Useful Expression s

Since 1998 (DongGook Park)

Writing
, ,
edge on/over sb/sth: a slight advantage over sb/sth

a decisive/slight/clear/great/decisi ve military edge over the enemies The company needs to improve its competitive edge. They have the edge on us. His cars have the edge over his rivals. Their strategy still has the edge over more recent approaches. For intuitive and qualitative understanding, the sinusoids have the edge over exponentials. Fortunately, this difficulty can be overcome readily because of close connection between exponential and Fourier spectra. So far, theories and models that make the frame-content distinction have the edge over any that lack it. The ILECs have the edge over the network components because their networks were built over the past 120 years. The first providers to implement the AIN features will have the edge over taking the customer base. Again, radio solutions appear to have the edge over those offered by the fixed network; unique line-to-meter mapping is not a relevant issue and the flexibility provided by the mobile networks separation between telephone number and user identity is also beneficial. It is fair to warn that in the context of Predicate Logic Hilbert-style proofs have the edge over Equational-style proofs. The former are amenable to the methodology of removing/inserting quantifiers so that between the removal and insertion one can use Boolean techniques, notably the allpowerful Posts Theorem (2.2.1). imilarly, how do we know that the electronic mail attachment actually came from the stated sender or that it was not changed in transit? Here cyberspace has the edge over noncyberspace. Technologies are available that help us to verify the mail sender (authentication) and the validity of the message (integrity). Linksys's system has the edge over Orinoco's because it's a little cheaper (under $350 total for Linksys, versus almost $400 total for Orinoco), but both are a cinch to install. Given the differences among the means of the three groups, you might think at first glance that Method B has the edge over Method A, and that Methods B and A are both superior to Method C. As it happens, however, these differences, considered in and of themselves, are well within the range of mere random variability. It gives them the edge over their competitors. However, it is the constant, systematic exploration, bit by bit, never losing what has been found, that gives RMHC the edge over our GA. Ericssons experience of providing longterm support and of upgrades gives it the edge over other retailers of telecom management systems, such as large computer companies, management consultants, systems integrators, and small companies with niche products.

, , otherwise In this unit all logarithms are to base 2 unless otherwise stated. ,

In much of our discussion, the input is assumed to start at t = 0, unless otherwise mentioned. We shall assume that the systems discussed in this section are in zero state unless mentioned otherwise. Under these conditions, the zero-state response will be the total response of the system.

, Cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and various other forms of wireless devices are taking the world by storm, opening new avenues for development as well as a whole host of challenges for developers. The increasingly powerful applications that run your business may open new avenues for productivity, but they also open new vulnerabilities. Even for medium-size businesses, PKI can be the ticket to e-business growth -- reducing risk, driving cost efficiencies, and opening new avenues of profitability. With Vault Registry, organizations can establish the level of trust needed to conduct e-business with confidence on the Internet thus reducing risk, driving cost efficiencies, and opening new avenues for commerce. The Internet is a growing phenomenon, nobody disputes that, and the large commercial enterprises active in our daily lives look to exploit any and every avenue open to them to market and sell their products.

, , The new series of course in the curriculum is being phased into the program beginning in the fall of 1999. The new curriculum will be completely implemented by the fall of 2000. The new tax will be phased in over the next two years. Most of the measures will be phased in over a year.

, , , , // , other, different with the exception of exponentiation, which presents a totally different problem These methods are all effective; the question of which is more efficient is a whole other issue, one that we do not (often) raise in this book. But that is a whole other story with more of a social than a technical bent! What about negation? That is a whole other story. Well be discussing it later in the course. There is a whole other risk to cracking passwords, creating lists, and using them to create new accounts. In addition, there is a whole other class of attacks that firewalls cannot deal with. Dont leave your backup disks or tapes sitting on the shelf next to your computer: Store them in a fireproof box or safe and store at least one set at a whole other location. How to find these n solutions is however a whole other topic (and as soon as the coefficients are not constant a very difficult one). That was a whole other level of effort and that what I founded the company to do. Oh, thats a whole other story. We have a whole session for query. Virtual routing is a whole other topic, and an important one, since there have been several highly significant breakthroughs in this area, and it is key to implementing truly costeffective, scalable VPNS. The actual conducting of exercises, proof of concept, implementation of recovery plans and risk mitigation is a whole other arena.

a whole other

of necessity; necessarily; inevitably

In the final FA, this state has of necessity an a, b loop going back to itself. Many of the jobs are, of necessity, temporary. This is, of necessity, a brief and incomplete account.

The care of old people necessarily involves quite a lot of heavy lifting.

~ ,
as/so long as

This is nice as long as nothing goes wrong. You can go out to play as long as you stay in the back yard. As long as we keep playing well, well keep winning games. Well go as long as the weather is good. So long as there is a demand for these drugs, the financial incentive for drug dealers will be there.

The example we gave required fives states primarily because an FA can read only one letter from the input string at a time. Suppose we designed a more powerful machine that could read either one or two string at a time.

we go straight to the final state 3. All words other than go to the right state and stay there. This then transports us to sate 2. To get back to the final state, we must proceed to state 4 and then to state 3. We stay in the start state until we read our first a. This moves us to the middle state. If the very next letter is another a, we move to the + state, where we must stay and eventually be accepted. Recapitulating what we know: If an input string begins with an a and then has some bs, it must have 3 bs to return us to state 3, or 6 bs to make the trip twice, or 9 bs, or 12 bs and so on. , When in the middle state, an a sends us to nirvana, where ultimate acceptance awaits us, whereas a b sends us back to start, hoping for the first a of a double letter. If we start with an a, we take the high road and jump back and forth between the two top states ending on the right (at +) only if the last letter read is a b. If the first letter read is a b, we go south. Here, we get to the + on the bottom only when we read a as the last letter. However, when a pair of unmatched letters is read (either ab or ba), the machines flips over to the unbalanced state, which signifies that it has read an odd number of as and an odd number of bs.

, , then The machine will accept all words with b as the third letter and reject all other words. States 1 and 2 are only waiting states eating up the first two letters of input. Then comes the decision at state 3. A word that has fewer than three letters cannot qualify, and its path ends in one of the first three states, none of which is designated +. Once we get to state 3, only the low road leads to acceptance.

SSO programs are used to allow a user to authenticate himself once, and from then on be able to access additional network resources without providing additional passwords. Although we usually dont care about what happens inside the machine (unless some kind of breakdown occurs and we suffer a loss), we should realize that somehow the machine is keeping track of the coins we insert, until the correct total has been inserted. Only then, and not before, does the vending machine output the desired soft drink. ; ; , , then hope In this characterization, if we read a b while in state 2, we go to state 3, hoping for another b, whereas if we read an a in state 3, we go to state 2, hoping for a baby a.

,
wait sth out: if you wait out an event, period, or time, especially an unpleasant one, you wait for it to finish/end; to wait until an unpleasant event has finished; to wait until the end of

Lets find a place where we can wait out the storm. We have already discovered the existence of a double letter in the input string and we are going to wait out the rest of the input sequence and then announce acceptance when it is all over. If neither can be arranged, then the object might need to wait out a previous request before proceeding.

, , out Were out of milk. Theyve run out of ideas. Youre out of luck she left ten minutes ago. We start at the minus sign and proceed along the indicated edges until we are out of input letters. A good programmer would employ instead what is called a Boolean flag; let us call it E for even. If the number of letters read so far is indeed even, then E should have the value TRUE. If the number of letters read is not even, then E should have the value FALSE. Initially, we set E equal to TRUE, and every time we read a letter, we reverse the value of E until we have exhausted the input string. When the input letters have run out, we check

, uncharted Not uncommonly, studies of this kind which relate to relatively uncharted areas raise more issues than they solve. , If we had started with the final picture and tried to interpret its meaning, we would be sailing uncharted waters. The party is sailing in uncharted waters (= a situation it has not been in before). This new project will take us into uncharted territory. This type of work is uncharted territory for us. Other career seekers are more interested in venturing into uncharted waters. Some developmental paths are blocked, while potentially novel ones lead off into uncharted terrain. I was moving into uncharted territory (= a completely new experience) with this relationship.

understand

Graph theory is an exciting subject in its own right, but for our purposes there is no real need to understand directed graphs in any deeper sense than as a collection of circles and arrows. To have a proper grasp of convolution operation, we should understand the graphical interpretation of convolution. Such a comprehension also helps in evaluating the convolution integral of more complicated signals. It's remarkable that the Egyptians of 1850 BC (and probably much earlier) had already developed this crude version of the "Sieve of Eratosthenes", and seemed to have a grasp of the difference between prime and composite numbers. You should have a healthy grasp of shell programming techniques now that you have gone through the previous chapters. It is helpful and almost necessary to have a good grasp of the information which might be required to complete the specification by embodying the assumptions and the resulting decisions which are appropriate. It's therefore important to have a solid grasp of the following topics covered in C++NPv1 before reading this book: To estimate the appropriate level of investment in security, it is useful to have a sound grasp of the probability of different levels of damage.

grasp (have/get a ~ grasp of)

Of all the types of security experts that are out there, those that concentrate on NT networks seem to have a better grasp of databases such as Microsoft SQL. As far as substance goes, this is a pretty trivial proof. But it is important to have a good grasp of the form of the proof, and particularly the form of the inductive step. One of the more interesting findings obtained employing the simultaneous presentation of items is that monkeys appear to have a better grasp of an overall sequence of events than do pigeons. He has a good grasp of German grammar. lets first take a look at what Acrobat is and what PDF is, and lets try to get a grasp on some of the many options you have for working with PDF files in Acrobat These complex formulae are beyond the grasp of the average pupil. At this point, the HTML file has gotten well beyond the grasp of your average HTML author. VBA can be difficult to grasp at first, but it becomes easier with practice [ ]

Let us also designate state x as the starting state and state z as the only final state.

even so, ; ;
= despite that

It does not do anything like print out or play music. Even so, we shall stick to the terminology finite automaton. I know he's only a child, but even so he should have known that what he was doing was wrong. There are a lot of spelling mistakes; even so, its quite a good essay. The bus was only half full. Even so, a young man asked Nina if the seat next to her was taken...

, C(n, r) is pronounced nchoose-r. The term FA is read by naming its letters, so we say an FA even though it stands for a finite automaton and we say two FAs even though it stands for two finite automata.

, choice pick a password or pass phrase of their own choice. One small difference between these two situations is that in the child's game the number of pieces of input is determined by whether either player has yet reached a final state, whereas with the computer the number of pieces of input is a matter of choice made before run time. Still, the input string is the sole determinant as to whether the game child or the computer child wins his or her victory.

, determinant, determination Similar to type-specific access control, static inheritance also simplifies both debugging and managing access control because the ACL on an object is usually the sole determinant of access to that object. In 1958, in "The Rise of the Meritocracy, 18702033" Michael Young envisaged a world in which intelligence was the sole determinant of status in society: re-reading it today it sometimes seems quaint, but sometimes uncannily accurate and trenchant. The argument begins with a claim for philosophical reflection as the sole determinant of truth in the full sense. One point of view would be that to the extent that there are no semantic rules governing such things, the sole determinant is what the speaker has in mind. Still, the input string is the sole determinant as to whether the game child or the computer child wins his or her victory. The determination of what state is next is automatic (involuntary and mechanical), not willful, just as the motion of the hands of a clock is automatic, while the motion of

the hands of a human is presumably the result of desire and thought. We present the precise definition below. Automaton comes to us from the Greek, so its correct plural is automata. , other , and some other solutions have been proposed. The computer is also deterministic, by which we mean that, on reading one particular input instruction, the machine converts itself from the state it was in to some particular other state (or remains in the same state if given a NO-OP), where the resultant state is completely determined by the prior state and the input instruction. No choice is involved. No knowledge is required of the state the machine was in six instructions ago. , ; ;

, , , , go
go well/smoothly/fine etc.

If all goes well, the machine outputs the number 7 and terminates. The party went well. Everythings going fine at the moment. I feel very encouraged by the way things are going. If all goes well, processing the KRB_AS_REQ message results in the creation of a ticket for the client to present to the server. At this stage, system B will then attempt to send back a SYN/ACK packet to system A. If all goes well, system A will send back an ACK packet, and the connection will move to an ESTABLISHED state. If everything goes well, you will not see any error messages. If all goes well (or not so, if youre an administrator of the system), you should see the following result on the target server: If all goes well, the hosts communicate a random session key, for further communication. If all goes well, the user is authenticated and is given the key K_tgs as proof. A few days later you'll get a phone call from an investigator, who wants to stop by your place of business and make sure that you are legitimate. If that goes well, and it almost always does, you get a machine. The third is to continue with the examination in the hope that all goes well. , , hope

, , , , shelf
(put) on the shelf: 1. not used/considered/wanted by anyone; inactive; useless 2. put aside as no longer used or desirable; 3. put aside/away temporarily; postponed

Lets set this knowledge aside for the moment (for the sake of learning how to use some of the available tools in situations where we dont know if we have an isomorphism). Let us put this game back on the shelf and take another example. Eventually, this combination of a complex syntax, the need for extensive training, and a lack of analysis tools led us to put RAISE on the shelf. We said it before, but it bears repeating: Security is an evolving process. You cant just finish it, put it on the shelf, and move on to some other problem. Security is a dynamic part of your organization, and your security plan should grow and adapt with your organizations changing security needs. Consider the use of a coffee mug in the shop. What happens to it in typical day ? ... it begins the day clean on a shelf, it gets filled with coffee, it gets put on a tray, it gets delivered to the customer, it is sipped by the customer, it gets topped up by the serving staff, it gets cleaned in the dishwasher and finally put back on the shelf. Particularly encouraging is the fact that the ANDF-FS hasnt simply been put on the shelf to gather dust: it is being actively used, for reference purposes, in connection with a project to construct an interpreter for ANDF-FS.

The trouble is that the Americans obsessed with their purity of purpose, stubbornly cling to an idea that should either be dropped or at least put on the shelf (Canadian Forum). We worked hard on a new idea, but the boss put it on the shelf as too expensive.

, , ask, question With the presence of secure transaction protocols, it is reasonable to ask: why bother with the server-side security? ~ , , Let us now ask, What stings do not contain a double letter? Some examples are Let us now ask in which states is true? Let us now ask whether the Axiom of Linearity can be proved or disproved in our axiomatic theory of order. Let us now ask ourselves what we are to think of Hume's doctrine. Well, then, assuming that pain ensues on the dissolution, and pleasure on the restoration of the harmony, let us now ask what will be the condition of animated beings who are neither in process of restoration nor of dissolution. Let us now ask what the force would be between two charged conductors in a dielectric. Let us now ask which matrices A are similar to diagonal matrices. Let us now ask whether it is possible for any search algorithm to exist that will, in the worst and the average cases, be able to find its target using significantly fewer comparisons of keys than binary search. Let us now ask the question given the data, and the noninformative priors, what might s be? This question differs from the first one we asked in that we are now not interested in ? Let us now ask the analogous question for vertices: when does a graph G contain a closed walk that contains every vertex of G exactly once? Let us now ask: To what extent can the program be carried out? In order to study this question fruitfully, one must reformulate the program in more precise terms. Let us now ask what benefit can be derived from the valid conclusion that car-type 5 thingtype. Let us now ask for the probability that when the first burnout occurs, it is the jth component. Since there are context-free languages that aren't regular and thus can't be recognized by DFAs and NFAs, we have a natural question to ask: Are there other kinds of automata that will recognize context-free languages? The answer is yes! We'll discuss them in the next section.

arise, , , question, , , In general, practically anything can be a mathematical model so long as it is a well-defined set of rules for playing with some abstract constructs, but the obvious questions remains: a mathematical model of what? This correspondence between regular expressions and languages leaves open two other questions. We have already seen examples where completely different regular expressions end up describing the same language. Is there some way of telling when this happens? By way we mean, of course, an algorithm. We shall present an algorithmic procedure in Chapter 11 to determine whether or not two regular expressions define the same language. Another fundamental question is this: We have seen that every regular expression is associated with some language; is it also true that every language can be described by a regular expression? In our next theorem, we show that every finite language can be defined by a regular expression. The situation for languages with infinitely many words is different. ~ As to the first and perhaps most important

questions, the question of understanding regular expressions, we have not a clue. There are currently about 115 million telephones in the US, and a natural question arises as to whether it is possible to assign numbers to these telephones so that a single error in dialing can be corrected. , The question arises as to whether or not he knew of the situation. A question arises about how compact operators map orthonormal families. The question arises from elementary differential equations: Solve dy/dx = f(x). This really is a number of questions: Certain philosophical questions arise on their own quite naturally. Few persons have to be prompted to ask such questions as Are there souls? , Is there a God? , Authorization answers the question is X allowed to do Y on Z'' for some principal X and some action on some object. This is basically a problem of first expressing the authorization, and then evaluating it when the authorization question arises. Readers familiar with data communication networks realize that a myriad of communication protocol standards exist. Many of them precede the Internet, so the question arises, "Why did the Internet designers invent new protocols when so many international standards already existed?" The answer is complex, but follows a simple maxim: But even if we all could agree on a criterion of personhood, such as the moment of conception, the abortion debate would not be over. For, questions arise about whether the mother's right of self-determination overrides the rights of the fetus. The question arises whether there is a way to describe the loop-computable functions directly via basic functions and closure operations. The question arises if there is any good description for ... The question arises how many of the 2k possible initial vectors are of the special form ... Two questions arise naturally: The graph of a function is a curve in the xy-plane. But the question arises: Which curves in the xy-plane are graphs of functions? This is answered by the following test. The question arises: Are there any others? To answer this question, recall that The question arises: Is there a ? The following theorem says that this is true for continuous functins. The question arises: Will our strategy for integration enable us to find the integral of every continuous function? For example, can we use it to evaluate ? The answer is no, at least not in terms of the functions that we are familiar with The question arises whether this is recursion or not. I usually take the position that it is not. The question arises as to how big a try block should be. This depends on whether you can recover from the exception or not. If we give the name KT to the thread that is executing Karel and CT to the one executing Carol, then the question arises which thread executes the method named in the message. The answer may be surprising at first, but understanding this is very important. The question arises of what language to use for writing our implementations. We have chosen to use an existing functional language, Miranda. The question arises, therefore: how are we to represent and manipulate structured types in our small Core language? In particular, our goal is to avoid having data type declarations in the Core language altogether. The approach we take breaks into two parts: Next the question arises of how this primitive is implemented.

Serious security and privacy questions arise if third parties can read or tamper with sensor data. The important question becomes: Should these insecure computers be tolerated given the nature of modern computing infrastructure? To this end, two specific questions arise: Should there be a standard of care in securing network computers against damage by a third party? Should the law allow the recovery of damages from an entity whose insecure computer network was used by a third party to exact harm? In addition to the monitoring of users described in the preceding section, the question arises of whether it is possible to make unauthorized phone calls at someone elses expense. Thus, the question arises of whether UMTS still offers options for the installation of the procedures described above. The question arises, however, whether these existing and evolving payment systems adequately address all of the possible market interactions online. Put another way, are the vendors capable of creating new products and pricing schemes to fully extract consumer surplus? And now the question arises: "How is metaphysics, as a natural disposition, possible?" In other words, how When a revoke operation is performed by one of the grantors, the question arises as to which authorizations need to be revoked from among the ones the revokee (the subject from whom the authorization is being revoked) has granted. There are two basic approaches. The first approach, proposed by Griffiths and Wade [S] for System R [8], assigns a timestamp to each authorization, and the semantics of the revoke operation is baaed on the temporal relationships among all authorizations. When an authorization a is revoked from a subject s, any authorization a that was granted by s is automatically revoked ifs does not possess another authorization for a at the time when a was granted. The second approach differs from the first in that it does not assign timestamps to authorizations and, therefore, does not take temporal relationships among grant operations into account.

need: ( ) ~ ,
used to state that sth is/was not necessary or that only very little is/was necessary; used to ask if sth is/was necessary:

We need only show that at least one regular expression exists. You neednt finish that work today. You neednt have hurried (= it was not necessary for you to hurry, but you did) I need hardly tell you (= you must already know) that the work is dangerous. If she wants anything, she need only ask. All you need bring are sheets. (cf. All you need to do is complete this form. = All you need do is ) Need you have paid so much?

