introduce a draft resolution, or to move into voting bloc. See our Charts of Rules and Motions. Observer. A state, national organization, regional organization, or non-governmental organization that is not a member of the UN but participates in its debates. Observers can vote on procedural matters but not substantive matters. Examples are the Holy See and the State of Palestine. On the floor. At a Model UN conference, when a working paper or draft resolution is first written, it may not be discussed in debate. After it is approved by the Director and introduced by the Committee, it is put "on the floor" and may be discussed. Operative clause. The part of a resolution which describes how the UN will address a problem. It begins with an action verb (decides, establishes, recommends, etc.). Page. A delegate in a Model UN Committee that has volunteered to pass notes from one delegate to another, or from a delegate to the dais, for a short period of time.

Placard. A piece of cardstock with a country's name on it that a delegate raises in the air to signal to the Chair that he or she wishes to speak. Point. A request raised by a delegate for information or for an action relating to that delegate. Examples include a point of order, a point of inquiry, and a point of personal privilege. See our Charts of Rules and Motions. Position paper. A summary of a country's position on a topic, written by a delegate before a Model UN conference. Preambulatory clause. The part of a resolution that describes previous actions taken on the topic and reasons why the resolution is necessary. It begins with a participle or adjective (noting, concerned, regretting, aware of, recalling, etc.). Procedural. Having to do with the way a Committee is run, as opposed to the topic being discussed. All delegates present must vote on procedural matters and may not abstain. Quorum. The minimum number of delegates needed to be present for a Committee to meet. In the General Assembly, a quorum consists of one third of the members to begin debate, and a majority of members to pass a resolution. In the Security Council, no quorum exists for the body to debate, but nine members must be present to pass a resolution. Rapporteur. A member of the dais whose duties include keeping the speakers' list and taking the roll call. Resolution. A document that has been passed by an organ of the UN that aims to address a particular problem or issue. The UN equivalent of a law.

Right of reply. A right to speak in reply to a previous speaker's comment, invoked when a delegate feels personally insulted by another delegate's speech. Generally requires a written note to the Chair to be invoked. Roll call. The first order of business in a Model UN Committee, during which the Rapporteur reads aloud the names of each member state in the Committee. When a delegate's country's name is called, he or she may respond "present" or "present and voting." A delegate responding "present and voting" may not abstain on a substantive vote. Rules of procedure. The rules by which a Model UN committee is run. See our Charts of Rules and Motions. Second. To agree with a motion being proposed. Many motions must be seconded before they can be brought to a vote. Secretariat. The most senior staff of a Model UN conference. Secretary-General. The leader of a Model UN conference. Signatory. A country that wishes a draft resolution to be put on the floor and signs the draft resolution to accomplish this. A signatory need not support a resolution; it only wants it to be discussed. Usually, Model UN conferences require some minimum number of sponsors and signatories for a draft resolution to be approved. Simple majority. 50% plus one of the number of delegates in a Committee. The amount needed to pass most votes. Speakers' order in Whenever discussion, list. A list that determines the which delegates will speak. a new topic is opened for the Chair will create a speakers'

list by asking all delegates wishing to speak to raise their placards and calling on them one at a time. During debate, a delegate may indicate that he or she wishes to be added to the speakers' list by sending a note to the dais. Sponsor. One of the writers of a draft resolution. A friendly amendment can only be created if all sponsors agree. Substantive. Having to do with the topic being discussed. A substantive vote is a vote on a draft resolution or amendment already on the floor during voting bloc. Only member states (not observer states or nongovernmental organizations) may vote on substantive issues. Unmoderated caucus. A type of caucus in which delegates leave their seats to mingle and speak freely. Enables the free sharing of ideas to an extent not possible in formal debate or even a moderated caucus. Frequently used to sort countries into blocs and to write working papers and draft resolutions.

Veto. The ability, held by China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States to prevent any draft resolution in the Security Council from passing by voting no. Vote. A time at which delegates indicate whether they do or do not support a proposed action for the Committee. There are two types: procedural and substantive. Voting bloc. The period at the end of a committee session during which delegates vote on proposed amendments and draft resolutions. Nobody may enter or leave the room during voting bloc. Working paper. A document in which the ideas of some delegates on how to resolve an issue are proposed. Frequently the precursor to a draft resolution. Yielding. The movement that delegate A, who is standing at the front, make to pass the right of front speaking to delegate B who agrees with the idea offered previously by delegate A and will keep extend the idea to gain more votes from the floor. It is moderated by chairs.

Appendix- a

Sample Position Paper RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Conference: Women Model United Nations 2012 Committee: United Nations Human Rights Commission-UNHCR Topic: Women Employment in Developing Countries Country: Russia Delegate: Kli Zahra The Russian Federation appreciates the committee for taking up an important topic for discussion. Women employment is a serious subject that needs sole attention. Worldwide, women constitute 43% of the agricultural workforce, over 70% in some countries and often run small businesses, dedicating up to all their income on providing for their families. The Russian legislation provides privileges and guarantees for women. First, the Labor Code which agrees with the international documents concerning legal regulation of night work and over time by women, which pregnant women are not supposed to perform. As the code says "requesting overtime work from invalids and women who have children below the age of three is allowed only with their written consent." They have even been guaranteed other benefits regarding their jobs. In Russian federation women have always been on a better seat and have taken some influential positions in the executive branch. One post of Minister of Social Protection in cabinet has become a "traditional" women's position; in 1994. Prior to the 1995 elections, women held about 10 percent of the seats in Parliament: fifty-seven of 450 seats in the State (Duma) and nine of 178 seats in the upper house of parliament, the Federation Council. So is the case with the Russian politics, the most prominent materialization of women's political success has been the Women of Russia party which won 11 percent of the vote and twenty-five seats in the 1993 national parliamentary elections and had its say against the military campaign in Chechnya, in 1994. The Federal Employment Service and the Moscow Department of Work and Employment sponsor occasional seminars and training projects for women and the disabled. By the end of 1992, in joint seminars with Union of Women of Russia, 15,000 women had been assisted and a retraining program had trained 603 women for new professions in accounting, massage therapy, hairdressing, tailoring, and childcare." In Russia, 63% of women have jobs. This is more than the OECD average of 59% but less than the 72% employment rate of men in Russia. This 9% difference is lower than the OECD average of 13% and suggests Russia could further improve employment opportunities for women but has generally been successful in addressing the constraints and barriers women face accessing work.