The language associated with (ab)* is words with alternating as and bs, whereas the language associated with a*b* is only strings where all the as (if any) precede all the bs (also if any).

at work: , , work
1. having an effect on sth; in operation; to be having an effect, usually an obvious or bad effect; 2. busy doing sth; working

but many other factors are at work, which make this statement an oversimplification. She suspected that secret influences were at work. It is important to understand the powerful economic and social forces at work behind our own actions. It seems as though forces of destruction are increasingly at work throughout society. Section 6.4 provides another opportunity to see orthogonal projections at work, creating a

matrix factorization widely used in numerical linear algebra. The inverse power method k is now at work. Cubic convergence is so spectacular we must see it at work. However, we will see that there is a certain conservation principle at work here, which implies that the bigger the kernel, the smaller the image, so the less likely it is that there will be even one solution. Which counting principle is at work here? Note that induction is at work in this definition: we are really defining join(x, y) by induction on the length of x. Intuitively, there are two forces at work. First, the gamblers wealth has random upward and downward swings due to runs of good and bad luck. Second, her wealth has a steady, downward drift because she has a small expected loss on every bet. The situation is illustrated below: The homework problems are sometimes quite challenging because we want you to spend a significant amount of time thinking about the concepts that are at work here. The two examples above have shown the method at work in situations where it was atypically accurate. This effect, called Simpson's paradox, was at work in your comparison of Our town Hospital and Overlook Medical Center yesterday. There is a fundamental mathematical principle at work here. Both the security and hacker communities are constantly at work finding flaws in COTS that software vendors and security firms generally correct quickly. we have what appears to be some sort of distributive law at work. ~ He is still at work on painting. Im at work on a new project now. The salvage teams are already hard at work trying to deal with the spilled oil... Danger men at work

it may (very) well be that ~: , , may It may very well be that many uses of assume that only one option or the other obtains. This is particularly so when it is impossible for both to obtain at the same time. The ultimate status of an argument depends on the interaction between all available arguments: it may very well be that argument defeats argument , but that is in turn defeated by a third argument His position in any case could not have been other than extremely miserable, yet it may very well be that he found some advantages in it. If something were to be shown from premises, both of which are views generally accepted, but not accepted with like conviction, it may very well be that the conclusion shown is something held more strongly than either. It may very well be that it is more efficient to first compute the whole DFA and then just run it. For an explicit knowledge of the principle it may very well be that experience is required, and we certainly come to learn geometry, for example, in this way; we do not possess an explicit 84 85 86 87. It may very well be that the influence of Buddhist philosophy on world affairs is only now in its opening stages. Nations do not like each other, never have liked each other; and it may very well be that school textbooks help this inclination to dislike. It may very well be that he got his knowledge of Hebrew in reading for the Church; and there was always something of the clergyman or the schoolmaster in his dress and air. It may very well be that for inputs of very great size, the running times for two different algorithms become almost indistinguishable. It may very well be that even though there are many possible factors leading to memory

errors, the vast majority of those errors can be traced to a few significant factors. However, it may very well be that your organization has more than one policy on a particular topic depending on the situation or systems involved. or discrete-logarithm-like systems over elliptic curves, it may very well be that smaller parameters are possible with the same level of security as the regular systems over finite fields. However, many questions regarding ECsystems are still open at this moment, making it unclear what the future of these systems will be. Now it may very well be that the data that you place in your personal computer, may require those kinds of controls, but for the most part, persona1 computers will not. In the RIP-stop application it may very well be that provable destruction of a key is all you need, and anything else can be built on top of that given various external services such as perhaps secure time. Despite public comments by Sun and Microsoft management that each product will take the dominant position, it may very well be that Java and ActiveX coexist with the users' needs determining which one will be used at any given time. Of course, it may well be that these estimates of loss are low, because companies are reluctant to publicize occurrences of It may well be that in the future, when the sale of proprietary databases will assume economic significance, the possibility of abuse of proprietary rights by licensed organizations and authorized will be an important issue. At that point an appropriate technology for resource control will be essential. It is by no means obvious what justifies the applicability of mathematics in general to what lies outside it, and it may well be that the reduction of mathematics to set theory does not supply such a justification. In other words, it may well be that the proof of Proposition 4 is very faulty indeed, or to put it more bluntly, that it is no proof at all. If t is not so dynamic for users though, it may well be that it be included as a parameter in the user's public key certificate. The commercial Internet market is currently at a very early stage of its growth, but its development since 1989 has been so explosive and its growth potential is still so large that it may well be a breakthrough technology with respect to the acceptance of information technology, and especially networked multimedia services, in the home.

, , but it is more correct to think of this + as offering alternatives in forming words.

, We shall soon see that this language-defining tool is of limited capacity in that there are many interesting languages that cannot be defined by regular expressions, which is why this volume has more than 100 pages. Perhaps the most important property of these channels is that the return feedback channel from the clients to the server is typically of limited capacity, or is non-existent. Controlling access to services is something that is very desirable in most environments. The services may be of limited capacity, or they may contain information that is not meant for public access. Thus the provider of a service wants to somehow make sure that only authorized access is allowed. In some cases it is even necessary to know the identity of the person or entity accessing the service. It is an abstraction, of course, since any real computer has registers with a limited capacity. The nodes contain resources of limited capacity.

more It was more of a holiday than a training exercise. (be more of ~ than ~ = be ~ rather than ~) A degree is more of a hindrance than a help in British industry. We might define a language by the symbols: L5 = {xn for n = 1 4 9 16 ... } but now the symbols are becoming more of an IQ test than a clear definition. ~ ~

, , wary, careful, caution As a final note in this section, we should be wary that we have sometimes used recursive definitions to define membership in a set One should be wary that Euclidean angles in this model do not accurately depict the true hyperbolic angles. Although this may be true, one must be wary that the mathematics was not studied with this application in mind. In dealing with radio signals, you must be wary that you no longer have the security or physicality of a hardwired line. Even though this individual presents you with a paper copy of a warranty, you may be wary that their vehicle is not trustworthy. Therefore, when using this approach, the verifier must be wary that this could result in particular attacks on the protocols being missed, due to the limitations of the calculus. Be wary of strangers who offer you a ride. Teachers have to be careful when criticizing pupils. You must be careful who you accept a lift from. Be careful that the medicine is kept away from children. People should be more careful about the things they say. She was careful to keep her records up to date. Here we should again be very careful to observe that Care should be taken so as not to confuse this with + as an exponent. This cautions us against thinking of the * as a normal algebraic exponent. Tony cautioned against misrepresenting the situation The statement clearly was intended to caution Seoul against attempting to block the councils action again However, the distributive law must be used with extreme caution. Sometimes, it is difficult to determine whether the law is applicable.

The first contains unbalanced parentheses; the second contains the forbidden substring The first The fourth has a close parenthesis before the corresponding open parenthesis. ), (

, , mean Now what would it mean to take strings from S* and concatenate them? In order to reason and argue about authentication protocols, we must first of all define what we mean by "authentication". ~ , In proofs, "B sees {X}sA " should be taken to mean ( is taken to mean ) B has received a message containing a data item Y, and has verified the format of Y to be that of a signature on X using a key corresponding to the public signature key which B associates with A. ~ , , ~ , ;

, condition
on (the) condition that: only if; provided that

They will give us the money on one condition--that we pay it back within six months. He was released on bail on condition that he did not go within half a mile of his mother's address. They agreed to lend us the car on condition that (= only if) we returned it before the weekend. Reproduction of all or part of this work is permitted for educational

or research use on condition that this copyright notice is included in any copy. Ill come to the party on the condition that you dont wear those ridiculous trousers! This is not to say that S+ cannot, in general, contain the word . It can, but only on the condition that S contains the word initially, In this case is in S+. They agreed under the condition that the matter be dealt with promptly. Under these conditions, the fire can be rapidly controlled. Under what conditions do plants grow best?

plus all strings of a's and b's in which the a's occur in even clumps. plus all strings of a's and b's except those that start with b and those that contain a double b By the phrase double b, we mean the substring bb.

, , , , order Notice that when we wrote out the first several words in the language, we put them in size order (words of shortest length first) and then listed all the words of the same length alphabetically. We shall usually follow this method of sequencing a language. This ordering is called lexicographic order. In a dictionary, the word aardvark comes before cat; in lexicographic ordering it is the other way. Whereas both orderings are useful for the problem of searching for a given word, in the list for infinite sets lexicographic ordering has some distinct advantages. In the language just above, there are infinitely many words that start with the letter a and they all come alphabetically before the letter b. When listed in the usual alphabetical order, the first five words of this language are A- a- aa- aaa- aaaa and the three-dot ellipsis ". . ." would not inform us of the real nature of the language. we may generate the words in size order, smallest first. , while words in ENGLISHSENTENCES are restricted to juxtaposing only words from ENGLISH-WORDS in an order that complies with the rules of grammar.
all strings of a's and b's except those that start with b and

Yes, we will renew the contract next year on the condition that we make money on the deal.

, , , , Since we are working on a finite machine, we can only show finite subsets of Z. Imagine, however, that H extends infinitely (in both directions) with the same pattern. , Comparing the coefficients of x on both sides gives the relation The left side of figure 1-4 shows the key protocols for Web communications. At the bottom is the IP. At the right side of the figure indicates, SSL adds security by acting as a separate security protocol, inserting itself between the HTTP application and TCP. , , Assume the mobile station starts off associated with AP1 at the left side of the diagram because it was powered on in AP1's coverage area. As the mobile station moves towards the right, it must eventually associate with AP2 as it leaves AP1's coverage area. , and the operator << indicates that what appears to the right of the operator is to be sent to the output stream, count. The operator << points in the direction that the data flows from the variable or string on the right to the output destination on the left. , , , , len = str1.length( ); The above is an assignment statement and works in the usual two-step way: 1. The expression on the right of the = is evaluated. 2. The resulting value is stored in the variable on the left of the = sign. The right-hand side of this

particular assignment statement The right-hand side function looks very much like a mathematical equation: a lefthand side and a right-hand side separated by a colon-equal sign. For each other +, we must decide whether to choose the right-side expression or the left-side expression. If x and y are words of length m and n, then x y is the word of length m + n obtained by placing x to the left of y. , Then, if B is to the right of A, the number of x-units in the segment AB is equal to x2 x1. ~ For each word in S* every b must have an a immediately to its left. The rightmost one is the one that gets filled by the entries from the list Range[500]. The next one to the left belongs to the pure function in the argument to NestList, while the leftmost one belongs to the predicate that is mapped down the resulting list. , , By acting as a new protocol, SSL requires very few changes in the protocols above and below. The HTTP application interfaces with SSL nearly the same way it would with TCP in the absence of security. However, note that assigning one array variable to another one makes a copy of the first, so that component assignments to either one dont affect the other. , Referring to Figure 45 and viewing from left to right, decipherment begins with the arrival of a message. ; Starting at the bottom-left vertex and going around counter-clockwise: u + 2*v, u + 3*v, 2*u + 3*v, 2*u + 2*v.

()

In our hierarchy of algebraic structures, an integral domain belongs between a commutative ring with unity and a filed, as we shall now show. ~ , ; . If the masses are equal, the center of gravity lies halfway between them. One dress was too elegant, the other too casual; she had nothing in-between. Most of us work in organizations that fall somewhere inbetween. The answer probably falls somewhere in the middle. In the breakdown () of security according to what you know, what you have, and what you are, authentication tokens fall in the middle category (passwords are in the first, and biometric devices the third).

seem This may seem like belaboring a trivial point, but the significance of being careful about this distinction will emerge over and over again.

, /
(all) over again: if you do sth all over again, you repeat it from the beginning

As soon as the amount deposited equals or exceeds $1 the machine releases a bottle of juice. The next coin deposited starts the process over again. He did the work so badly that I had to do it all over again myself. I had to write the essay all over again. If the dialup password is entered correctly, the user is granted access to the system, as illustrated in the preceding example. If the dialup password is incorrect, however, the login is aborted, and the user is forced to start over again. Type y if you are sure the settings you entered are correct. If you choose n, you will go back to the interface selection menu and be forced to enter all the information over again.

, ,

Altogether 680 women took part in the conference. Moreover, there are altogether 2n 2 minus signs. Any set of k girls know altogether at least k boys. Since there are only n! chains altogether, we see that This makes altogether 6 triples, as required. In this book we are going to see altogether more than a hundred applications of the symbolic method. There were five people altogether. How much do I owe you altogether? You owe me $68 altogether. Thus, altogether, there are 2 3! 2! = 24 ways. Since G has only 480 elements altogether, we have now arrived at a contradiction. We conclude that there is no such group G. We see that in this way we can eliminate the edge from stae 1 to state 2, bypassing state 2 altogether. (used to emphasize that something has been done completely or has finished completely) When taken together, the protocols of the various layers are called the protocol stack. , , On the wall are rows of stickers, 35 in all, each representing a team victory. The first three phases (cookie, exchange, and identification) must be carried out in their entirety (= whole extent) before any Security Association can be used. ; , ,

,
right away/off: immediately, without delay

I want it sent right away. I told him right off what I thought of him. I could tell right off that something was wrong. He wants to see you right away Right off I want to confess that I was wrong.

note, , Most notable is the fact that Note that We note that many variations of ER diagrams are in use, and no widely accepted standards prevail. The presentation in this chapter is representative of the family of ER models and includes a selection of the most popular features. , We should note that this use of the plus sign is consistent with the principle that in these expressions plus means choice. We should take particular note of the fact that although this proof looks like a proof by constructive algo, it is not that at all. Whilst it may be of questionable value to consider the efficiency of incomplete protocols, it is also interesting to note that It is of interest to note that Before leaving this example, let us note that although the second recursive definition is still harder to use (in proving that given numbers are even) than the two nonrecursive definitions, it does have some advantages. Further, note that each department has at most one manager, as before, because of the key constraint. Finally, we note that a foreign key could refer to the same relation. Before discussing record formats, we note that To derive these probabilities, we simply note that note that, in contrast to the earlier example, a second CDB is needed. The key to drawing one is to note that a curve of order n is a curve of order n-1 followed by an L followed by a curve of order n1 traversed in reverse order and that the same instructions, except with the middle L changed to an R, traverse the curve in reverse order. Please note that this is the book's primary case study example of a detailed use case;

it shows many common elements and issues. Last, but not least, it is important to note that Contemporary Cryptography addresses only the materials that are published and available in the open literature. In either case, it is important to note that cryptographic applications may consist of multiple (sub)protocols, that these (sub)protocols and their concurrent executions may interact in some subtle ways, and that these interactions and interdependencies may be exploited by various chosenprotocol attacks (see, for example, [7] for the notion of a chosen-protocol attack). It is, however, important to note that a complexity-based proof is not absolute and that it is only relative to the (assumed) intractability of the underlying mathematical problem(s). Again, it is important to note that most parts of modern cryptography rely on intractability assumptions and that relying on such assumptions seems to be unavoidable today (see Chapter 21). But note that none of these functions has been shown to be one way and that it is theoretically not even known whether one-way functions really exist. Also, note that Again, note that At this point it is important to note that First of all, it is important to note that a vector of random variables (associated with the same discrete probability space or random experiment) can always be viewed as a single random variable. It is interesting to note that knowing the public encryption key is of almost no help at all in finding the decryption key. Note that the product P of these common factors must be the gcd of x and y. To see this, note that P|x and P|y, and furthermore: Note that with data hiding, backward standard compliance is automatically achieved, since the hidden data is simply ignored by a decoder which is not designed to exploit it. Note that in many cases a fast algorithm exists to speed up the exhaustive search of all the possible shifted version of w. There is one thing that we must notice about this machine; it will also accept words in which some bbb can occur before the first aaa and then has another bbb later.

observation, , From these observations we consider the following concepts. Before continuing, we make a few observations about When we look back at the partial orders in parts (b), (c), and (d) of Example 7.38, the following observations come to light. . The crucial observation here is that This observation provides us with a procedure for determining voltage polarities in coupled circuits. This observation provides us with our fundamental notion of a practical algorithm. This observation provides the motivation for the construction of a grammar GT that is equivalent to G and contains only variables that derive terminal strings. This observation provides the motivation for the action to take when a collision is detected. This observation provides the basis for reasoning about derivable judgements by rule induction. This observation provides a basis for characterizing the number of extant or active sessions in this infinite-server system. This observation provides a scientific basis for a homeland security strategy: Given that we cannot afford to protect everything equally, our prevention strategy should focus on the hubs of scale-free networks, or the clusters in small-world networks. This observation provides a way to compute

This observation provides a simple but useful test for divergence. This observation provides a broader perspective on the phenomenon of Westernization in Africa. This observation provides a method to improve the approximation of binomial probabilities. This observation provides a partial answer to the second question as well. This last observation provides a constraint for the linear programming problem which needs to be solved to find the linear possibility regression. This observation provides the connection with one of the main examples which motivates this general development, namely the stable elements formula of Cartan and Eilenberg [16]. A stronger system would use more bits, and this observation provides the opportunity to discuss how the strength of a cyptographic system can be measured in bits

a one-size-fits-all attitude, method, plan etc is designed to please everyone or be suitable for every situation, often with the result that it is not successful; a one-size-fits-all approach to education a one-size-fits-all public education program Given the current state of the art in this area, we are convinced that no one-size-fits-all approach will succeed at all institutions.

round something off/out: to finish an activity or complete something in a good or suitable way; to make an experience more through or complete; finish; to do something as a way of ending an event, performance, etc in a suitable or satisfactory way

She rounded off the tour with a concert at Carnegie Hall. African percussion and Native American flute rounded out the show. You can round off the evening with a visit to the nightclub. She rounded off the meal with some cheese. It was a perfect way to round off the season. Prices are rounded off to the nearest dollar. , and additional advanced courses to round out the curriculum.

, But, just as importantly, a formal semantics is seen to be a valuable reasoning tool in its own right. While these distinction are easy to understand in their own right, it is important to recognize that In particular, since the n-th extension Sn of S is a source in its own right, we may apply the Noiseless Coding Theorem to Sn, to get

at the same time: The main requirements were to keep the changes required to a minimum and at the same time minimise the computational overhead at the users end. ; , PKC alleviates some of the problems of symmetric key systems, but at the same time creates some new ones of its own. At the same time, the project course experience is very likely to come toward the end of a students undergraduate program.

~ The expenses you claim can vary enormously, depending on travel distances involved. This additional work can and should vary based on institutional mission, the areas of concentration offered by a given institution, and individual student choice.

remain, , , , , . Much remains to be done to realize the promise of RBAC.

Where appropriate, we comment how the new extensions apply to these logics; further such examination remains to be done. Several points remain to be settled. There remained a few jobs still to be finished. A great many things remain to be done (= have not yet been done). Major questions remain to be answered about his work. There remained one significant problem. The wider problem remains.

it remains to be seen: it will only be known later; it is not yet certain; ,

It remains to be seen whether you are right. It remains to be seen who will win. It remains to be seen whether the operation was successful. It remains to be seen whether her parliamentary colleagues will agree. It remains possible that bad weather could tear more holes in the tankers hull. The question remains whether he was fully aware of the claims.

couch sth in/as sth: to express sth in a particular way; I dont understand this form its all couched in legal terminology. The offer was couched in legal jargon. The letter was deliberately couched in very vague terms. The new centre-right governments radical objectives are often couched in moderate terms. Couch your questions in terms of your audience might use, such as, How do we handle complex service issues?

, , better
better still (also even better): used to say that a particular choice would be more satisfactory; ,

Why dont you give her a call or, still better, go and see her? I started to hunt for a cheap restaurant or, better still, a snack shop. Better still, eliminate the subtitle altogether. Less is more. Come for a weekend or, better still, come for a whole week.

, , ,
do justice to sb/sth; do sb/sth justice: - treat or represent sb/sth good, beautifcul etc in a way that is as good as they deserve - treat sb/sth in a way that is fair and shows their true qualities

The photo doesnt do her justice. The postcard doesnt do justice to the wonderful scenery. No words can do justice to the experiece. They are after all very simple situations which hardly do justice to the complexities of real life.

articulate: to express your ideas or feelings clearly/coherently in words

Many people are unable to articulate the unhappiness they feel. I was feeling emotions that I found difficult to articulate. I found myself unable to articulate my feelings. Many people are opposed to the new law, but have had no opportunity to articulate their opposition. She struggled to articulate her thoughts. It is the schools duty to articulate its practices to parents. The president has been accused of failing to articulate an overall vision in foreign affairs. Each individual strategy articulated in section 7.6 seeks to accomplish much more that what we describe here.

be/fall prey/victim to sth , Police fear that more pensioners could fall prey to the thieves. Many small birds and rodents fall prey to the domestic cat. Street children in this part of the world often fall prey to drug dealers. They are prey to nameless fears. Breastfed babies are less likely to fall victim to stomach disorders.

Young men are more likely to fall victim to violence. Whats worse, they fall prey to the presentation-as-document syndrome. In 1948, Gandhi fell victim to a member of a Hindu gang. The company has fallen victim to increased competition.

serve the needs/interests of sb/sth: , / research projects that serve the needs of industry Everything you say and do in your presentation must serve the needs of your audience. The new plan serves our needs perfectly. Both serves the same purpose.

home in on sth: ,
1 to aim at sth and move straight towards it

The missile homed in on the target. a shark homing in on its victim I began to feel I was really homing in on the answer. The investigation homed in on the town of Carlton He homed in on the one weak link in the argument The report homed in on the weakness in the management structure.

2 to direct your thoughts/attention/efforts to sth/sb

light: ,
cast/shed/throw light on something: to provide new information that makes a difficult subject or problem easier to understand , ,

Melanie was able to shed some light on the situation. These discoveries may throw new light on the origins of the universe. As an economist, he was able to shed some light on the problem. Recent research has thrown new light on the causes of the diseases. A new approach offers an answer, and may shed light on an even bigger question. Its proof resembles quite closely that of Lemma 7.2, but first an example to shed some light on its proof

bring to light; be brought to light, come to light : to make new information to people; known become known

This evidence did not come to light until after the trial. The mistake was only brought to light some years later. Fresh evidence has recently come to light which suggests that he didnt in fact commit the murder. These facts have only just been brought to light. This process may bring to light interesting facts that might otherwise have remained hidden.

, occasion
on occasion(s): sometimes but not often; occasionally

On occasion prisoners were allowed visits from their families. He has, on occasion, made a small mistake. He has been known on occasion to lose his temper. He translated not only from the French but also, on occasion, from the Polish. As we have emphasized on several occasions in this report, , (), several times

, degree, extent Denial of service, unlike authentication, is a matter/question of degree. Thats really bad. Well, its all a matter/question of degree (= there are other things better and other things worse). The first change is a matter of degree, the second is a fundamental shift. There were some degree of truth in what she said. The number of terrorist attacks has increased to a terrifying degree. I have to warn you that there is a degree of (= some) danger involved in this. There isnt the slightest degree of doubt that hes innocent. , This job demands a high degree of skill.

To what degree can parents be held responsible for a childs behaviour? Most pop music is influenced, to a greater or lesser degree, by the blues. Generally, the programs of the president and the proposals of the governor appear to differ in degree and emphasis rather than ideology. However, there will be differences in the extent to which their honesty has to be trusted. Thus, every command must be checked individually to establish whether and to what extent it takes assume properties into account. ,

partly / to a degree / to some degree / to a certain degree/extent: ,

Some built-in functions are actually implemented, wholly or in part, outside of the kernel! The deadline for applications is being extended, in part because of the postal strike. His reluctance to help could, in part, be explained by his poor eyesight. Her success was due in part to luck. In part this attitude was due to fear of trade union and employee reactions. To some extent, the tension between the government and encryption systems is easing in this arena. To some extent, these shortcomings are addressed through datacom services available from GSM operators. To some degree I think thats right, but there are other factors which affect the situation. To a degree, it is possible to educate oneself. I agree with you to a certain degree. I met a number of sportsman who had achieved a measure of success (= some success).

to a considerable extent: , ( to a great/large extent)

To a considerable extent, the same is true for computer networking hardware. To a considerable extent, Aristotle's testimony lets one subtract Plato from his own dialogues and see the Socratic remainder. To a considerable extent his procedure is in accord with this declaration of intent. We see that the efficiency of an algorithm is to a considerable extent much more important than the technology used to execute it. Obviously, then, the classic view of enthusiasm has to a considerable extent been determined by the negative connotations attached to the word. all this was to a considerable extent borrowed from Buddhism) these movements were to a considerable extent instigated by Russia. This particularly applies to those which we can take to have been written in Plato's earlier years, but it is also true, to a considerable extent, of a notably powerful later dialogue, the Theaetetus. Effects due to general relativity other than those just described have been studied to a considerable extent, but it is hard at present to test theoretical results experimentally, and there are some doubts about the limit of its applicability. The committee discussed this specific issue to a considerable extent and found a middle ground between these two extremes -- that information technology is one important industry among others, and that the health and well-being of that industry are important to the nation. The 1988 versions of the X.400 series of recommendations support a variety of security services, based to a considerable extent on the use of digital signatures and public key cryptosystems; see, for example, [Mitchell89b].

futile: , All efforts to save the child proved futile (= ended without being successful).

My efforts to go back to sleep proved futile. Until attitudes at work are changed, attempts to improved performance are likely to prove futile. Experimenting with other output format wrappers proves to be futile; the way out of this dilemma is to define The goal is not to punish the rebels, but to convince them that it is futile to resist. It was futile to continue the negotiations. It would be futile to sustain his life when there is no chance of any improvement. Its quite futile trying to reason with him he just wont listen He brought his arm up in a futile attempt to ward off the blow.

trade-off, tradeoff Of course, result caching is a tradeoff of memory (sth bad) for time (sth good). For some car buyers, lack of space is an acceptable tradeoff for a sporty design. Inflation is often a trade-off for healthy economic growth. There is a trade-off between the benefits of the drug and the risk of side effects. There is a trade-off between doing the job accurately and doing it quickly. There has to be a trade-off between quality and quantity if we want to keep prices low. She said that shed had to make a trade-off between her job and her family.

to/for all intents and purposes: ; ; ; ;

in all the most important ways; used to say that a situation is not exactly as you describe it, but the effect is the same as if it were; in the effects that sth has, if not in reality; almost completely;

Using the old definition of fib, this computation would, for all intents and purposes, never finish. The war was, to all intents and purposes, over. For all intents and purposes, the project is completed. The two items are, to all intents and purposes, identical. To all intents and purposes he was my father.

a fly in the ointment: the only thing that spoils something and prevents it from being successful; , , Im looking forward to Sunday, the only fly in the ointment being the fact that I shall have to sit next to my mother-in-law. The only fly in the ointment was Jacky. Another possible fly in the ointment arises in the case of missing options options are, after all, optional!

posit: suggest or assume sth as the basis for an argument or calculation; postulate; If we posit that wage rises cause inflation, it follows that we should try to minimize them. He posited that each planet moved in a perfect circle. Most religions posit the existence of life after death. Several writers posited the idea of a universal consciousness. Callahan goes further, positing that chemical elements radiate electromagnetic signals. Who was the first scientist to posit that the Earth revolves around the Sun?

Contend with: to have to deal with a difficult or unpleasant situation; , Nurses often have to contend with violent or drunken patients. The rescue team also had bad weather conditions to contend with. At the age of nine, he had the death of both parents to contend with. We dont need a computer failure to contend with as well as all our other problems. However, even if we can assume our protocols to be running in isolation we must still contend with the applications that make use of the authenticated keys that were established using the protocol in question

Doubts were cast on the veracity of her alibi after three people claimed to have seen her at the scene of the robbery. (= truthfulness) Has anyone checked the veracity of these allegations? Some people questioned the veracity of her story. They questioned the veracity of our claims. We have total confidence in the veracity of our research. He was shocked to find his veracity questioned. A report of doubtful veracity

early on: at an early stage/point of a situation, relationship, period of time, etc.; , , , I knew quite early on that I wanted to marry her. Early on, he found that being honest and being funny were almost the same thing. The wheel was discovered very early on in human history. Mr. Wood decided pretty early on that he was not right for the job.

Her hearing was found to be slightly defective. There are several ways in which defective user input could be handled. One way is to check

/ , fall on hard times: if you have fallen on hard times, you have lost all your money and are starting to have a difficult life. In the 1960s, IBMs competitors, the so-called Seven Dwarfs GE, RCA, Univac, Honeywell, Burroughs, Control Data, and NCRfell on hard times. The scheme is designed to help children whose parents have fallen on hard times.

be/become mired (down) in something: to be involved in a difficult situation, especially for a long period of time

The peace talks are mired in bureaucracy. The country was mired in recession. His reasons for leaving are mired in confusion. A government mired in scandal and controversy We have kept the discussion informal to avoid becoming mired in the technical details of formal logic.

at risk (from/of something): in a situation in which something unpleasant or dangerous could happen to you (, risk) As with all diseases, certain groups will be more at risk than others. Reporters going to war zones do so at greater risk to themselves. Some plants are more at risk of frost than others. Low-lying farmland may be at risk from flooding this weekend. The officers said innocent peoples lives had been put at risk. These measures will put many small businesses at risk.

The deployment of xDSL technology was not a smooth one in the beginning due to its severe limitations on distance. Assumptions which appear intuitively necessary at the outset, but are not found to be required anywhere in the formal proofs, should be carefully reexamined. In earlier times, an organization would use a single subnet mask through an entire network. At first (= in the beginning before something changes) he wouldnt even talk about it. At first it is hard to see how this procedure can be used to calculate anything, but our discussion of the lambda calculus should help explain how this works. , At first, he seemed surprised by my questions. I had some difficulty at first recalling why we were there.

, , ; see So, with this single example, we see that a is not a

homomorphism. ~ , ~ , . We see here that the first permutation is 123 and that we obtain ~ . , , . The global scope resolution operator also does its stuff within the inner block, as you can see from the output generated by the statement we have added there. , , , As we can see by the result of Inverses, R is not a field. ~ , As one sees from this example, Switch[ ] returns the entire Switch expression unevaluated if the expression fails to match any of the forms, so it is a good idea to include a final pair whose form is _, with some neutral value, e.g., Null. , , , As you may have observed by now, the characteristic polynomial

The solution to the problem proved to be easier than first anticipated. Contrary to [far from] our expectations, we could not raise the necessary funds.

New and promising technologies are introduced at a dizzying pace. This field, moreover, continues to evolve at an astonishing pace. New technologies are introduced continually, and existing ones becomes obsolete almost as soon as they appear.

by / in leaps and bounds (= very quickly/rapidly; in large amounts): ,

Her Spanish has come on (= improved) in leaps and bounds this year. Julies reading is improving in leaps and bounds. Lifeboat technology has advanced by leaps and bounds. The total number of species on the planet appears to be growing by leaps and bounds.

, ~ It presupposes that the Supplicant can reliably determine Giving special attention to the weaker students presupposes that the others are willing to work without much support. Teachers sometimes presuppose (= to presume; to take for granted in advance; to assume beforehand) a fairly high level of knowledge by the students. His argument presupposes (= to require as a condition) that it does not matter who is in power.

The problems were compounded by severe food shortages. Her terror was compounded by the feeling that she was being watched. His financial problems were compounded when he unexpectedly lost his job. To compound matters, Severe drought has further compounded the food shortages in the region. Further financial reverses compounded his despair.

keep/stay/steer clear (of):

to try to avoid sb or sth unpleasant or difficult; to avoid a person or thing because it may cause problems

Pauls in a bad mood, so Id steer well clear if I were you. Make sure you steer clear of (= control the direction taken so that you do not hit) the rocks. (figurative) They warned their children to steer clear of (= keep away from) drugs. (figurative) Her speech steered clear of (= avoided) controversial issues. Steer clear of the centre of town at this time of the evening. We will steer clear of any discussion of the mathematics behind cryptography and instead concentrate on its uses. I would steer clear of the fish stew; its not very good!

in place: working or ready to work All the arrangements are now in place for their visit. How long has the import ban been in place? All the arrangements are now in place for their visit. * How long has the import ban been in place? Once this service agreement is in place, the user can connect to the Internet via her SP.

, Implementing a customerinstalled VPN solution provides security all the way from the M-ES to the F-ES. Prices vary all the way from $5 to $50.

Modify the AspectRatio of the above plot by making the height two times the width. For several years Internet traffic has been increasing by 8 times every year. ~ A multiply is slower than a shiftleft by at least a factor of 3. IPv6 addresses are four times as big (16 bytes versus 4 bytes) as IPv4 addresses.

order of magnitude: 10 , 100 , 10n . the difference in size, usually expressed in powers of 10, between two quantities. If a quantity were 10 times greater than another, it would be an order of magnitude greater; if 100 times greater, it would be two orders of magnitude greater.

The mass of the Earth is an order of magnitude greater than that of Mars. The masses of Earth and the sun differ by five orders of magnitude. Capacity of links in ISP networks are typically a few orders of magnitudes higher than those in enterprise networks. Earth's mass is of the order of magnitude of 1022 tons; that of the sun is 1027 tons.

, , The police are stepping up their efforts to fight crime. (step up sth or step sth up: to increase the amount of an activity or the speed of a process in order to improve a situation) Following the bomb explosion, security has been stepped up at the airport. Stepped-up security at airports Step up the number of iterations to 20. The health department is stepping up efforts to reduce teenage smoking. He has stepped up his training to prepare for the race. The teaching unions are stepping up industrial action in support of their pay claim. Security is stepped up to deal with the increase in violence. There are reports of steppedup fighting in El Salvador. The president has stepped up the pressure on the groups to come to an agreement. Incidents of armed robbery have increased over the last few years. Crime is on the increase. this is a problem that is fast on the increase. Efficiency and productivity are increasing. The population continues to increase. We are experiencing an increasing number of problems. The cost of the project has increased dramatically/greatly/substan tially since it began. Mobile networks carry more traffic than ever before ( ), with data traffic increasing at a rapid rate. Increased/increasing efforts are being made to end the dispute. According to Meridien Research, identity theft is growing at an alarming rate. With the growth of the Internet and digital data transmission, many applications need to securely transmit data to remote applications and computers. SSL was designed to solve this problem in an open standard. ~ , , , ,

With the rapidly growing number of service providers, most of which are new on the market and, thus, unknown to the users, this assumption is not justified anymore. While technologies are evolving to tackle unintentional disruptions of data networks, intentional disruptions caused by attackers are on the rise.

gain (in) sth: to gradually get more of a particular quality (OPP: lose)

to gain in confidence His books gained in popularity in recent years. This area is gaining in importance because of several reasons, one of them being the advances in With the emerging need for ubiquitous access to information, web access from mobile clients is gaining increasing importance.

, , , interest Therefore, it is in your (best/own) interest(s) to make your public key as available as possible. Its in his interest to keep in touch with a business contact. Im only acting in your best interest (= doing what is best for you). The president doesnt believe the plan is in the best interests of the company. In the interest(s) of (= in order to achieve) safety, smoking is forbidden. a call for all businessmen to work together in the interests of national stability. in the interests of accuracy in the interest of time , In the interest of promoting peace among the warring factions, the CC2001 task force has chosen not to recommend any single approach.

, , , short of
If something falls short of expectations or hopes, it fails to reach a desired amount or standard and is disappointing.

They aspired to be gentlemen, though they fell far short of the ideal. The hotel fell far short of their expectations. August car sales fell short of the industrys expectations. This essay falls considerably short of your usual standard. So what happens if the Socialists top the poll but fall short of an absolute majority? While this definitional approach is intuitively appealing the actual KE security definition of [2] comes short of the expectations.

, , stop, keep, prevent

stop/keep/prevent somebody (from) ing: from !

You cant stop me (from) doing what I want. A broken leg wont stop me from going. How do you stop a tap dripping. Did any of them try to stop you coming? Theyve put barriers up to stop people (from) getting through. Some people smoke because they think it stops them (from) putting on weight. The only thing that stops me (from) travelling more is money. In order to keep computer A from responding to any of Bs transmissions These worries kept her from sleeping properly. The troops fire to keep the situation from escalating. Embarrassment has kept me from doing all sorts of things. He kept her from being lonely. What can you do to keep it from happening again? The police have been trying to prevent them carrying weapons. He is prevented by law from holing a license. Nothing would prevent him from speaking out against injustice. Nothing would prevent him/his speaking out against injustice. Nothing in C, however, prevents any ASCII character, other than the null delimiter,

from being used in a string. There is nothing to prevent anyone changing the data stored on the magnetic stripe. Are you trying to prevent me speaking?

just about,
(informal) 1. almost; very nearly 2. approximately;

This job is just about done. Ive met just about everyone. Did you reach your sales target? Just about. I received a message from Dr Kim. He told me to ask you if ISRC can give Korea Telecom some cut-down in the Project Budget. They are having many difficulties from the IMF situation. Actually, they have cut down on () the research budgets for the most of the KT projects being executed in the universities in Korea. You know, the budget for Prof. Moon's project was 60 million Won, but now, it's just about 20 million won. (, ; almost, very nearly)

, ,
the foregoing (something): = something that has just been mentioned, read, dealt with, described etc.; = the above; = to refer to what has just been stated or mentioned; = preceding;

the foregoing analysis/discussion/example The foregoing paragraphs were written in 1985. The foregoing account was written fifty years after the incident. The foregoing examples illustrate this point. the foregoing is a description of the proposed plan. You might think from the foregoing that the French want to phase accents out. Not at all. In the foregoing we have seen how people differ in their approach to problems. The foregoing helps to explain these results. I can testify to the foregoing since I was actually present when it happened. From the foregoing, it may be seen that things could not be other than they are, and Earlier, we discussed the intuitive meaning of the region of convergence (or region of existence) of the Laplace transform F(s). There are many perspectives from which to view the SM function. Earlier, we presented a threephase action cycle. Earlier, we noted that our work on Isis was adopted by the Navy for use in its AEGIS architecture. Earlier, we detailed a scenario for looking up the address of CNN.com while ignoring the implications of caching. Earlier we explained that when A wanted to send an IP packet, it would broadcast an ARP request and wait for an ARP reply. If A did this every time it needed to send IP traffic, why not just broadcast the data packet and forego the ARP mechanism? Earlier, we outlined potential functionalities for a number of devices. Earlier we talked about how easy it is to install and set up. Now were talking about its complexity. Can you clarify what you mean?

earlier

, Does the OS for a firewall make a difference? As far as security is concerned, its becoming less of an issue. . . This becomes more of an issue as m-commerce and banking applications use the GPRS network.

each Each network card connects to the computer through a different port, isolating it from the other. A computer dating service wants match each of four women with one of six men. At the end of a correct run of the protocol, each principal should be in possession of the secret key Kab newly generated by the

server S and believe that the other has the key. That is what the protocol is intended to achieve. , another Both entities need to authenticate one another. For public-key cryptosystems, the public key and the private key in a key pair are inverses of one another. VirusNet members kept in touch with one another by telephone and through network gateways the worm did not shut down.

, , bring, rise, cause This brought up the question of the exact function of the server which until that time had not been questioned. (bring up; brings up) This brings up an interesting idea: users can modify their clients cookies, and the server has no way of detecting this. One suggestion is for the server to set The arrival of commercial Webbased datasets has brought new problems. Thus, it is not surprising that analysis of one should occasionally help bring to light some features of the other. , , A would-be attacker may attempt to infiltrate a well known site with the hope that a successful attack will bring with it some level of notoriety. , Services that can give rise to re-authentication include Web, Mail (IMAP/POP etc), and PC-toUnix telnet and X connections. Only bs cause a change of state. Obviously, in this case, it is not worth the expense of obtaining satellite reports, because it is so unlikely that they will cause a change of plan. In summary, we can say that information has value to the extent that it is likely to cause a change of plan, and to the extent that the new plan will be significantly better than the old plan. In cases such as the conversions between integral and real numeric types casts will cause a change of representation to occur. Note that this may also cause a change of the returned list, which may now have polynomials over Intuitively, a PDA scans the input tape symbol by symbol from left to right, making moves that cause a change of state, an update to the stack (but only at the top), and either advancing the reading head to the next symbol, or not moving the reading head during an -move. The events that cause a change of state are called transactions in database terms. Any modification to it will cause a change of the hash value. Event is an action targeted toward an object or system with the intention to cause a change of state (status) of the target. Evidence is made up of the available facts which support a belief or proposition. Note that an internal transition does not cause a change of state and so never invokes entry or exit actions. In marginal situations this might cause a change of the optimum subset. However, by iterating the process as required, the ADP security planner will finally reach the point where he can recommend a given group of remedial measures with considerable confidence.

cause a change of: ,

~ (, , , ) // Following the variable definitions, the value of count1 is output to produce the first of the lines shown above. ~ In the remainder of this section we assume that our codes are binary n-tuples for some fixed n, and that n can be chosen to be consistent with the constraints of a computer design. ~ / , ~ , ~ Pursuant to (= in accordance with / following) the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation,

including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. ~ (, , , ) The keys can be changed as frequently as desired in line with key-management policies.

in accordance with a rule/law/wish/etc: = according to a rule, system or the way that somebody says that something should be done; = following or obeying

Three different levels of difficulty of problems were used, and the results were in accordance with the Yerkes-Dodson law. Article 47 may only be used in accordance with international law. Use this product only in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. in accordance with legal requirements In accordance with her wishes, she was buried in France. We acted in accordance with my parents wishes.

, ; The use of a format other than a smart card would mean that a UIM could not serve as a multifunctional card and would thereby lose many market opportunities. This has the effect of reducing the value of individual payments, thereby reducing both the likelihood of fraud and the loss incurred due to fraud.

, , ~ ,
end up ing, end up with, result in

After we had finished the calculation, the variable x ended up having the value 4. Intruder ends up knowing the key. It is entirely conceivable that if we eliminated the states in a different order, we could end up with a different-looking regular expression. Several works attempt to support low-value payments, by avoiding the use of public-key cryptographic operations. The assumption is that these operations, which are computationally intensive, result in significant cost and delay.

come down to (= to be able to be explained by a single important point) if a problem, decision, or question comes down to a particular thing, that thing is the most important factor involved.

reduce something to

Eventually our choice of hotel will come down to (= be decided by ) how much we can afford. It all comes down to money in the end. What it all comes down to is your incredible insecurity. What it comes down to is, either I get more money or I leave. What we come down to is a picture that looks like this:

We can reduce the problem to two main issues. (= to change sth to a more general or more simple form; to make sth simpler especially by extracting or summarizing essential elements) This reduces the problem to showing that An important consequence of this is that subsequent changes to x or y will change how z evaluates. , ,
result

Note that only cryptographically protected messages, i.e. steps M 2 and M 3 , will contribute directly to the logical beliefs that result. As a result, there is less of a chance that the user will forget the ID, commit mistakes, and require access to the system administrator. / it is only executed as a result of the if condition being TRUE. What results is an FA with one start state and some or no blue states. This is the result we seek. Taking the analogy one step further, banknotes have special features added to them such as water marks. Carrying this argument one step further, suppose that a group G is generated by g, and that the relation g4 = e holds.