Russia suggests in the honourable Committee that to counter the problem of inequality in wages and unemployment of women in the Third world countries, there should be:

 An open competition rule in every state for every administrative and other posts, so that women can come ahead by merit and no discrimination occurs. Since the jobs like maternity are regarding women and they can understand them better so such posts should be limited to only women. Strict laws of equality and women employment should be provided in every states legislation. There should be more skilful trainings of women regarding every post, so they can compete on merit

Appendix- b

SAMPLE RESOLUTION

Preambulatory Clauses Separate Preambulatory Clauses with commas Underline (italicize) initiating phrases Indent 5 spaces

The General Assembly January 1979 and 34/931 L of 12 December 1974, as well as Economic and Social Council resolution 1990/50 of 23 July 1980, responsibility of the United Nations and the international community towards the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement, against apartheid and for initiating phrases national liberation and the rise in political consciousness of the oppressed people of South Africa, the apartheid regime against all opponents of apartheid,

Recalling its resolution 22/18 k of 24

Reaffirming once again the special

Noting the great advance of the movement

Condemning the violence and repression by

Operative clauses

Number Operative clauses

humanitarian and educational assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa as well as direct assistance to the liberation movements in their legitimate struggle, humanitarian, educational, financial, and other necessary assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement; 2. Urges the United Nations Development Program and other agencies within the United

Recognizing the need for increased

1.

Appeals to all States to provide

Use a semicolon to separate operative clauses

Use a period to end a resolution

Nations to expand their assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and the South African liberation movements recognized by the Organization of African Unity, in consultation with the Special Committee Against Apartheid ; Nations system to ensure the participation of the South African liberation movements recognized by the Organization of African Unity in their relevant conferences and meetings, and to provide financial assistance for that purpose; of adequate financial provisions in that budget of the United Nations to enable the South African liberation movements recognized by the Organization of African Unity - The African National Congress of South Africa and the Pan A Africanist Congress of Azania - to maintain offices in New York in order to participate effectively in the deliberations of the Special Committee and other appropriate bodies.

3.

Urges all agencies within the United

4.

Decides to continue the authorization

Appendix- c

Online Resources Guide Lines to MUN

Battlefield Earth, Alnawaz Jiwa http://www.vmun.com/documents/documents_model_un_guides.html Guide to WorldMUN, World Model United Nations http://www.worldmun.org/page/guide-to-model-UN Model United Nations Headquarters, United Nations Cyberschoolbus http://cyberschoolbus.un.org/modelun/over.html Model United Nations Preparation Guide, UNAUSA http://www.unausa.org/global-classrooms-model-un/how-toparticipate/ model-un-preparation UNITED NATIONS RESOURCES Security Council Resolutions Database Online access to every resolution passed by the United Nations Security Council http://www.un.org/documents/scres.htm General Assembly Resolutions Database Online access to every resolution passed by the General Assembly http://www.un.org/documents/resga.htm United Nations Bibliographic Information System A wealth of information can be found here, including historical voting records and transcripts of speeches http://unbisnet.un.org/ United Nations Documentation: Research Guide Learn how to navigate through the extensive United Nations Documentation database http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/ Member States of the United Nations http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml RESEARCH RESOURCES

CIA World Factbook The bread and butter of country research - start with this site! https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

Info please: Countries of the World

User friendly historical backgrounds on most countries http://www.infoplease.com/countries.html NEWS & MEDIA Africa News (Africa) http://www.africanews.com/ Al-Jazeera (Middle East) http://aljazeera.com/ Asia News Network (Asia) http://www.asianewsnet.net/ Associated Press (United States) http://www.ap.org/ BBC News (Great Britain) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ CBC News (Canada) http://www.cbc.ca/ China.org.cn (Government of China) http://www.china.org.cn/ CNN News (United States) http://www.cnn.com/ Latin American and Mexican News Directory (Latin America) http://libguides.utsa.edu/latamnews

For further details Contact: Ms. Pashmina Mughal Assistant Professor, International Relations, Conflict and Peace Studies Focal Person- NUMLMUN Office: +9251-9257646-50 Ext: 260 Email: pashminamughal@yahoo.com

Mr. Arshad Mehmood Assistant Professor, English-GS, NUML, Islamabad Member- NUMLMUN Office: +9251-9257646-50 Ext: Cell: +92333-5160621 Email: phonology87@yahoo.com

Mr. Taj Muhammad Director Student Affairs Member- NUMLMUN Office: +9251-9257646-50 Ext: 336 Cell: +92334-8511688 Email: tajnuml@yahoo.com

Website: www.numl.edu.org.pk