It may turn out to be useful to pursue this matter further and see if our framework can be adapted to take into account countermeasures such as these. This principle may seem to have nothing in common with what we have been doing so far, but it will prove to be helpful nonetheless. ,

, Usually, no such problem comes up when you use In the normal course of events (= the way things normally happen) such problems do not arise.

rub: a particular problem or difficulty that makes a situation difficult or impossible

You cant get a job unless you have experience, but theres the rub, you cant get experience unless you have a job. Thats where the rub comes. Theres/heres the rub. This is the rub. Thats the rub: too little time. The rub is

different, , , However, you should try to get in the habit of using arguments whose names are different than the names of the parameters, for the reason explained above. most ISPs will not treat these datagrams any different than unmarked datagrams Note that the group Z is different in one important respect: . Vectors of different sizes are never equal. Vectors of the same size can be added componentwise. / An attack in [3] shows how an intruder can get A to accept a key different from the one used by B. ~ / The requirements imposed by such government-driven key recovery systems are different from the features sought by encryption users, and ultimately impose substantial new risks and costs.

/ , It should come as no surprise that these arguments are exactly the same as the ones for using #define declarations in C or const declarations in C++. But, considering that so many of PPTPs features are tied to Windows NT and that Microsoft has tremendous influence in the PC world, it shouldnt come as a surprise that many of the initial products for PPTP have followed Microsofts feature set. It will come as a surprise to programmers who are used to other programming languages that you cannot modify a parameter of a function inside the body of the function. These results were derived earlier for the Fourier spectrum of a periodic signal [Eq. (3.77)] and should come as no surprise. What is not obvious, however, and indeed often comes as a shock to the protocol designer or user, is that a protocol can be completely subverted without impeaching, or even eroding, the security of the underlying cryptoalgorithm.

~ Each character in the alphabet, along with (= together with) the number of times it appears in the message, is placed in a pool. Dunne was murdered along with three RUC men near Armagh. This header has the following format: Content-Type: type/subtype ; parameters where the parameters (along with the semi-colon) is optional. In combination with the broadcast nature of the system, this opens the possibility for unauthorized access and eavesdropping. The system is designed to be used in conjunction with a word processing program. We will see how to use it in conjunction with other tools.

 , , ~ All that remains to do is to apply PowerExpand to this result. . It merely remains to iron out (= remove problems or find solutions) the details of the plan. The conflict remains unsettled. Major questions remain to be answered about his work.

, , way, I find it easier to work (in) this way (= like this). , Sorry, I didnt know you felt that way (= had that feeling or opinion) The drug didnt seem to affect Anna in the same way. Many industries have been forced to cut jobs and it looks like the electronics industry is going the same way The changes will benefit the company in more ways than one (= in a number of ways). Key recovery encryption systems work in a variety of ways. The model of computation and semantics herein is motivated by Abadi and Tuttles but differs from it in fundamental ways. ; , One of the ways to do this is called a public verifiable board, which means there is The proxy client, however, can be implemented in several ways, as described later. We now discuss various ways to realize The proposed scheme can almost certainly be modified in many ways. When , then we may find ourselves examining it further in the following ways. Looking at it another way, if the data are not variable in length, then we dont need the string data structure to store them. , Continuing (on) (in) this way, You can therefore call ListPlot in either of the following ways: ListPlot[{y1, y2, y3, }]; ListPlot[{{x1, y1}, {x2, y2}, {x3, y3}, }] It can do this in either of two ways. The direct sequence method Frequency hopping, true to its name, Either way, an interceptor must constantly change frequencies to keep up with the transmission, almost impossible unless you know the frequency changing code. The compliment of any simple closed curve C can be partitioned into two mutually exclusive domains I and E in such a way that I is bounded, E is unbounded, and C is the boundary for both I and E. The goal is to configure the router in such a way as to forward all of the packets generated by Good Guys but reject all packets generated by Bad Guys.

(either = one of the other of two)

, follow, , , I have prepared a new plan, as follows. (NOT as it follows) The only means of attack on Diffie-Hellman of relevance here would appear to be the Burmester attack, which we now discuss. The basic idea of the Burmester attack (in the context of the scheme presented here) is as follows. In the chapters to follow, we shall assume that you have copied a complete set of book files to your hard disk in the directory c:\Maple\Book\, using exactly the same directory structure. You can therefore call ListPlot in either of the following ways: ListPlot[{y1, y2, y3, }]; ListPlot[{{x1, y1}, {x2, y2}, {x3, y3}, }] For example, we can reduce in the following fashion: The computer and user authentication behavior for a Windows XP wireless client is the following: The central notion of this section is the following: a group can be specified completely by

specifying relations on a set of generators of this group. The final list of attributes to be assessed in the questionnaire includes these three skills as well as the eight distinct course objectives identified by the team. It reads as follows: 1. 2. We might design a machine like the one below:

as opposed to: ~ , [opposed] Keys are 80 bits in length, as opposed to DESs 56 bits. Be careful to note the spelling of gray as opposed to grey. Key freshness: A key is fresh if it can be guaranteed to be new, as opposed to an old key being reused through actions of either an adversary or authorized party. As opposed to the methods using hardware or software tamperproofing to achieve this, here the constraint is that the third party T will be unable to help in the decryption without it.

, , , , From this starting point, Business takes the view that it is necessary to develop key management solutions that accommodate both its own and Administrations key recovery requirements. There is a prevailing/widespread view that the convicted man are innocent. Some people hold/take the view that children should not be smacked. She holds strong views about how children should be taught. These measures have been taken with a view to (=with the aim of) increasing the companys profits. Many authors on Web security have espoused (= supported) the point of view that Web servers should be started on nonstandard ports to reduce the risk of damage in case of a server compromise. From a protocol point of view, pay-now and pay-later systems belong to the same class. Lets turn the whole idea around and look at it from another angle. Looking at it another way, if the data are not variable in length, then we dont need the string data structure to store them. From a performance standpoint, we identified the causes of packet delay and packet loss in the Internet. Let's look at this from the standpoint of the voters. This chapter adopts the stance that the server can and must be protected against malicious attacks. Third, by serving as a common semantics, it allows us to view the extensions from a single perspective. If we view wireless technology in this context, the approach shifts from trying to encrypt the radio transmissions to creating secure end-to-end connections between stations.

, , , , matter No matter how we restore the brackets, the resulting formula is determined uniquely up to equivalence. , I make a conjecture that my pattern is genuine, that is, that it will continue no matter how far the table is extended. They dont last long no matter how careful you are. Call me when you get there, no matter what the time is He visited her every day no matter the weather. No matter what your age, you can lose weight by following this program. Regardless of whether an EAP packet is encapsulated or not, it is the Accept or Reject indication that signals to the Authenticator whether the Controlled Port is authorized or unauthorized. To put it simply, my attitude was that if the Ian Botham story was going to go anywhere, my cricket had to come first no matter what the cost. And since they've both succeeded in fields where there

are millions of hopefuls, any success, no matter how huge, is handled quite nervously, as if it could turn out to be a flash in the pan. Environmental issues are not simply scientific but involve a whole gamut of disciplines, perspectives and passions that will not go away no matter how conclusive the science. And since they've both succeeded in fields where there are millions of hopefuls, any success, no matter how huge, is handled quite nervously, as if it could turn out to be a flash in the pan. That way, no matter how simple the cooking, you know it's always going to taste nice.

, , , , , As to efficiency, local variables serve to hold values of computations that may be required at several points in some procedure, so that they only have to be calculated once. ~ , Rumors abound as to the reasons for his resignation. Though wireless LANs use many of the same fundamental principles that wired LANs do, wireless LANs need a lot more attention when it comes to their deployment. ~ , ~ This is not to say that everyone in business feels equally at home when it comes to interpreting numbers ~ , ~ The subject has obvious connections with engineering practice, and, as in many sciences, it also has purely philosophical aspects. Although the theory of symmetric functions and its connections with combinatorics is in my opinion one of the most beautiful topics in all of mathematics, it is a difficult subject for beginners to learn. Some good references for noncommutative series in general and their connections with languages and automata are [16] [43] [55] [61] [62] [63] [68]. Much of the importance of Schur functions arises from their connections with such branches of mathematics as representation theory and algebraic geometry. This field has various applications (timetabling and scheduling problems, planning of experiments, multi-user source coding .... ) and offers rich connections with other combinatorial areas: probabilistic methods, Extremal Set Theory, Ramsey Theory, Discrepancy Theory, etc. For details and connections with the Erdos-Stone density theorem and Turfin's Problem, the reader is referred to chapters 23 and 24. The subject has been revitalized by connections with coding theory, to be discussed in section 5. New concepts of completion appeared, and some surprising connections with categoricity were established (SARACINO [1973]). Since the days of Post, degree theory has turned out to have a number of connections with other parts of mathematical logic. A fair number of papers dealing with a-recursion theory only peripherally or with its connections with other subjects have also been listed but not summarized. For the more intimate connections with admissible ordinals see CENZER [1974]. Before we proceed to develop further the theory of functional induction, we will consider in this and the next section some interesting examples and we will establish connections with some classical aspects of recursion theory. The matrix-vector product is a very natural computation. We have motivated it by its connections with systems of equations, but here is a another example. However, the definition (Definition MM [210]) is frequently the most useful for its connections with deeper

connections with: ,

ideas like the null space and the upcoming column space. It will have some natural connections with the null space of a matrix, so we will keep the same notation, and if you think about your objects, then there should be little confusion. The proof of this very substantial theorem exploits some beautiful connections with admissible set theory (Sacks [1971]). This theory is called E-recursion theory; it has close connections with Godels notion of constructibility. For expository convenience we will break slightly with chronological order, describing first the work of Scott, Ershov and others on purely mathematical characterizations of these type structures, and then returning in Section 4.2.4 to consider the connections with languages such as PCF, starting again with 54 JOHN R. LONGLEY the work of Scott in 1969. There are many works in the area of relevance logic (see [1, 11] and the collection of papers in [17]) which seem, at first glance, to have connections with our work. Here it may be worth mentioning the potential connections with H. Kamp's Discourse Representation Theory 83] and with K. Fine's [40] account of Reasoning with Arbitrary Objects. This problem has intimate connections with fields such as integral geometry. Applications in experimental and theoretical computer science have emerged, along with connections with the theory of cryptographic communication. Mullen [150] discusses a number of remarkable connections with various combinatorial objects see also [2]

In respect of / With respect to / As respects = in connection with / as regards / with regard to / in regard to / as regards / concerning / with reference to / in reference to (used esp. to introduce a new subject or one that has been earlier)

I am writing to you with respect/regard to your letter of 15 June. I have nothing more to say in respect of this. In respect of roads and buildings, the town was much improved. with respect to your problem ~ . With respect to these letters, I think the best thing is to burn them. With respect to your other proposals, I am not yet able to tell you our decision. An implicit assumption in the evaluation process is that the system is designed so that the set of all expression is partially ordered with respect to evaluation, or equivalently, that there are no cyclic dependencies in the evaluation process. It is all too easy to construct an example for which this assumption is violated matters that respects our trade // He will be paid $100 in respect of (= in payment for) the work he has done. The main points to emerge from work package 1 in these respects are as follows. regarding / as regards / with respect to / in regard to = on the subject of/in connection with/concerning/about/relating to Regarding your recent inquiry . The company is being questioned regarding its employment policy. As regards money, I have enough. He was in a thoroughly sound condition as regards intellect. With regard to your recent application, I am afraid we are unable to offer you the job. He wants to speak to you in regard to your financial situation. Single Sign-On is one of the most talked about topics relating to access controls in the distributed environment. It also has a range of other options relating to the way a workspace is handled.

regard = connection or relation

The company is owned by its staff, and in that/this regard it is rather unusual. The union is the largest in the country and in this/that regard is best placed to serve its members. The important players in this regard are the exponential and polar forms of a complex number.

pertain: if one thing pertains to another, it relates, belongs, or applies to it

the laws pertaining to (= to be connected with) adoption Those laws no longer pertain. The restrictions he imposed pertained to the type and height of buildings and the activities for which they could be used. matters pertaining to naval district defense the destruction and havoc pertaining to war (= to belong as an attribute, feature, or function) responsibilities that pertain to fatherhood (=to belong as a duty or right) the criteria will be different from those that pertain elsewhere (= to be appropriate to something) books pertaining to birds (= to have reference) Any inquiries pertaining to the granting of planning permission should be addressed to the country planning department. (= to have a connection with; concern) Faced with a choice of protocols claiming to be provably secure, we discussed above some issues involved in comparing them. has a bearing on: if something has a bearing on a situation or event, it is relevant to it. Experts generally agree that diet has an important bearing on your general health. My fathers achievements really dont have any bearing on what I do. The frequency of CRL has a direct bearing on the level of confidence the user of a certificate can place in it. Recent events had no bearing on our decision. Her comments didnt have much bearing on the subject.

involved in

surround/surrounding (to be closely connected with a situation or an event)

associated

Uncertainty surrounds the future of the industry. The book was surrounded by controversy publicity surrounding the divorce some of the basic issues surrounding network security This denotes the key value associated with key symbol K. This allows, for example, to use to denote the value of the implied private key, in the absence of an explicit name (e.g. K) for the associated public key. ~ ///; ~ There are a lot of complex details associated with this, and its not a perfect solution, but its enough to enable a site to keep receiving valid connections, even when under attack.

attendant: , existing along with sth or happening as a result of it ; resulting (from) ; closely connected with sth that has just been mentioned

Each of these technologies has its niche, as well as its attendant strengths and weaknesses. Behaviour problems and their frequently attendant learning difficulties cannot be resolved in the ordinary classroom. There are too many risks attendant on (= resulting from) such a large investment of money. attendant problems / risks / circumstances We had all the usual problems attendant upon starting a new business. She wanted to avoid the awards ceremony and all its attendant publicity. Mr Bransons victory, and all the attendant publicity, were well deserved. the risks attendant on the exploration of the unknown.

Cost can be measured by the communication bandwidth required and by the computational overheads incurred. to choose the correct technology and the tool that comes with it

extraneous: , , , , , not essential

a matter extraneous to the subject We shall ignore factors extraneous to the problem. Such details are extraneous to the matter in hand. When this happens, you discard extraneous information as you concentrate on the particular property of interest. an issue extraneous to the debate extraneous question

line A somewhat complicated line of reasoning led me to this conclusion. Using the same line of reasoning as before, we can readily show that G contains no more than four elements g, g2, g3, and e. My sister works in publishing and I'm hoping to do something along the same lines (= something similar). , , Japan, the leader in Asia, is working along the same lines as Europe, and cooperating with the European activities. The whole proposal is very much along the same lines as pay and display parking They are campaigning for the electoral system to be reformed along the lines of (= so that it becomes similar to) the one in Germany. Do you think this approach to the problem is on the right lines (= a suitable method and likely to be successful)? Can you give me a line on the professor who's visiting us tomorrow? I've been trying to get a line on this guy they've nominated for president, I can't find out anything about him. What sort of line (=method of arguing) do you think we should take in the pay negotiations? His line of argument was impossible to follow.

, , , The reader should bear this in mind a handset which was not designed with security in mind. Mobile IP was explicitly designed with extensibility in mind. For now, keep in mind that SetDelayed is almost always the right choice for defining a function, and that The only point to keep in mind here is that the system imposes no bound on the number of digits (though the hardware does). Bear in mind that

aside from (US), apart from (UK):

i) except for; not considering; ~ , ~ , ~ , ~

Aside from its use as a separator between elements in a statement that might otherwise be confused, white space is ignored by the complier (except, of course, in a string of characters between quotes). Aside from his salary, he receives his pension every month. We didnt see anyone all day, except from a couple of kids on the beach. No one aside from A and B knows or could deduce K. ~ , , , Money continues to be a problem but aside from that were all well. I hardly watch any television, aside from news and current affairs. Apart from the salary (= Salary apart), its not a bad job. Apart from you and me (= You and me apart), I dont think there was anyone there under thirty. Ive finished apart from the last question.

Apart from its ending, its a really good film. No other parties know or can deduce K. ~ ~ The key must not be allowed to become known to any users apart from those participating in the protocol or trusted servers. It is simple to see that the use of a secret key means that no one apart from A is able to compute the correct response to Bs challenge. Aside from privacy concerns that already exist in credit card transactions, the primary disadvantage of stored-account transactions is that online verification is necessary. Apart from his earnings as a football coach, he also owns and runs a chain of sport shops. Quite apart from the cost, we need to think about how much time the job will take. Apart from their house in London, they also have a villa in Spain. It was a difficult time. Apart from everything else, we had financial problems. Apart from anything else, youre my brother.

ii) in addition to; as well as; ~ , ~ , ~

, , , Everyone wishes the war would come to an end (=finish) soon. The vacation came to a close. The vacation is over (= has ended). The examinations will soon be over. When will you be through with your work. On completion of the guest authentication process the server provides VLAN information to the AP.

/ ~ When , then we may find ourselves examining it further in the following ways. Although it is quite straightforward to create images using MMAs built-in functions, we frequently find ourselves having to create a graphic image for which no MMA function exists.

, In this particular example, we will have no need for the remaining two-dimensional graphics primitives, Rectangle, Polygon, Disk, or Raster (see Table 10.1 at the end of this section for a complete listing). Conditions (/;) are handy because they obviate the need to write a separate test function, e.g., the function Chain rule seems to eliminate the need for the power rule, so we might try to UnSet the latter. Thankfully, the user does not need to worry about these details. ; , ( does not need to = needs not ) Documents could cross international boundaries with ease, without the need for onerous password systems. The need for these facilities in respect of data communications is viewed, in the main, as an Administration-imposed requirement. ; , The need for this will become more apparent when we come to deal with functions. , Theres a growing need for cheap housing in the larger cities.

be in need of sth: to need help, advice, money etc, because you are in a difficult situation

The project is in urgent need of funding. . He is homeless and in desperate need of help. The church was in dire need of repair. Are you in need of help?

be incumbent on/upon somebody: necessary for someone; necessary as part of somebodys duty or responsibility; ( )

She felt it incumbent upon/on her to raise the subject at their meeting. It is incumbent upon parents to control what their children watch on TV. It was incumbent on them to attend.

It is incumbent upon all of us as loyal citizens to make an extra effort. It is therefore incumbent on the task force to provide guidance as to how to make that structure work. This performs as many iterations as are necessary to find the fixed point of Function[x, (x+r/x)/2] and returns the last result. ~ This feature allows overall performance to be as high as the hardware will allow, with as little memory and CPU requirements as possible. You can place as many primitives as you like within the scope of each directive.

, , , as as

, , , , interest The coefficients are really what are of interest. It is of interest to note that An interesting point to note is that, unlike a conventional analog modem, a subscriber can still use the phone while the xDSL modem is in use. This is because Several has been proposed for this applications, the one of interest having been proposed in 1989 by Within the past few months it has become obvious that there is a great deal of interest and financial stake involved in the deployment of protocols for Theres a growing interest in using the IEEE 802.11 networking protocol as an enterprise-deployable technology. Interesting enough, this notion of relying on lower layer services is prevalent in many other forms of communication. If all we care about is whether orders match up, we are done and we might call these two groups the same. There might be other issues to consider, however. , , , ; , , , If all we cared about was the computation, then it would be unfortunate to give a value to x which might interfere with later computations. , , When we use a road map, we are often concerned with seeing how to get from one town to another by means of the roads indicated on the map. , Also, our major concern in dealing with any algorithm is how the algorithm performs for large values of n. ~ In a large organization, security operations are a significant task. One of the concerns is the possible compromise of the organizations resources due to the dispersal of security measures through the system, resulting in a fragmented approach. Do not concern yourself with the Mathematica details. ~ , , The specifics of these standards do not concern us here. You only need concern yourself with a couple of these at this time, but it would be useful to explore the range of option available to you. , , However, when it concerns any VASP, users may not have confidence that long term keys are sufficiently secure. However, when security is a concern, the NIU must be trusted. We should be quite concerned about the vulnerability of the center to such hazards as equipment breakdown or enemy attack. , , This is what we mean by saying that Eval commutes with List. Actually, another concern is raised here because Should we be concerned about denial-of-service attack? These days, many programmers seem to feel the same way. Instead of trying, most

concern

programmers simply dont bother.

As far as something is concerned: ~

Does the OS for a firewall make a difference? As far as security is concerned, its becoming less of an issue. Provide new features that address security weakness in GSM which are known to cause concern. A natural question to ask concerns the generators of this cyclic group. Aside from privacy concerns that already exist in credit card transactions, the primary disadvantage of stored-account transactions is that online verification is necessary. Management issues concern the admission of entities into the domain administered by an authentication server, and their expulsion, as well as the auditing of security-relevant events. When we use a road map, we are often concerned with seeing how to get from one town to another by means of the roads indicated on the map. , If your thoughts, activities etc centre around something or are centred around it, it is the main thing that you are concerned with or interested in: Some privacy concerns arise from the clients point of view: the client has no simple mechanism to disable cookies. Concerning authentication servers, there is the question whether this trusted machine has to participate actively in an authentication or whether its contribution to the service is decoupled from the actual response to an authentication request. ~ ~ , ~ .

, , It is because of this analogy to algebra that we have denoted our disjunction by the plus sign instead of the union sign or the symbolic logic sign . Sometimes, we like it to look algebraic; sometimes, we do not. It is for this reason that recursive definitions are important to us. ; The symbol Xi is simply a device for locating the coefficient a i , and for this reason, the formal power series A(X ) = called an ordinary generating function for the sequence A={ ar } r =0 .

n =0 a r X r is

Being able to positively identify business partners is of paramount importance in Ecommerce. For this reason, establishing CAs is critical. For the reasons mentioned above, it would be desirable to realise an on-line access to a certificate server in the second demonstrator. , For reasons of trust as well as for reasons of reliability and availability, efforts are made to design services that decreases dependence on a single authentication server. ~ For various reasons, we consider this to be the most useful definition of authentication: it insists that the two agents agree on all the essential features of the protocol run, while avoiding specifying features that are hard to achieve and less likely to be required. , ~ , ~ , One reason is to distinguish the use of asymmetric key pairs for signatures, encryption, and key agreement, .. A second reason is to separate the notion of binding a public key to a principal from the notion of the goodness of that key. , , ; /, The state object is called a cookie, for no compelling reason. , For some unfathomable (= impossible to explain or understand) reason they built

the toilet next to the kitchen. We have no reason to suppose that the girl is dead. There are many reasons to suppose that Shakespeare was familiar with the stories of medieval Italy.

In this/that connection: , , (formal) for reasons connected with sth recently mentioned; to indicate that what you are talking about is related to what you have just mentioned

It is the 100th anniversary of his death. We here are having very great celebrations in this connection. I am writing to you in connection with your recent job application. (= for reasons connected with) A man has been arrested in connection with the murder of the teenager

point I see little point in discussing this further. , , , Whats the point of complaining now? There is no point in going There is not much point in doing that. While there is usually little point for clients to send requests that the server does not list acceptable, sending such requests is not an error, and the server should simply reject requests that it does not recognize. , The point here is that calling this number simply 98.6 is fine for most applications. We will say more about this issue later. This theorem expresses a trivial but subtle point. It is analogous to saying that if people are made up of molecules and molecules are made up of atoms, then people are made up of atoms. You made a point that we all should remember. He spoke for an hour without making a point. Id like to make one final point before I stop. A second point that should be made in the banner and in policies is that there is no expectation of privacy when using an organization computer system. The employee should be made aware of the fact that There is one somewhat subtle point that should be made about our way of describing the game. There is a somewhat subtle point that should be made about error detection and correction. Namely, both cannot take place at the same time and at maximum levels. To be more specific, suppose that One point that should be made is that these tests were made using version 1.0 of the HTTP protocol. One point that should be made is the following: there exist several DoD application whose requirements are not overly different than that of NSS. Another point that should be made here is ease of programming and vendor selection. As H.323 is complex with regard to encoding/decoding, the number of competing vendors and operators for the source and services which employ the protocol may be reduced. Another point that should be made concerning Equation 3.2 is that if it is used to define the binomial coefficients, then it is no longer necessary to require n to be a positive integer.

make a point: to state an item of importance

would be completely nonsensical. Their methods of assessment produce nonsensical results. A 1-bit subnet field would provide only one subnet , and so it also does not make sense. The whole idea's a complete nonsense. (= stupid, untrue) Computer programs look like complete nonsense to me. (= without meaning)

end up: ,
come to be in a particular situation or state, especially when you did not plan it; turn out to be; to become something eventually;

 () .

then they will end up in possession of one or more shared secrets You can use both type specifier within the same program for declaring different variables that will end up (as) having the same type. He ended up (as) head of the company. An unknown key-share (UKS) attack on an AK or AKC protocol is an attack whereby an entity A ends up believing she shares a key with B, and although this is in fact the case, B mistakenly believes the key is instead shared with an entity E A. , We were going to go out, but ended up watching videos. If we are in any of the four states 1, 2, 3, or 4 and we read two a's, we end up in state 4.

because of limitations on space; due to space restrictions; due to spaced limitations

Because of limitations on space, we omit all proofs from this paper; the interested reader is referred to [12]. Due to spaced limitations, we omit the detailed description of protocols and give a high level view of the system. For more details, we refer to [2].

, , The solution rested upon our ability to recognize that If we fail to see this, perhaps we can examine the given sequence and determine whether there is some other pattern that will help us. ~ , , , . Preshared secret key authentication relies on informationthe preshared secret keythat is known only to the parties to the negotiation. Each method hinges on the peers knowledge and use of some form of specialized information. The order of elimination is left up to our own discretion. The algorithm implies that it really does not matter.

, , , , , , sure, ensure, certain

sure

Reference these manuals to be sure you are aware of the rich collection of C features and that you are using these features correctly. If you are not sure how a feature of C works, write a sample program with that feature, compile and run the program, and see what happens. By keeping variables local to a function or a block, you can be sure they have almost complete protection from external effect, It is difficult to be sure that the web server you are visiting truly belongs to the specified company. However, in general it will be very difficult to prove results about a system running several protocols: we need to be sure that no protocol acts as an oracle for any other. One method is to keep two binary flags, the a flag and the b flag. Every time an a is read, the a flag is reversed (0 to 1, or 1 to 0); every time a b is read, the b flag is reversed. We start both flags at 0 and check to be sure they are both 0 at the end. The only way to know for sure is to test the number as follows (= certainly) I know for sure that I wont be able to go to the party. One things for sure once the babys born, your lives will never be the same again. No one knows for sure what really happened. I think hell be back on Monday, but I cant say for sure. It is not known for sure whether heads or tails will occur. Sometimes, the cause of an error may not be quite so obvious, in which case some additional information can be very helpful. .

We can use this operator to make sure that unwanted bits are zero in a variable. Many parents unwittingly place their children in danger by not making sure they wear seat belts. ; All the necessary steps had been taken to ensure their safety. Please ensure (that) all lights are switched off. A nonce is a randomly chosen bitstring, used in protocols to ensure freshness and avoid replay attacks. In what follows, we will first insure (= ensure) that we know where our files reside, then discuss how to create and alter their contents, and finally show an example of good programming practice checking to see whether a given file is one with which we wish to work. Both A and B are assured of key freshness, since the session key depends on both random exponents aU and aV. Security administrators can rest assured that when a user account is revoked, resumed or deleted on one platform, that action will be carried out on all other platforms on which that user has an account. . If these keys are destroyed when the call is over, the participants can be assured that no one can later decrypt that conversation even if the keys to some subsequent conversation are compromised. My own view is that an authentication protocol is designed to assure an agent A as to the identity of the other agent B with whom A is running the protocol; therefore, in most cases A should at least be assured that B thought he was running the protocol with A. However, some researchers take the view that it is enough for B to be present, and that A need not receive any further assurance as to Bs current state. We should recognize that the different authentication specifications may all be valid goals: there are circumstances in which the weaker specifications are all that is needed; in other circumstances, a stronger specification may be required. However, the designer of any protocol should make it clear that which form of authentication is supposed to be achieved. Firstly, they must make certain that their pension needs are adequately catered for. You should call the office to make absolutely certain that everything is in order. Youll have to leave soon to make certain of getting there on time. I cant say for certain when well arrive. I cant say for certain how long Ill be there. I dont know for certain if shes coming. We dont have enough information to be able to tell for certain whether the loop terminates. Its not yet certain who the driver of the car was. Interest rates seem certain to rise next month. uses the scope resolution operator to make it clear to the compiler that we want to reference the global variable count1. The apparently obvious goal of an authentication protocol is the provision of some degree of assurance of the identity of another party. I feel pretty confident that my conjecture is right. The difficulty of course is convincing another party that the certificate creator can be trusted and that the no harm will come from using the information in the certificate. , , We are convinced of his guilt. At the conclusion of the dialog, each side is convinced of the identity of the other.

ensure; insure; assure

certain

for certain (= without doubt): , , ,

convinced

~ /~ ,
expect: to think that something will happen because it seems likely or has been planned

I expect (that) youll find it somewhere in your bedroom. I expect that hed have left anyway. Theres the doorbell I expect itll be my mother. While the order of presentation and level of emphasis will vary among individual computer science programs, we expect that all introductory programs will seek to meet these goals. He will be hard to beat. I fully expect (= am completely sure about) that and Im ready. It is expected that the report will suggest some major reforms. who are you? he murmured, only half expecting (= thinking it was possible, but not likely) her to answer. I looked back, half expecting to see someone following me. I expect to be back within a week. I didnt expect him to stay so long The company expects to complete the work in April.

, , hope
in the hope of sth / in the hope that = because you want sth to happen = ~ /

I called early in the hope of catching her before she went to work. He asked her again in the vain hope that he could persuade her to come (= it was impossible). It is misguided to deal upgrading encryption technology in the hope of making financial savings. We will be analysing all the things she has told us in the hope that we can locate the person responsible. Spammers deliver these unsolicited ads in hopes that sheer volume will generate some interest in the product or service advertised.

, At this point we shall examine recurrence relation with a variable coefficient. At this point, we will

~ , The kernel and image of a homomorphism are special subsets worthy of consideration. It is worth noting that the authentication required can be achieved through A couple of general points worth noting are about the layout of the program. Firstly, and, secondly, While it would be expensive, this attack may be well worth the effort if the attacker knows that sensitive information will be passing across the link. Although adapting to the new accreditation process will require much work, it will be well worth the effort.

, / (enable) Good health enabled him to carry out the plan. He was enabled to attend. The software enables you to access the Internet in seconds. A new programme to enable older people to study at college. Insulin enables the body to use and store sugar A new train line to enable easier access to the stadium This definition is much broader, and allows for many functions that are not as computational as one is used to from programming. This turns out to be valuable in both mathematics and CS.

susceptible of sth: if sth is susceptible of an action, that action can be done to it.

Working conditions are susceptible of improvement by legislation. Every definite mathematical problem must necessarily be susceptible of an exact settlement, either in the form of an actual answer to the question asked, or by the proof of the impossibility of its solution and

therewith the necessary failure of all attempts. Even worse would be to write the relation f in the form f(x, y), since this would produce endless confusion with functions of two arguments. , ; ~ This is bad enough, but even worse is the fact that some bugs can be a security problem. Worse still, users and security administrators must now deal with multiple security models based on different forms of user credentials. To make matters worse, the bombardment mentioned above is usually done with IP packets in which the Source Address is spoofed; i.e., the sender sets the IP Source Address field to either a nonexistent address or to some address that is legitimately owned by some other party.

, (1) You must compare various products specifications for operating speed, price, and security features. ~ These costs are likely to be very high, especially compared with the ordinary operational expenses that might be expected in commercial key recovery systems. A second advantage is the reduced computational cost as compared with systems that require modular arithmetic. This road is quite busy compared to/with ours. Children seem to learn more interesting things compared to/with when we were at school. It also allows us to compare our approach to that in [BAN89], in particular to discuss a new attack on one of the results derived for NS in [BAN89]. In appendix B we look at the language and logic of VO in comparison to SVO. Comparisons between AT and SVO syntax require a semantic context as well, and, in the interest of brevity, we will not give a presentation of the full Abadi-Tuttle semantics. , , We therefore make comparative comments at appropriate points throughout Section 1 and 3. , How did the control group students do relative to (= compared to) the whole class? ~ , ~ (relative to = concerning or in relation to . : Questions have been raised relative to your testimony.) When you go with a y(0) that is small relative to b, Womens earnings are still low in relation to mens.

stack up (against): to compare with another thing of a similar type

The new model of this car just doesnt stack up against previous models. Lets try him in the team and see how he stacks up. This years figures didnt stack up to those of 1999 (= they were not as good). Parents want to know how their kids schools stack up against others. How do we stack up against the competition?

, , , , , , compare, liken, like, same, opposite This is essentially the same as a list of conditional rewrite rules, except for the behavior on terms that fail to satisfy any of the conditions. ~ , , Except for the funny things, Do is very much like the For loop operation in Pascal. ~ // While[test, expr] is just like the command while test do expr in the language of while-programs. , For[start, test, step, expr] is almost exactly the same as a for loop in the language C, except that in C the clauses are separated by semicolons instead of commas. (Note that C uses commas for compound

statements, so the roles of commas and semicolons in C are exactly the opposites of their roles in Mathematica.) ~ , /; ~ Quite alarmingly, in many cases security discussions proceed in exactly the opposite direction. ; The situation with an FA is just the opposite. , , situation The situation with bb is analogous. The use of While loops is the same as that of Do loops; e.g., , Switch[ ] makes explicit use of Mathematica pattern matching. It is not really like anything else in other languages. ~ , The next family of graphs is in a sense opposite to the null graphs. , In many respects directories are like contexts; directories can contain subdirectories just as contexts can contain subcontexts; directories hold files while contexts hold variables and functions; there is a default directory just like there is a default context; and there is a directory search path used in the same manner as a context search path. ; , , , ,

liken A to B: to compare A to B and say they are similar; syn: compare; , , , , ,

Life is often likened to a journey. She admired her father so much that she likened him to a saint. Critics have likened the new theater to a supermarket.

A compares with B: to be similar to sb/sth else, either better or worse

This school compares with the best in the country (= It is as good as them). This house doesnt compare with our previous one (= Its not as good). Ive had some difficulties, but they were nothing compared to yours (= they were not nearly as bad as yours). Their prices compare favourably with those of their competitors. His cooking is good, but it cant compare with yours. Instant coffee just doesnt compare with freshly ground coffee.

compare A to B: to show or state that A is similarto B; syn: liken ; to judge/suggest/consider that A is similar or of equal quality to B

The critics compared his work to that of Martin Amis. The poet compares his lovers tongue to a razor blade. Still only twenty-five, she has been compared to the greatest dancer of all time. You cant compare the two cities theyre totally different.

, , , , ,

Proceeding in this manner, we can write the Fourier series for f (t) as Continuing (on) (in) this way, I find it easier to work in this way (= like this). Sorry, I didnt know you felt that way (= had that feeling or opinion) The drugs didnt seem to affect Anna in the same way. The only difference is the way that Vs TTP recovers the session key K. The compliment of any simple closed curve C can be partitioned into two mutually exclusive domains I and E in such a way that I is bounded, E is unbounded, and C is the boundary for both I and E. , An intruder-in-the-middle attack on the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange protocol works in the same way. A nested function call is read in much the same way that it is created, starting with the innermost functions and working the outermost functions. We could then apply our own user-defined functions in the same way as we call a built-in function by entering the function name and specific argument definition.

So it is with a presentation. () Just as an engineering researcher carefully plans an experiment, so too an educational researcher must carefully plan implementation strategies to meet specific goals and objectives. Just as Claire is taller than Max means something different from Max is taller than Claire, so too Taller(claire, max) means something completely different than Taller(max, claire). In a manner (very) similar to how integers are treated, Mathematica uses different internal algorithms to do arithmetic on real numbers depending upon whether you are using very high precision reals or not. allowing the user to cause the program to behave in a manner to their advantage. / / in order to meet the governments requirements in a secure manner. ~ In many respects directories are like contexts; directories can contain subdirectories just as contexts can contain subcontexts; directories hold files while contexts hold variables and functions; there is a default directory just like there is a default context; and there is a directory search path used in the same manner as a context search path. Other proofs, including the fact that addition is associative, can be done in a similar fashion. As the proxy receives traffic, it processes the traffic in a fashion similar to our example in Figure 5-10. The package AbstractAlgebra`FiniteFields.m generates finite fields in a fashion similar to the way QuotientRing does but with restrictions on the allowable inputs so that only fields are generated. In a fashion analogous to Much like real cookies, browser cookies dont last forever. In a similar way , , , With similar reasoning, we can show that the defining relation gr = e generates a group graph with r vertices. , , For similar reasons, A similar argument shows that The right-hand side function looks very much like a mathematical equation: a lefthand side and a right-hand side separated by a colon-equal sign. This looks much like standard mathematical notation. Although a precise comparison of informal ideas is difficult, we also find an affinity with Boyd and Maos proposal that the protocols should be robust in the sense that depends only on information contained in the message itself or already in the possession of the recipient. This argument is similar in spirit to the argument for programming in an objectoriented style. Using the same line of reasoning as before, we can readily show that G contains no more than four elements g, g2, g3, and e. My sister works in publishing and I'm hoping to do something along the same lines (= something similar). , , The next family of graphs is in a sense opposite to the null graphs. , It has much in common with GNY rule 2, although the GNY definition of B possesses K result in rule 2 not distinguishing between B knowing/having K and being capable of computing K, nor does it imply B has demonstrated knowledge of K. /, ; / / Whilst these have much in common with any IT implementation there are some uniquely SSO releated aspects. ~

just as so too : , , ~

manner

fashion

What they have in common is that they can leave information unavailable when a key decision must be made. Similarly, introductory courses may include elective units alongside the coverage of core material. The first letter she wrote me was less than a page long, and her second letter was similarly brief. The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. Similarly, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably. The children were similarly dressed. Cars must stop at red traffic lights; similarly (= in a similar way), bicycles should stop too. Husband and wife were similarly successful in their chosen careers. The US won most of the track and field events. Similarly, in swimming, the top three places went to Americans. The clams were delcious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent. Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise (= in the same way) the ones in the bedroom. He voted for the change and he expected his colleagues to do likewise. Her second marriage was likewise unhappy. In contrast, non-recoverable systems can usually be designed securely without any alternative paths. Increasing the security of a system always comes at some cost and in a real world situation this cost can only be justified when contrasted to the exposed risk. However, in contrast to these operations, Do[ ] has no output. ~ , The words generating function are used because, in some sense, A(X ) generates its coefficients. The word ordinary is used to denote the fact that powers of X are used; other kinds of generating functions could use, by contrast, other functions like X r / r !, sin(rX ), or cos( rX ) in place of X r . Authentication is . Authorization is by contrast an application-dependent process because different applications may need to control access within their individual domains quite differently. Stored-value systems, in contrast, attempt to replace cash with its electronic equivalent, e-cash, by transferring a unit of money between two parties. She is quiet and studious, in marked contrast to her sister. , This years results, in marked contrast to last rears were very encouraging. Denial of service, unlike authentication, is a matter of degree. , Unlike with most programming languages, the rationales are a basic data type in Mathematica. ( )

: similarly, likewise

, , ,

as distinct from = used when emphasizing that you are talking about a particular kind of thing and not something else = ,

childhood as distinct from adolescence Insofar as is possible, we have considered the impact of these policies without regard to individual schemes or particular government proposals. Rather, we have attempted to look broadly at the essential elements of key recovery needed to fulfill the expressed requirements of governments (as distinct from the features that encryption users might desire). Snail mail: postal mail, mail sent through the postal service, as distinct from the faster electronic mail (informal) Note that in MMA the semicolons bind more tightly than the comma, in distinction to most ordinary natural languages. ~ , , In distinction to the Moore machine, here we do not have to print the same character each

time we start up, even before getting a look at the input. contrary, So, from now on, unless the contrary is stated explicitly, all rings will be considered to be commutative. ; We intend to show you that, contrary to popular belief, there is really nothing imaginary about imaginary numbers at all. In a metaphysical sense, they are just as real as are real numbers. , ; , ; Contrary to first appearances, this need not result in an overly complex logic. , , Suppose, on the contrary, that

In order to give the other side of a question, we use on the other hand. On the contrary is used to contradict to say that something is not true.

On the other hand means it is, however, also true that .... (contrast, , ) On the contrary means the opposite is true. (contradiction, , , ) The job wasn't very interesting, but on the other hand it was well-paid. Its certainly hard work. But, on the other hand, a man who wishes to have a career has to make a great many sacrifices. Its not a very nice flat. On the other hand, its cheap. (or Still, its cheap) On the other hand, with offline servers, a fast revocation of rights becomes harder to achieve. I suppose the job wasn't very interesting? -- On the contrary, it was fascinating. I loved it. Youll get tired of it. On the contrary. I shall enjoy it. There was nothing ugly about her dress: on the contrary, it had a certain elegance.

Examples

// , Unlike a circuit-level gateway, an application gateway can differentiate the applications that need to be blocked from those that can be allowed to pass through the gateway. They differ according to whether they route packets according to host destination addresses or according to virtual circuit numbers. , , , , , In an actual network, one application may differ from another in requirements on the efficiency of a key agreement protocol. () The basic outlines of the proofs are the same in all cases, but the details of the basis and inductive steps differ from one to another. ; Because introductory programs differ so dramatically in their goals, structure, resources, and intended audience, we need a range of strategies that have been validated by practice. This principle may seem to have nothing in common with what we have been doing so far, but it will prove to be helpful nonetheless. , Names, by their very nature, vary in length. It makes no difference if we are looking at the name of a person, a textbook, or an automobile. , , In practice, it may not make any difference as to whether they developed a taxonomic order or only a classification scheme. The Taxonomy fulfills a function. We assume that honest principals have no way of telling corrupt principals from other honest principals, and thus may be willing to initiate communication with these dishonest principals. (tell from: , ) Can you tell the difference between sparkling wine and champagne?

tell: distinguish

This coffee is about half the price of that one and yet you really cant tell the difference. Can you tell Tom from his twin brother? Its difficult to tell them apart. The kittens looked exactly alike how could you tell which was which? After a time, the table will be full and the target system must start discarding SYN packets or removing half-open connection, and it has no way of distinguishing between valid connections and connections from an attacker. It has much in common with GNY rule 2, although the GNY definition of B possesses K result in rule 2 not distinguishing between B knowing/having K and being capable of computing K, nor does it imply B has demonstrated knowledge of K. One reason is to distinguish the use of asymmetric key pairs for signatures, encryption, and key agreement, .. A second reason is to separate the notion of binding a public key to a principal from the notion of the goodness of that key. How can you tell a fake Vuitton handbag from the real thing? We may have trouble in distinguishing when we write an a whether we mean a, the letter in ; a, the word in *; { a }, the one-word language; or a, the regular expression for that language. Context and typography will guide us.

, , , similar
, , ,

The only difference is the way that Vs TTP recovers the session key K. The compliment of any simple closed curve C can be partitioned into two mutually exclusive domains I and E in such a way that I is bounded, E is unbounded, and C is the boundary for both I and E. , An intruder-in-the-middle attack on the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange protocol works in the same way. A nested function call is read in much the same way that it is created, starting with the innermost functions and working the outermost functions. We could then apply our own user-defined functions in the same way as we call a built-in function by entering the function name and specific argument definition. In this manner, the site can identify the user for every request. , In a manner similar to how integers are treated, Mathematica uses different internal algorithms to do arithmetic on real numbers depending upon whether you are using very high precision reals or not. in order to meet the governments requirements in a secure manner. ~ In many respects directories are like contexts; directories can contain subdirectories just as contexts can contain subcontexts; directories hold files while contexts hold variables and functions; there is a default directory just like there is a default context; and there is a directory search path used in the same manner as a context search path. The right-hand side function looks very much like a mathematical equation: a lefthand side and a right-hand side separated by a colon-equal sign. This looks much like standard mathematical notation. Although a precise comparison of informal ideas is difficult, we also find an affinity with Boyd and Maos proposal that the protocols should be robust in the sense that depends only on information contained in the message itself or already in the possession of the recipient. In a similar way , , , A , and analogously for B. If a machine is designed as a snowblower, then tilling the garden with it isn't such a good idea. The same goes for IS technology.

It was observed at the conclusion of question 2 that the kernel of a ring homomorphism is an ideal of the domain. This closely parallels the situation with groups. , , ; ~ , ; situation Just as RSA and Diffie-Hellman encryption may be penetrable in the future, so too may IDEA become penetrable. Similar remarks apply to g(t) and g(u). This argument is similar in spirit to the argument for programming in an objectoriented style. Other proofs, including the fact that addition is associative, can be done in a similar fashion. With similar reasoning, we can show that the defining relation gr = e generates a group graph with r vertices. , , A similar procedure is followed in computing the value of c(t) at t = t2, where t2 is negative (Fig. 2.7g). In this case, the function g(-r) is shifted by a negative amount (that is, left-shifted) to obtain g(t2 - r). Using the same line of reasoning as before, we can readily show that G contains no more than four elements g, g2, g3, and e. My sister works in publishing and I'm hoping to do something along the same lines (= something similar). , , The veification that it is a basis is just as in the prior example. ,

amount to something: ~ , ; ~
to be equal/equivalent to or the same as something; to have the same effect as something

so the pattern Ive found amounts to this: each e is the sum of the two numbers in the row above it. Before we can address this, however, there is a prior question of what the distinction between knowledge and belief really amounts to for us. (= to add up to, be in total, be equal to or be the same as) Her answer amounted to a complete refusal. Their actions amounts to a breach of contract. Were jailed for a week well, confined to quarters, but it amounts to the same thing. Ultimately, their ideas amount to the same thing. His behaviour amounted to serious professional misconduct. He gave what amounted to an apology on behalf of his company. All his fine words amount to nothing. Their statement amounts to nothing more than a slick evasion.

, , , As with Do and While loops, the output of a For loop is Null, so in the example we use a Print statement in order to see something. This sounds very attractive at first, but as with the Sirens of mythology, there are serious side effects which completely outweigh any advantages you may gain. ,

; , , This is highly desirable since there is no way to know in advance what other variables with values may be around when a particular function is used. If not for the existence of heads like Hold and HoldForm, there would be no way for an expression to return a partially evaluated result such as a component of a trace. There is no way of checking whether a certificate has been revoked. Here is one way of doing it. The only purpose for the last factor is to guarantee that is not a possibility because it is not accepted by the machine.

, , , , , , break, broken Time is broken into two periods: the present (the current epoch, beginning with the start

of the current protocol run) and the past. Formulas generated specifically for the purpose of being fresh are called nonces. , , , ; ~ , ~ This 6-byte, 12-digit hexadecimal number is broken up into two parts. The first half of the address is the manufacturers identifier. The second half of the MAC address is the serial number the manufacturer has assigned to the device. , , ; , The principal advantage of having a program broken up into functions is that There is a further advantage in that A set of rules was required to break down the communication process into a simple set of building blocks. By breaking down this complicated process into small, manageable sections, building a house becomes easier. This breakdown also makes it easier to define who is responsible for which section. We asked for a breakdown of the accident figures into day time and night time. (breakdown = a division of something into smaller parts) An analogy to the OSI model would be the process of building a house. While the final product may seem a complex piece of work, it is much simpler when it is broken down into manageable sections.

, Let us take an example. Suppose that we are trying to define the set of positive even integers for someone who knows about arithmetic, but has never heard of the even numbers. This very simple syntax is the starting point of a vast theory called the lambda calculus. It is intended to capture the two most fundamental properties of functions in a certain sense, namely, that of applying a function to an argument by substituting the argument for a bound variable in the body of the function and that of giving a name to the function determined by a rule. Here are some examples of terms in the lambda calculus. , , , ; , Here are two examples. Let us walk through an example to get a feel for how these special status codes and headers work. ; , , If you asked for more accuracy than is possible in double precision variables, what might happen? For example, say that you asked for 21 accurate figures. Take, for example, an electrical engineering program. Its educational objectives shoud be

If we want to apply a function to several arguments, things get more complicated. It could get quite complicated.

, / /// Unfortunately, this leaves the user open to attack, , In the Internet threat environment, this opens the protocol to numerous failures associated with normal datagram delivery, such as reordered and duplicated datagrams. Another flaw in its firewall product leaves it open to a DoS attack. However, SSO can, if badly implemented, introduce further security risks because if the master key is not properly managed and protected, many systems will be exposed to unauthorised access. Key management issues and how our security solution stands against possible threats are also described in this white paper.

Corporate security mechanisms guard against unauthorised manipulation of computer hardware and network equipment, e.g. stealing, sabotage, cable rearrangement, etc. A Cookie Exchange guards against simple flooding attacks sent with bogus IP Sources or UDP Ports. An effective way to counter the above attacks is to use public-key certificates a data structure containing among other things a public key, the identifier of the owner (be it user, host, network or application), and a digital signature created by a trusted authority called Certification Authority (CA). This is a passive attack and is best countered by encryption.

lead to/into The goal of this lab is to develop the concept of an ideal through examples, leading to discovery of some of the properties of ideals. Following the sings led us into a small square with a fountain. Years of painstaking research have led to a new vaccine. Indifference to pollution now will lead us into serious problems in the future. Any digital bank note can be copied at infinitum. This is bound to lead to cheating. ~ , , , certain Whether this is what was intended or not is unimportant in the current discussion. The important points are, firstly, that an informal description can be expected to have ambiguities which may lead to weaknesses in certain interpretations; secondly, that the interpretation that allows the attack is what appears to have been used in the BAN logic analysis. Failure to understand the precise meaning of specific goals has lead to misunderstandings about the differences between various protocols. This motivates us to explicitly identify six distinct candidate positions which may or may not be intended as formal goals in a specific authenticated key establishment protocol. / ~ . ~

, , important, crucial Printing the 7 is what is important; what is left in memory does not matter. What is important is that the string is stored in an array of characters that ends with a null delimiter. Chewing properly is crucially important. These ideas are of such importance that we formalize them in a definition. Definition ~ , With hackers making the national headlines weekly, protecting wireless data streams is of the utmost importance. The conservation of tropical forests is of crucial importance. It is crucial that we get this right. A crucial factor/issue/decision The aid money is crucial money is crucial to the governments economic policies. The work of monks was crucial in/to spreading Christianity. Thus, the crucial point in defining a function is to write the underscore. The city of Mycenae played a crucial role/part in the history of Greece. Crucially, though, it failed to secure the backing of the banks.

overarching: other areas

most important, because including or affecting all

The overarching theme of the election campaign was tax cuts. an overarching aim/concept/issue the overarching themes of race, violence and disorder an overarching focus on object-oriented design The overarching question seems to be what happens when the US pulls out?

, especially if you are sending large amounts of information

over a single SSL session or over multiple SSL sessions that use a shared master secret. On the other hand, if you expect to be serving dozens or more SSL HTTP requests over the course of a minute, you should consider getting either an extremely fast computer or hardware assistance for the public key operations. ; There is thus a fair amount of syntactic reduction since primitives of one language are often definable in another. On the logical level there is a similar amount of axiom chopping. , , , A fair amount of research has centered around anonymity. Some of the work is highly theoretical, but some solutions are practical and have been implemented. Much of the work in this area is based on Chaums invention of a digital mix. Existential quantifications are also signaled by a host of English words: a multitude of problems/possibilities/reasons These elements can be combined in a multitude of different ways. a multitude of possible interpretations Wireless technologies today come in several forms and offer a multitude of solutions applicable to What actually goes on is a great deal more involved. A great deal more can be done with finite state machines. This can save you a great deal of work. . Within the past few months it has become obvious that there is a great deal of interest and financial stake involved in the deployment of protocols for , , , On the face of it, it seems like a great deal.

a multitude of (= an extremely large number of):

a great deal:

, , The problem with the Needham and Schroeder Publickey protocol is that the certificates for the public keys of A and B are not linked to the requests. A simple modification takes care of this. ~ ; The concept of Single Sign-On or SSO provides an opportunity to help address these problems by providing users with a single master key to all the systems he is allowed to access. . Group theory has been a significant help in the solution of this problem. ~ , . Scripting can help in the introduction of standard rules for the composition of passwords. ~ . To plot the graph of a complex valued function of a complex variable, four dimensions are required as follows: two for the complex variable and two for the complex function value. One method, to circumvent the need for four dimensional graphics, is to show how the function transforms sets of lines that lie in the complex plane. , To get around/round (= overcome) this problem, let us have the AS provide both the client and the TGS with a secret piece of information in a secure manner. To get around this difficulty, we define a Mealy machine to be equivalent to a Moore machine whenever they always result in the same output if the automatic start symbol for the Moore machine is deleted from the front of the output. $RecursionLimit: Can you program your way around this problem? A way around this problem is to perform a network logon to the network operating system such as a Windows NT domain logon or a Netware logon.

One way around this difficulty is to choose the length of a time period to be very small, so that the probability of two or more accidents becomes negligible. One way around this is simply to assume that the input probability distribution is uniform.

be conducive to something: , , ; ,
= making it easy, possible or likely for something to happen = providing the right conditions for something good to happen or exit = if a situation is conducive to something such as work, rest etc, it provides conditions that make it easy for you to work etc.

an environment conducive to learning Chairs in rows are not as conducive to discussion as chairs arranged in a circle. The soft lights and music were conducive to a relaxed atmosphere. Such a noisy environment was not conducive to a good nights sleep. This is a more conducive atmosphere for studying. Make your bedroom as conducive to sleep as possible. Sometimes the home environment just isnt conducive to reading. Of the two, motivation by anxiety is probably the more conducive to rote-learning because, as we have already seen, it has an inhibitory effect on the reflective activity of intelligence.

, , A Cookie Exchange guards against simple flooding attacks sent with bogus IP Sources or UDP Ports. Each party passes a cookie to the other. In return, a list of supported ExchangeSchemes are offered by the Responder for calculating a shared-secret. , , , ; , , In response, the server will also send its own ChangeCipherSpec message. The responding system replies with a packet with both the SYN and ACK flags set. I asked her what her name was but she made no reply. I am writing in reply to your letter of 16 March. The Supplicant PAE sends a Response packet in reply to each Request.

in doing so: , , In doing so, it is important to ensure that the curriculum that results includes at least the minimum coverage specified in the core of the body of knowledge. In so doing we also give definitions of useful expressions from the languages of those logics.

, Contrary to first appearances, this need not result in an overly complex logic. , On appearances, the password is not intelligible, but with standard Unix utilities, the passwords can be decoded without too much difficulty. On the face of it, it seems like a great deal. What may, on the face of it, seem obvious often turns out to be far more complicated. On the face of it, that seems to make sense. But the figures dont add up. At first glance, it seems natural to ask that the beliefs formed by the verifier and by the responder are in agreement. On second thoughts, this definition does not capture authentication very well. At first glance, it may seem unlikely that there would be a one-to-one correspondence between At first glance, the problem seemed easy.

, , , [surface] On the surface, this seems like a difficult problem, but in fact theres an easy solution to it. On the surface, they appear to behave identically. But pf will evaluate no matter what gets passed to it.

On the surface, it seems a simple story. Half an hour later he had calmed down, at least on the surface. It seems like a good idea on the surface but there are sure to be problems. On the surface, he appeared unchanged. Back in Britain, things appear, on the surface, simpler.

//// /time As usual, the iterator has abbreviated forms. , , Alternatively, and as is more usual in the literature, the revocation could be done by the issuer of the certificate rather than by the owner of the certificate. , As always, the latest information is available at the URLs listed at the end of this advisory. As always, one has to understand what one is trying to do. Note that when used, as is common, without client-side certificates, the SSL protocol is subject to a similar form of connection depletion attack. A receiver of a certificate may accept it at face value or, as is more probable for critically important transactions, wishes to verify that it is still valid, for example in case there is Nevertheless, clever design has its limitations when delay is excessive, as is often the case in the public Internet. ~ It is quite commonly (= often, usually) the case that one wishes to prevent this sort of thing from happening. In most cases, Many times it will get you out of a bind (= nuisance). , ; , Of course, each of these security breaches has happened, probably lots of times. Most often, this information is comprised of a user ID and password. , , Most of the time, these ingenious workarounds will weaken the overall security level of the enterprise. this decision procedure will be right a vast majority of the time.

all too often (also only too often): used to say that sth sad, disappointing, or annoying happens too much;

All too often, the graphics are sheer data dumps, loaded with needless information, poorly organized, and visually cluttered. All too often doctors are too busy to explain the treatment to their patients. This type of accident happens only too often. All too often the animals die through neglect. Like the problem of selecting an implementation language, recommending a strategy for the introductory year of a computer science curriculum all too often takes on the character of a religious war that generates far more heat than light.

in the main: , , (= generally, mostly, in general, on the whole)

if you say that something is true in the main, you mean that it is generally true, although there may be exceptions.

in much of

The need for these facilities in respect of data communications is viewed, in the main, as an Administration-imposed requirement. In the main, we proceed from the particular to the general. Their job in the main consisted of cleaning and maintaining the building. Her friends are teachers in the main. Tourists are, in the main, sympathetic people. In the main, children are taboo in the workplace. In much of the following, we therefore assume that the channel is physically degraded. In much of what follows, the reader may wish to assume that n is even; when n is odd, almost everything that we prove may be deduced immediately from the decomposition

In much of the technical discussion which will follow, there will be no a priori assumptions about the identity of the guilty party. In much of the following discussion, it will be necessary when resolving to consider the relationship between rule elements such as conditions or individual action terms. In much of our discussion, the input is assumed to start at t = 0, unless otherwise mentioned. However, in much of coding theory the source messages/words are irrelevant and will be ignored. I shall therefore ignore the formal need for minus signs in much of the mathematics in this (and the following) chapter. Snow and ice storms, for instance, are anything but uncommon in certain areas of the United States and in much of Canada. For more than 20 years, copyright has been the primary mode of intellectual property protection for software in the U.S. and in much of the rest of the world. This is a well-known account of life in early America, and a familiar account of life in much of America, and the world, today. It will become increasingly evident in the next few years that GSM will be the only telecommunications service available in much of Africa. One predominant feature in much of the work of the 3GS3 project has been a continuing commitment to standards contributions, both in ETSI and in ITU-R. In the typical undergraduate linear algebra course, only the field properties of the real or complex numbers are used in much of the work. We shall study the question of which polynomials are irreducible in much of this part of the book. Despite these distinctions, we need not be concerned with the details of cryptosystems; we treat them rather abstractly (as black boxes) as in much of the literature. As in much of computer science, the early work on data security dates back to the beginning of the seventies. As in much of the terminology of mathematics, the actual English words used in a term should not be assumed apriori to carry any particular meaning.

, , , Teddy, you have it all wrong. You were the one who taught me that I could make a difference. , , At first sight, the only difference between The order in which we write x and y makes a difference. , The only difference is the way that Vs TTP recovers the session key K. There is an important difference here in that an attacker with knowledge of a compromised key could produce a fraudulent suicide note, which would prevent the owner from using its certificate, a denial of service attack. Another important difference is that the suicide note refers to one certificate only, whereas the

, , , notation In order to reason more precisely about cryptographic keys (hereafter called keys), the concept shares the good key, denoted by the symbol requires refinement. ~ , The following notation is used throughout the paper. . The following notation is used to describe security protocols and cryptographic operations: - A, B are principals, such as communicating nodes; - NA is a nonce generated by A; - M 1 | M 2 denotes the concatenation of messages M 1 and M 2 . We use the following notation to describe the protocol. From now on we shall often simply write gh instead of g h. ,

We then analyze the well known Needham-Schroeder protocol, henceforth NS, as an example. When the specific value of the key is not of central focus or is evident by context, we write simply PKd(A). We use here to mean the left hand side rewrites to the right-hand side in a single step. We now introduce another use for the plus sign. By the expression x + y where x and y are strings of characters from an alphabet, we mean either x or y. Throughout this paper, we use the term administrative domain to denote an IP service providereither an operator or Internet service provider. The standard way to denote these cycles is by the notation (1,3,2), (4,5), and (6) respectively. As a notational convention, we use E (and variants) to denote events, while M is a message and C is a spell. , Instead of writing out the whole phrase finite automaton, it is customary to refer to one by its initials, FA. Computer theory is rife with acronyms, so we have many in this book. , , , We use the notation e(X,Y) to mean the encryption of word Y with key X, and d(X,Y) to mean the decryption of word Y with key X. Multiple encryption is represented by the use of nested functions; e.g., if we encrypt word Z with key Y, and then decrypt that using the decryption of word X with word W, that is denoted by d(d(W,X),e(Y,Z)). We give some abbreviations that will be used in the exercises. First, let WS and SS stand for the Weakest induction Step and Strong induction Step: WS: SS: Next, let A mean that all P.n are true: A: Finally, let WI and SI denote Weak Induction and Strong Induction: WI: SI: Define occurs(v, e) to mean that at least one variable in the list v of variables occurs free in at least one expression in expression list e. The IETF working groups solution was the Point-to-Point Protocol, more frequently called PPP. In the protocol description that follows, the letter I is used to refer to the initiator and the letter R is used to refer to the responder. You signify this number by writing To embrace the idea of a signed message and an encrypted message, we use the following notation and semantics (notation for the first differs from BAN): .. The symbol used signifies that the frequency is measured in kHz. SU[] indicates the signature on the specified argument using the private signature key of party U. {}K indicates the symmetric encryption of the specified argument under key K. Here, and throughout, the notation {X}K indicates the string X encrypted using the key K. The simple expression x* will be used to indicate some sequence of xs (maybe none at all). This x is intentionally written in boldface type to distinguish it from an alphabet character. That is, x* stands for a string of xs, but we do not specify how many. A matrix A is said to be row equivalent to a matrix B, written A ~ B, if B can be obtained from A by a finite sequence of the following elementary row operations: The union of S and T is denoted S T. An atomic event in a key establishment protocol is a single transmission of a message from one principal to another. This is also called a pass of a protocol. To indicate that a principal A sends a

message m to a principal B, we write (A B : m). Note that m may consist of plaintext or ciphertext or both. For example, if A wants to use encryption to ensure the confidentiality of a plaintext ptxt, the transmission would be written as (A B : f ptxt g K AB ), where f ptxt g K AB denotes the message obtained by encrypting ptxt using a (secret) cryptographic key K AB shared by A and B. Each circle represents a state of the machine The unlabeled arrow pointing to 0 deposited indicates that this is the initial state of the machine. The double circle around $1 or more deposited indicates that a bottle of juice is released when the machine has reached this state. The left-hand side expresses the input f(t) as made up of the impulse components in a manner depicted in Fig. 2.3a. We name it pList, for pointer to list. This last pointer is often called either pLast, for pointer to last, or pRear, for pointer to rear. ~ ~ Mathematical symbols are shorthand for phrases and sentences in the English language. That is short-hand for Is part (b) of the above technical definition satisfied? where na is shorthand for the sum of n-many copies of a. Now the definition given on p.43 simply says that the authors will use the phrase "complement of gamma" as shorthand for "complement of the image of gamma". Of course, is really shorthand for a set of m linear equations in n variables We use B as shorthand for P(S ? O ? A). Often, we write G as a shorthand for Gn. Note that we frequently write i 2 A as a shorthand for Pi 2 A. Here, we use ballot as a shorthand for voted ballot, which literally means a sheet of paper filled out to cast a secret vote. The name diff is shorthand for difference, derived from getting a list of the differences between two files. msgs = shorthand for all previous messages Well use virus as shorthand for a virus, worm, or other such malware, since the term virus seems to be in common usage. which is shorthand for the following expression: TCP/IP is the usual shorthand for a collection of communications protocols that were originally developed under the auspices of the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency SA(X) is used as a convenient shorthand for S(X, s A), as defined in Chapter 8. LBT Shorthand for listen before talking. Most processors support a NOP instruction that literally does nothing. It is shorthand for nooperation and has many uses. This can be restated symbolically as follows: Therefore in symbols the economists argument is: If x is an object of type P, we write, in symbols, x : P. may be expressed in symbols as C(x), where x represents a variable of type student. The identity relation on A, in symbols 1A : A A, is given by 1A = { (x, x) |x A } The length of a word P, in symbols Ig(P), means the number of letters in P when each letter is counted as many times as it occurs. The unique x is called the first projection and the unique y is called the second projection of c - in symbols (we are using notation due to Moschovakis), zr(c) and 3(c) respectively. In symbols this statement has the form: In symbols, we denote B as B[x], or Two states are (behaviorally) equivalent if they have the same behavior. In symbols: As is traditional, we write 2S to denote the powerset of S. In symbols, 2S = { x | x S }.

shorthand

symbolically; in symbols

confusion, ambiguity, , The M is omitted when there is no possible ambiguity. If there is no confusion about the actual choice of the prime number a, one often writes ~ instead of ~. , ~ ~ Usually multiplication is denoted by juxtaposition without a dot, if no confusion results. When no confusion can arise (= when no confusion arises), we also use f(x) to denote the probabilistic result of applying algorithm f to input x. (arise) When no confusion can arise, the complement of E is written Ec. We may sometimes simply refer to P as a program, when no confusion can arise from this. We call the type of the program decI in P (and sometimes just say is the type of P) We will write it simply x when no confusion can arise. Nevertheless (when no confusion can arise) a field F endowed with a specific global eld structure will be called a global eld and we will denote it (along with its global eld structure) simply F. In general, we identify elements x and singleton sets {x} whenever there is no danger of confusion. Where there is no danger of confusion, we may simply denote the semigroup by A. When there is no danger of confusion we also write instead of We shall often/frequently omit indices when there is no danger of confusion; e.g. we shall write instead of We also abbreviate =. Therefore, the danger of confusing the two augmentations g, y is not grave. In the literature, the name index is also used for g. Its value on M is denoted by , or simply when there is no danger of confusion. We write = if there is no danger of confusion. To reduce the danger of confusing the explanations with the examples, certain formatting conventions have been used. The identity element for the addition law in V is denoted by 0, or by 0V if there is danger of confusing the zero vector with the number zero. A name for the association is placed near the path but far enough from an end so that there is no danger of confusion. Within a collaboration there is little danger of confusion, as all the participants are roles. In practice one often uses the same symbol for a restriction where there is no danger of confusion. When there is any danger of confusion, graphs are called simple graphs. However, in this section there is no danger of confusion if we use to denote ; in the next section we shall be more pedantic. and therefore there is no danger of confusion if we drop the parentheses and simply write for When there is no danger of confusion, the symbol can be deleted, just as in writing algebraic products. Care should be taken so as not to confuse this with + as an exponent. It is denoted by ordm a, or simply ord a if omitting the modulus does not lead to confusion. When the context allows, we leave out and write as . When the context allows, we drop and write .

The emergency exit is shown in (= indicated in) green letters. ~ The sections shown with an ellipse () must be filled in for the particular application created.

, difficulty I had difficulty getting any details. He wasnt very forthcoming(=willing).

This difficulty is at the core of the debate over key recovery. In fact, an incomplete logic that gets us most of what we want easily is generally preferred over one that gets us all of what we want but with greater difficulty. As a further difficulty, generation of keys may face legal restrictions in some jurisdictions.

extreme In the extreme, providing no network services at all will result in a very secure but useless commercial system. At one extreme, RADIUS does not require At the other extreme, the user is not willing to wait several minutes for authentication.

, , , , , fall into ATM card based systems fall into this category. . Solutions to this problem fall into a variety of categories. Probability calculations often fall into one of two categories: forward probability and inverse probability. Leaders fall into two categories. Many illnesses fall into the categories of stress-related illnesses. Wiretapping is subdivided into passive and active categories. We further divide pipes into two broad classes: general pipes and service-specific pipes. What services might a network application need from a transport protocol? We can broadly classify an applications service requirements along three dimensions: data loss, bandwidth, and timing.

, , Solutions to this problem fall into a variety of categories. , , The Web is already being put to a variety of uses: educational, social, political, and commercial. It is an important issue, since, as we will see, session key distribution protocols must resist a variety of novel attacks. / A future mobile user will be offered a much larger variety of services than in todays networks. Any defined EAP method can be used within IEEE 802.1X, enabling support for a wide variety of authentication credentials. There is a diversity of both educational objectives and the means by which we measure the attainment of these objectives. In this way the work retains its unity but can have a wide diversity of atmosphere. But despite the rich diversity of issues raised, there are some disappointments. Such behavioral diversity serves the same function as genetic diversity, and indeed compensates for restrictions on genetic diversity. Remote access servers vary widely in their functionally. For various reasons, we consider this to be the most useful definition of authentication: it insists that the two agents agree on all the essential features of the protocol run, while avoiding specifying features that are hard to achieve and less likely to be required. , ~ , ~ , With the vast array of security options available, users will choose to use the stock configuration rather spend the time to lock down a host or network. This will be of manifold advantage. First, . Amongst other things, such a foundation can give us assurance that the reasoning in the logic is sound (i.e., false conclusions cannot be derived from true premises.)

It also has a range of other options relating to the way a workspace is handled. , , In a wide/vast/impressive array of contents, it has been found empirically that the statistics of noise are welldescribed by normal distributions, and the central limit theorem provides a convincing explanation for this phenomenon. There was a vast array of colors to choose from.

come in varieties/forms/flavours: /

These devices come in different forms and are typically used in branch office and corporate networks. . Key establishment protocols come in various flavours (= a type or kind of something). Symmetries can come in several varieties. Computer problems come in different varieties; some are easy, and some are hard. Computer network attacks can take many forms and any one attack may include many security events of different types. !

, , , While the obvious limitations are rooted in (= having as their origin or cause) the nature of wireless devices and data networks, there are also more fundamental differences that are important to understand. This incompleteness can be attributed to the limitations associated with our current models of cryptographic protocols.

, , , , ,
until now, etc.

Up until now, remote connectivity to a corporate Intranet has been made by means of circuit-switched technologies, e.g. PSTN and ISDN. Up until the early 1990s this was the standard way of doing things. 90 Until recent years But, until recently, these networks were essentially hardwired, offering little flexibility. Thus far we have discussed the rather negative properties of protocols: establishing that they do not allow certain undesirable behaviours. We havent had any problem thus far. Her political career thus far had remained unblemished. Theyre delighted with the replies theyve received from the public thus far. We have thus far required that the arguments p1 and p2 be strictly positive. In the examples given so far we have used SetDelayed (:=) to define functions. , So far we have not had to borrow any money. However, Ethernet technology is currently by far the most prevalent access technology in enterprise networks. By far the most controversial aspect of the EES system, however, is key escrow. By far the most popular LAN topology is Ethernet. Since Ethernet is by far the most popular topology, we will cover it in detail here. The techniques presented up to this point for protecting sensitive documents on Web servers from unauthorized eyes can be considered basic forms of access control. Research to date has encompassed public key techniques for authentication and key transport, but not for key generation. More specifically, public-key based key establishment protocols in which both parties contribute to the established key referred

thus far

so far

by far

Etc.

to as key agreement protocols have not previously been analyzed by these methods. , ; ; Thus upon successful completion, A believes that B conveyed TB in the current epoch, as an intended response to the specific challenge RA. ~ ; ,

, , , as yet (or as of yet): until now or until a particular time in the past; up to this moment; up to the present time; up to now; used for talking about something that has not happened or been done up to now

While it seems that this should be the case, as of yet it has not been formally proved. We cannot as of yet explain the direct application of these entities to the normal experience of a programmig student. That does not mean that their importance must be accepted on blind faith merely patience. They will be of utmost special value for us in the all-important next chapter. There are as yet no accepted standards for wireless transmission. Despite the success of his last album, there are as yet no plans for any follow-ups. an as yet unpublished report As yet little was known of the causes of the diseases. A deal is still being worked out, but as yet nothing is finalized. Police stated that there have been no arrests made as yet. The report remains unfinished as of yet. As yet it is not known whether the crash was the result of an accident. We have not as yet received a response. In modern-day public-key cryptosystems, the encoding user and the decoding user access different keys to decrypt a message. The fast-moving demands of a modern-day sport the by-products of modernday living Boxers are modern-day gladiators. Even in modern-day Britain it seems some people still believe in sorcery and black magic. Are you busy? Not at present. At present she's working abroad. Very few of the systems in common use at present support easy and scalable interworking between authentication domains. Ms. Hellman is busy at present, can she ring you later? In the machine we have at present, this is no problem because the state x1 on FA1 can never be reentered (no edges go into x1). At the present time the development of regulatory policy for cryptography in many countries appears to be in a state of flux. And much the same can be said for the technical solutions for key escrow/recovery. Therefore Business is in the position where it needs to try and influence the outcome. One way of doing this is by stating what it considers to be suitable goals and criteria to which acceptable key escrow/recovery regulations and solutions should aspire. The main points to emerge from work package 1 in these respects are as follows. /

modern-day (= present-day, contemporary, , )

at present: at this time; now.

, , ,

Back in the early days, TCP/IP standards writers adopted the word gateway for what the commercial marketplace now calls a router. In earlier times, an organization would use a single subnet mask through an entire network. , There have been many examples in recent times of individuals in sensitive positions violating the trust placed in them. The router price/performance ration has decreased steadily

over the past few years. , During the past few years, other networking technologies like frame relay and ATM have become available for forming corporate networks. Within the past few months it has become obvious that there is a great deal of interest and financial stake involved in the deployment of protocols for , , , Just over a year ago, the idea of a single wireless data standard was unheard of, yet today the WAP specification is available to the public. 1 / Although the Web only started gaining popularity around 1993, the underlying concepts for the Web have been around for quite sometime. which was given to them some time in the past. In the late eighties BAN developed BAN logic, which quickly became the most widely used and widely discussed formal method for the analysis authentication protocols, particularly authenticated key distribution protocols. There have since been a number of papers noting BANs inability or limited ability to reason about some features of both protocols and attacks on protocols. This has led several authors to propose alternatives to BaN. Many of these proposed alternatives are essentially extensions. ~ ; , As a director for over a decade, I established myself as the leading expert in both 10

There are few chances that the world will ever agree on a single electronic purse scheme in the near future. , And, in the very near future, Odyssey Server will be able to forward WLAN authentication reqests to Steel-Belted RADIUS, to authente WLAN users against non-Windows back-end databases such as token systems or SQL. Within the next 2-3 years, SET will become the predominant method for doing credit card payments on the Internet, initially in software only, but later supported by smartcards. 2, 3 the above scenario appears likely in the not-so-distant future. A CSMA protocol works as follows: A station desiring to transmit senses the medium, if the medium is busy (i.e. some other station is transmitting) then the station will defer its transmission to a later time, if the medium is sensed free then the station is allowed to transmit. The comments should be sufficient for another programmer, or you at a later date, to understand the purpose of any particular piece of code, and to understand how it works. In course of time, new and increasingly abstract representations of value were introduced. , Sometime in the future, PPTP is going to be supplanted by L2TP. That future is not here yet, however. At a later time, a subset of participants B P will pool their shares in an attempt to compute the key K. If a transaction can be carried out using computer technology, it is certain that at some time or other a client will decide to do so. After a time, the table will be full and the target system must start discarding SYN packets or removing half-open connection, and it has no way of distinguishing between valid connections and connections from an attacker. // After some time, I will get a message that confirms my enrollment. , , ,

At some future time, governments will probably legislate regarding archiving of electronic certificates. In the meantime, the issuer could offer , , , , This is all you need to know about the evaluation process for now (= for the present , ); any further details would serve to confuse rather than to illuminate. Lets set this knowledge aside for the moment (for the sake of learning how to use some of the available tools in situations where we dont know if we have an isomorphism). Everything that you give a name to in a program (a variable, or a function, or anything else) only exists for a finite period of time, the maximum being the entire duration of program execution. , , , For example, say that all seniors in one program have difficulty with a specific thermodynamics course over a period of several years.

, ,

Over time, various formalisms have been proposed for investigating and analyzing protocols to see whether they contain blunders. As time goes on and attacks evolve, the prevalence of various attacks will no doubt change. ; , which is efficiently retrieved from the issuers server in a fraction of a second. , , At any one time, the machine can be in one of a finite set of internal configuration or states. , , Its just too challenging, or difficult, or expensive to acquire and use the technology necessary to break into the system (at least as far as we know, and at this point in time, what people will come up with tomorrow is anyones guess). , , ; At the time that IPv4 was designed, no one could have dreamed that there would be millions (and someday billions) of networked computers in the world. , Section 2.4 Properties of the mechanism. We next observe a few significant properties of the proposed mechanism. - First note that a user can arrange for his send key pair to be changed at any time. , , ; , Either party may initiate an exchange at any time. , Sometimes this is exactly what you need, but at other times you need more flexibility. Because many kinds of information must be kept confidential for long periods of time, assessment cannot be limited to the protection required today. Equally important, cryptosystems especially if they are standards often remain in use for years or even decades. / , ; , , , but it will not keep out a determined cracker for (very) long. Will you be away for long? Im sorry I havent written to you for so long. , ~ , The Count had resolved to wait until after Christmas to propose to Gertrude. They have to wait till after school. In other words, the Authenticator cannot execute the Pairwise Key Hierarchy until after it has received the second message of the four-way handshake. We believe the time is right to question this two-course assumption. Now is the right time for us to move to London.

, ~

 /, facts that fall outside the purview of this inquiry Rather than presenting rigorous software analysis techniques that fall under/within the purview of commercial software developers, this section presents vulnerabilities that are most commonly exploited and can be tested, detected, and corrected at the Web site. The job falls under the heading of sales and marketing. Meat and poultry production fall under the control of the Agriculture Department. The judge said that this matter did not fall within the scope of the auditors duties. Communication links between these entities (and the protocols used in communications across those links) do not fall within the scope of this project. It is beyond/outside the scope of this project to provide Certificate Authority (CA) mechanisms, certificate chaining capabilities, or mechanisms for certificate revocation. , , . The method through which the information is exchanged is unspecified but lies outside the realm of the IKE negotiation itself. These systems have been largely designed to support high value payments (or macropayments) in the range of tens of dollars or above. Continuity of f at a point c is defined as follows. Choose any distance > 0 . Suppose for any such distance that another distance > 0 can be found such that for all points x within distance from c, f.x is within distance from f.c.

()

, , However, they are generally not suited to low value payments (or micropayments) as the use of computationally expensive cryptographic mechanisms and above all the on-line authorisation for each payment may not be economical. The above mode of operation doesnt quite suit the requirements of the access point. The question remains whether this is a felicitous arrangement. We also examine whether or not this breakdown is felicitous (= appropriate, suitable) for protocol analysis.

phase out
= stop, discontinue, eliminate stages/phases or gradually; or remove something in

= bring something gradually to an end over a period of time = , , //

The bus service to country areas is being phased out. An earlier link layer protocol for point-to-point communications called Serial Line IP (SLIP) (RFC 1055) has become widely deployed, although it is being phased out. Many airlines have begun to phase out (= stop using) airplanes 20 years old or older.

as, , ~, ~, , They lost money, as was expected. I am sending you the bill, as was agreed. As is well known, smoking is dangerous. Some expressions beginning with as are used to introduce facts which are 'common ground' - known to both speaker/writer and listener/reader. Examples are as you know, as we agreed, as you suggested. As you know, next Tuesday's meeting has been cancelled. I am sending you the bill for the repairs, as we agreed. There are some passive expressions of this kind - for example as is well known; as was agreed. Note that there is no subject it after as in these expressions (see 581). As is well known, more people get colds in wet weather. I am sending you the bill, as was agreed. Even both transcendental and algebraic equations can lead to

the same differential equation, as is seen in the equations Those functions that consist only of logarithms can also be differentiated, as is clear from the following examples. If, as is commonly the case, we take the sum of a series to be the aggregate of all of its terms, actually taken together, then there is no doubt that only infinite series that converge continually closer to some fixed value, the more terms we actually add, can have sums. Even with this agreement, the difficulty is not eliminated, as is suggested by the following series: in which the fourth term is equal to 0, as is the third. It follows that a series of powers of the natural numbers will have constant differences, as is clear from the following scheme: It follows that if X is a firstdegree polynomial, as is ax+b, then its difference X is the constant a. Nor can we here offer a definition at the beginning of this dissertation as is sometimes done in other disciplines. The artful funeral of Constantine constituted a model for a subsequent elaboration of the Byzantine ceremonies for dead emperors, as is depicted in the Liber de caeremoniis and in panegyric poetry. As is characteristic of apocalyptic literature, the book is pseudepigraphically ascribed to a biblical figure, in this case to Zerubbabel, the last ruler of Judaea By the middle of the Tang dynasty (eighth century), Amidism had become a powerful movement, as is attested by the popularity of Amidist literature and the innumerable icons and votive inscriptions devoted to the Buddha of the western paradise. As is the case with many other new churches of its kind, the Universal Church gives priority in its practice to the rite of exorcism of evil spirits, which are said to block progress to the kingdom of God. It is difficult to answer the question whether Adonis was initially a god of vegetation in general, a vine god, a tree spirit, as is suggested by his birth from a tree, or a grain spirit. Although, as is always true in humanistic disciplines, no general theory on the primitive mind has been universally accepted, one methodological presupposition seems to be shared by the majority of todays scholars: namely, the normality and, consequently, the creativity of the primal religions. As far as is known, the king spent the remainder of his seventeen-year rule within Amarna.

,
yet = even, still

Yet another problem with SLIP is that each end must know the IP address of its interlocutor. For additional discussion of SLIP, see Tanenbaum (1996) or Stevens (1994). The mail brought yet another reply. yet another reason

To start with, you can select Starting with the next chapter, well be using console applications extensively throughout the first half of the book. ~ In this chapter, well get down to (= to start concentrating seriously on something or getting something done) the essentials of programming in C+ +. By the end of the chapter you will be able to write a simple C+ + program. Now we are ready to get down to the specifics. In the sections that follow, we discuss the way that data is packaged for the various types of network topology. We start off with point-to-point links. Now lets resume our pursuit that preceded question 12. ~ , ,

, , ,

However, this is just the beginning. There is more to come and it may very well change the way we transact business. , Commerce on the Internet is just getting off the ground. . . While the Morris worm did little real damage, it nevertheless ushered in a significant new era of security consciousness by revealing the Internets vulnerability. The change of management ushered in fresh ideas and policies. The legislation should usher in a host of new opportunities for school leavers. The 1929 crash of the American stock market ushered in the Great Depression. a unique opportunity to usher in a new era of stability in Europe. As we enter the new millennium, computer science is an enormously vibrant field. From its inception just half a century ago, computing has become the defining technology of our age. , ; , A study by military experts was immediately set in motion. The chief executive will set in train the process of finding a successor. During the Spring semester of 2000, the curriculum committee set into motion an assessment plan that includes four major components:

set sth in motion/progress/train: to make sth start happening

, , coming With the coming of modern technology, many jobs were lost. This obviously depends on the weather in the coming months. This coming Sunday is her birthday. I will be back this coming Friday. We look forward to greater success in the coming year (= the year that follows from today). They talk of the coming battle.

, , this was an unheard-of piece of luck. (= very unusual or has never happened before) Home computers are now used on a scale unheard-of a few years ago. It is almost unheard-of for a new band to be offered such a deal. In the same way that the first airplane hijacking in the 1960s gave rise to previously unheard of security measures at airports, this first attempt at cyber-terrorism ushered in a new era of security awareness for managers of computer networks, particularly networks linked to the Internet.

, , , , , , , While the intent is to provide fast Internet access to the subscribers, many service providers have begun testing new technologies such as VoD and VPN services. A shares the good key K with B. The key is suitable for use as a cryptographic key in that only A and B know it, it will not be disclosed to others, and it can not be deduced by others. / / , ; ~ , because, ~, , Photuris is a session-key management protocol intended for use with the IP Security Protocols. , , , ~ It is believed that a few client programs makes use of this, which might allow us to remove the need for users to give their passwords again just to read mail. Switch[ ] makes explicit use of Mathematica pattern matching. It is not really like anything else in other languages. We now introduce another use for the plus sign. By the expression x + y where x and y are strings of characters from an alphabet, we mean either x or y.

The Web is already being put to a variety of uses: educational, social, political, and commercial. Spread spectrum technology was first introduced about 50 years ago by the military with the objective of improving both message integrity and security. Spread spectrum systems are designed to be resistant to noise, interference, jamming, and unauthorized detection. ~ , ~ This example is aimed at illustrating the effect of comma operator, and is not an example of how to write good code. , , , , PPTP and L2TP are aimed more at remote VPNs, while IPSec currently works best for connecting LANs. Over the past few years, BT has run a range of trials aimed at exploring different aspects of eCommerce. These have included: At a later time, a subset of participants B P will pool their shares in an attempt to compute the key K. An active attack is where the threat makes an overt change or modification to the system in an attempt to take advantage of a vulnerability. When we use a road map, we are often concerned with seeing how to get from one town to another by means of the roads indicated on the map. , The main motivation behind the development of SSL was Web security, but, as figure 1-5 shows, SSL is also used to add security to other Internet applications, including those of the NNTP and the FTP. , In an effort to improve interoperability and security while decreasing the proliferation of redundant, or near-redundant, prots, the IETF is shepherding work on L2TP as layer 2 solutions. The goal was to create a problem that would take BlackHat a long time to solve even with the aid of a computer. Heres what Merkle devised. Comparisons between AT and SVO syntax require a semantic context as well, and, in the interest of brevity, we will not give a presentation of the full Abadi-Tuttle semantics. In the interests of safety, smoking is forbidden. a call for all businessmen to work together in the interests of national stability.

in the interest(s) of: in order to help/achieve sth

purpose : /(reason) (use) .

Time is broken into two periods: the present (the current epoch, beginning with the start of the current protocol run) and the past. Formulas generated specifically for the purpose of being fresh are called nonces. , , , ; ~ , ~ Its important to note here that the parentheses, ( ), are not letters in the alphabet, but are used for the sole purpose of demarcating the ends of factors. So, we can write xxxxx = (xx) (xxx). For the purposes of this paper, we consider two classes of rogue EES applications: those that can communicate only with other rogue systems and those that can successfully interoperate with EES legal systems as well. For our purposes, more precision is required. Other similar axioms could be specified, but these suffice for our present purposes. It seems that the money has not been used for the purposes for which it was intended. I can see no useful purpose in continuing this conversation. ~ / . These comics will serve the purpose of (= achieve the result of) keeping the children occupied during the journey. Most of them are destroyed because theyve served their purpose.

He was asked about casualties, but said it would serve no purpose to count bodies. All the doctors efforts to save his life turned out to be to no purpose (= were not successful). These gifts count as income for tax purposes. the use of nuclear energy for military purposes/ends The four states in machine can be characterized by the purposes they serve: They are prepared to use violence in pursuit of their ends. She is exploiting the current situation for her own ends. He joined the society for political ends. With this end in view (= in order to achieve this) they employed 50 new staff. They are working towards common ends.

end

to this/that end = in order to achieve this = , , ,

To this end, the description of these systems has been simplified and does not claim to reflect the latest version of systems that are still in evolution. He wants to buy a house, and is saving money to that end. He wanted science students to take an interest in the arts, and to this end he ran literature classes at his home on Sunday afternoons. He wants to cut costs, and to that end is looking at ways of cutting the companys operations. One possibility is to define a function to this end: f[x_] := . Mathematica has many commands to this end. Were willing to make any concessions necessary to this end.

Lend itself to = be suitable for being used in a particular way, be suitable for a particular purpose or occasion, ~ , , , = can be considered in that way

The RADIUS protocol is so flexible that it lends itself to other applications as well. None of her books really lends itself to being made into a film. The story lends itself to different interpretations. Unlike circuit-switched networks packet-switched networks do not lend themselves to such abstraction. The computer lends itself to many different uses. , Sensitive information of all kinds is increasingly finding its way into electronic form. Examples include: Its ability to support has caused it to find its way into more corporate (as well as home) networks than any other topology.

find ones way into: ,

use, , To be of any use, the null space must contain vectors other than zero. Internet PKIX certificates have recently come into use as an attempt to provide a workable and acceptable certificate structure for Internet applications. , Working with Held Expression, puts the knowledge gained in Section 7.2 to practical use. Thus, in the realistic model of an active adversary, the DH key exchange is of no direct use.

year The survey reported that the number of companies suffering intrusions in the previous twelve months rose to forty-nine percent from forty-two percent the year before. Industry experts appear divided between those who believe this technology is many years away from widespread application and those who believe VoIP to be the wave of the near future.

, Outsourcing LAN administration is not a new idea, but it is

rapidly gaining ground as networks grow in importance and complexity. a theory gaining ground among academics

~ , , , , , , , , , , , , , Comparisons between AT and SVO syntax require a semantic context as well, and, in the interest of brevity, we will not give a presentation of the full Abadi-Tuttle semantics. , These different approaches have their advantages, but also have pitfalls as described earlier. In brief the problem is: We should, in brief, invest heavily in digital systems. For (the sake of) simplicity, only the information flow in the error-free case is shown below. In short, Simply put, a firewall is a system or group of systems that enforces an access control policy. , Network Access Control (NAC) is, simply put, the ability to set rules and parameters on a machine-by-machine basis about what network traffic is allowed to enter or leave an operating system. In working with packages, we are also working with contexts. To put it simply, contexts are like directories. To put it in a nutshell, were bankrupt. (= to say or express sth in a very clear way, using few words) Okay, thats our proposal in a nutshell. Any questions? Well, to put it in a nutshell, were lost. This, in a nutshell, is how closed organizational systems become self-defeating. In a nutshell, this is how it appears to me. The meeting was, in sum (= considered as a whole), a disaster. In sum, cookies present a powerful tool for Web servers to use to enhance their capabilities. The food was good and we loved the atmosphere and the people. Altogether (= in total) it was a great evening. (altogether is used to introduce a summary when you have mentioned a number of different things) Stated another way, a superset of an authorized set is again an authorized set. What this says is that the access structure should satisfy the monotone property. , , Each object has its own memory made up of other objects. Put another way, you create a new kind of object by making a package containing existing objects. Stated in general terms, a nested function call is an application of a function to the result of applying another function to some argument value. Or, put differently, these properties are exactly what is needed to prove correctness of the following algorithm. ( ) Taken as a whole, the operations that are to be performed on the user traffic are defined by the security protocol, the cryptographic operations, and the encapsulation mode. , Couched in generalities, the report named no one responsible for the incident. Equivalently stated, Minimal Encapsulation cannot be used when an original packet is already fragmented. ,

that is (to say): = in other words; used to give more exact info about sth or to correct a statement

Three days from now, that is to say on Friday One solution would be to change the shape of the screen, that is, to make it wider. Languages are taught by the direct method, that is to say, without using the students own language. I loved him that is, I thought I did.

They, thats to say Matt and John, were arguing about what to do. Youll find her very helpful if shes not too busy, that is. That is to say, there will be no such thing for Leibniz as mere difference of place, and motion will not be conceived as transition from one place to another.

in terms of (= in relation to)

in general/practical/financial etc terms: /, ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ [terms]

In operational terms, we are interested in finding ways of using the channel such that all the bits that are communicated are recovered with negligible probability of error. In mathematical terms, assuming a particular input ensemble X, we can measure how much information the output conveys about the input by the mutual information. In financial terms, the project was not a success. Ill try to explain in simple terms. We explain in simple terms what the treatment involves. It would be wrong to describe society purely in economic terms. The war, although successful in military terms, left the economy in ruins. What do these statistics mean in human terms? In our terms, the scheme has not been a success. Students have less money in relative terms, but spend more money on books. We wish to protest in the strongest possible terms (= to say we are very angry). In terms of money, I was better off in my last job. see life in terms of money Feminity is still defined in terms of beauty. Its a mistake to think of Florida only in terms of its tourist attractions. Its too early to start talking in terms of casualties. Did the experiment find any differences in terms of what children learned?

to the best of my/our knowledge

/ , /

To the best of our knowledge, the only comparable work is the multiparty certified mail protocol proposed by Asokan et al. in [2]. To the best of my knowledge there is no IP owned by other parties.

, , , , Adopting this pragmatic approach has its own advantages and pitfalls. There are a variety of authentication options, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. The truth is that no ideal strategy has yet been found, and that every approach has strengths and weaknesses. End-to-end security comes with its own disadvantages; namely, it increases complexity for the end-user, and it can be more challenging to manage. There also are disadvantages. For example, / . These different approaches have their advantages, but also have piftalls as described earlier. In brief the problem is: The principal advantage of having a program broken up into functions is that There is a further advantage in that , , , This will be of manifold advantage. First, . The analysis technique offers several advantages over existing ones, even for monotonic protocols. ,

, Whilst it is possible to build a certain amount of error-handling capability into the script, it is never possible to anticipate all eventualities. We must be prepared for every eventuality.

, , , Should all the roads under consideration be two-way, we have a symmetric relation. , , But the following lifetime is recommended in consideration of (= because of) performance and security. We consider specifically here the error dependencies due to failures in adders. , , Some points to be considered as to which device is the most appropriate one to implement are: , Given the present lack of means for secure transactions, one can only speculate about the potential for on-line commerce once these secure transaction schemes are in place. / , /; This condition is accounted for by the first summand, 1, that appears in each factor of f(x). , Ive given the matter careful thought (= the act of thinking seriously and carefully about something). You may have to give a wireless network serious thought. Here are why: He had given some thought to what she had told him. After much thought, I decided to end my marriage.

in view of: (formal) used to introduce the reason for a decision or action; You use in view of when you are taking into consideration facts that have just been mentioned or are just about to be mentioned. = considering; in consideration of = taking into account; on account of = bearing something in mind = because of = with regard to

take into account

In view of (= considering) the weather, the event will now be held indoors. In view of (= because; considering) what youve said, I think we should reconsider our proposed course of action. In view of the fact that Hobson was not a trained economist his achievements were remarkable. In view of his conduct, the club has decided to suspend him. In view of the shortage of time, each person may only speak for five minutes. In view of our difficulties with money, lets not go on vacation. In view of the circumstances, it seems best to wait until tomorrow. I saw him struggling but felt helpless in view of his pain. Later we take thearrows into account. Thus, every command must be checked individually to establish whether and to what extent it takes assume properties into account. tests that took into account suggestions solicited from Professor We are now ready for the definition of fail-stop modified slightly to take into account our slightly different definition of an event. It may turn out to be useful to pursue this matter further and see if our framework can be adapted to take into account countermeasures such as these.

In the light of (or, in USA, in light of) particular information, knowledge, etc = considering or using this information, knowledge, etc in order to make a decision or understand something; = after considering something; = ; ;

This development is significant in the light of what happened later This should be discussed more fully, particularly in the light of the developments in the University. The semantics of confirm(K) are best understood in light of the following new Confirmation Axioms: He wrote the book in the light of further research. In light of this tragic event, we have cancelled the 4th of July celebrations. In the light of this information it is now possible to identify a number of key issues. ( : if something is possible in the light of particular information, it

is only possible because you have this information) ease: , , A simulation study on the use of digital signatures carried out by the GMD also identified ease of use as a key factor for user acceptance. , The ease with which digital products can be copied and distributed presents enormous challenges for E-commerce. , , In order to ease the burden on the third party, it is convenient to make bA a function of the identity A. , Documents could cross international boundaries with ease, without the need for onerous password systems.

Experience has shown that secure cryptographic systems are deceptively hard to design and build properly. Experience has shown that the best way to develop and maintain a large program is to construct it from smaller pieces or modules each of which is more manageable than the original program. It is my experience that different researchers will give different answers to the above questions.

, ,
appear: to give the impression of being or doing something

Man in the middle appears to be web server to user, and web user to server. Man in the middle appears to be web server to user, and web user to server. , At the present time the development of regulatory policy for cryptography in many countries appears to be in a state of flux. the interpretation that allows the attack is what appears to have been used in the BAN logic analysis. Man in the middle appears to be Web server to user, and Web user to server. The total number of species on the planet appears to be growing by leaps and bounds. It appears (that) there has been a mistake. (= it seems that) There appears to be some mistake. It appears to me that (= I think that) we need to make some changes. (expect that ) It appears unlikely that interest rates will fall further. It would appear that (= it seems that) nobody on board the aircraft actually had a license to fly it. It would appear that this was a major problem. It appears as if/as though I was wrong. He tried to make it appear that she had committed suicide. Police have found what appear to be human remains. ~ Determining whether an approach has been successful, however, is more difficult than it might appear. It may be less useful than it appears at first. If an attacker manages to replace a users public key with his own, the user is completely impersonated by the attacker: all the secret information intended for the user will be grabbed by the attacker, and the attacker can do anything in the name of that valid user. I claim this land in the name of the King! ~ An attacker who knows the password can use it to pose as a trusted OSPF router and transmit bogus routing table information. He posed as a health-worker in order to get into the old lady's house, and then stole her money. He doesn't really know a thing about the theatre - he's just posing!

Etc.

nature: , , Motor-racing is by nature a dangerous sport. Companies are, by their very nature, conservative. Authentication is by its nature an application-independent process because an individuals identity is unique to the individual, regardless of what role the individual is fulfilling or what operation the individual is attempting to perform. , While the obvious limitations are rooted in (= having as their origin or cause) the nature of wireless Any key recovery infrastructure, by its very nature, introduces a new and vulnerable path to the unauthorized recovery of data where one did not otherwise exist. the true nature of their difficulties In order to acquire a deep understanding of packet switching and computer networks, we must understand the nature and importance of these delays. In combination with the broadcast nature of the system, this opens the possibility for unauthorized access and eavesdropping. Optical cards provide security by the nature of the fact that the data cannot be erased. It's the nature of linen to crumple easily.

center around/round/on/upon something : , ,

If you center around/round/on/upon something, you make it the main subject of discussion or interest. If your thoughts, activities etc center around something or are centered around it, it is the main thing that you are concerned with or interested in.

In the 16th century, village life centred around religion. However, this increase in productivity must not come at the expense of security, and hence some widely voiced criticisms about SSO systems center around the notion that they become a single point of failure. , ; The discussion centred around reducing waste. She spoke about her travels, centring on the time she had spent in India.

, , , In that case the IKE negotiation procedure is as the following picture shows. This operation of the machine is represented by the diagram of Figure 12.2.1. These are the steps shown in Figure 2: 1) . 2) . Figure 4-1 depicts this concept in more detail. The steps in this scheme can be outlined as follows. The process is outlined in the following steps. As shown in the following illustration, native PPP runs over the dial-uplink between the user and the CO. Here is a picture showing the objects in the program just before it stops running. As illustrated in Figure 1.5-2, This is pictured in Figure C14.

, The main requirements were to keep the changes required to a minimum and at the same time minimise the computational overhead at the users end. Evaluate it five times at a minimum. At a minimum, they include At the least, this restriction is very annoying. In the extreme, some sites set their full allotment of 20 cookies each time, so the user spends all of his time answering cookie popup windows an unacceptable outcome. As an absolute minimum, you should spend two hours in the evening studying.

, The first speech was given by none other than Clint Eastwood. The mystery guest turned out to be none other than Cher herself.

The future looks bright for Kerberos however, since a major endorsement of the technology came from none other than Microsoft who is basing the NT5 authentication framework on Kerberos.

be in (a state of) flux

= to be changing a lot so that you cannot be sure what will happen; = continuous change; instability; = ,

The education system is in a state of flux, with new requirements constantly being added. Our plans are in a state of flux at the moment. Nature is dynamic, always in flux, always changing. The flux followed the death of the king. New words and meanings keep the English language in a state of flux.

one after another; one after the other

= , , = one at a time in a series = first one person or thing, and then another, and then another, up to any number or amount

One way of protecting against cracking is to revoke a users access if the wrong secret is entered a number of times in succession (= happening one after the other without anything different happening in between). The bills kept coming in, one after another. One politician after another has promised to support our campaign, but none of them has done anything yet. A whole series of problems have arisen one after another. There was one day when I had three different exams one after the other.

, , add The game was excellent, and besides, there was no admission charged. The house looked good; moreover, the price was right. She won't mind your being late besides, it's hardly your fault If we can demonstrate A on the basis of X then adding to this an assumption of A B will lead us to B.

adding to something:

~ First of all, there is no such thing as a number devil. Darling, Mummy's told you before, there's no such thing as ghosts (= they do not exist)!

, Wireless LAN protocols are also designed in such a way that bolstering the access control also makes it quite easy to shore up the encryption of traffic, to the point where deploying products to improve authentication will also provide greater privacy of the information traveling over the wireless LAN. an aid programme to bolster up their troubled economy. The chapter concludes by providing illustrations of how the PAM service is used to support both Primary and Secondary Sign-on operations in support of the concept of Single Single-on.

Provide for sth: make it possible for sth to happen in the future; plan for; make plans in order to deal with a possible event in the future; ,

The budget provides for a salary increase after one year Commanders failed to provide for an attack by sea. Generally, the count will be a single byte, which provides for strings of up to 255 characters.

Provide for sb: take care of someone by making money in order to buy the things that they need; give sb the things they need such as money, food or clothes;

Without work, how can I provide for my children? He has a wife and two young children to provide for.

case, By defining a separate set of communication rules (protocols), these rules can now be applied over any OSI-compliant topology. This was not the case with legacy systems, which is why the OSI model was developed. ~ / .

Nevertheless, clever design has its limitations when delay is excessive, as is often the case in the public Internet. ~ The recursive solution is much easier to code than the iterative solution would. This is often the case with good recursive solutions. or might it be the case that A has completed more runs than B? ~ ? It is quite commonly (= often, usually) the case that one wishes to prevent this sort of thing from happening. Should this be the case, the firewalls defining the DMZ will have to be reconfigured. , , That being the case, however, the astute reader may be wondering why the simpler pattern merge[a_, {b1_, brest___}] wasn't used instead. The answer will be revealed in the exercises. In each of the examples above, the orbits all had the same size. This is by no means always the case. //

on a case-by-case basis: = according to the particular facts relating to each situation = ; ; ;

The only thing we can do is to negotiate on a case-by-case basis. In any case, if the user does not exist, the authentication request must not be accepted. In either case, the key cannot be directly accessed except by the cryptographic processor on the card. You can get there by train or bus either way / in either case itll take an hour. Whatever the case may be, One reason is to distinguish the use of asymmetric key pairs for signatures, encryption, and key agreement, .. A second reason is to separate the notion of binding a public key to a principal from the notion of the goodness of that key. Cayleys Theorem is important for two contrasting reasons. One is that it allows us to represent an abstract group in a concrete way. A second is that it shows that the present-day set of axioms we have adopted for a group is the correct abstract of its much earlier predecessora group of permutations. This definition for POSITIVE has two problems. One, it does not generate all real numbers (e.g., 1T is not included because of its infinite length). Two, the definition is not recursive since we did not use known elements of POSITIVE One standard way of defining this set is Another way we might try is this: The third method we present is sneaky, by recursive definition: Whereas the first datagram sent from the web server to the requesting client may travel across an underground fiberoptic cable, the second datagram may be sent across a satellite link, while a third may travel over a conventional network.

The topological view they use for their inter-AS routing protocol is shown at the higher level, with links shown in light gray. In Figure 4.3-3, the portion of the path routed using A's intra-AS protocol is shown in red, the portion using the inter-AS routing protocol is shown in blue, and the portion of the path routed using B's intra-AS protocol is shown in green.

, , , Let us begin by considering in detail one particular example. Suppose that the input alphabet has only the two letters a and b. Throughout this chapter, we use only this alphabet (except for a couple of problems at the end). Let us also assume that there are only three states, x, y, and z. Let the following be the rules of transition: Rule I Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 4 Rule 5 From state x and input a, go to state y. From state x and input b, go to state z. From

state y and input a, go to state x. From state y and input b, go to state z. From state z and any input, stay at state z. Let us also designate state x as the starting state and state z as the only final state. We now have a perfectly defined finite automaton, because it fulfills all three requirements demanded above: states, alphabet, transitions. Let us examine what happens to various input strings when presented to this FA. Let us start with the string aaa. We begin, as always, in state x. The first letter of the string is an a, and it tells us to go to state y (by Rule I). The next input (instruction) is also an a, and this tells us by Rule 3 to go back to state x. The third input is another a, and by Rule I again we go to state y. There are no more input letters in the input string, so our trip has ended. We did not finish up in the final state (state z), so we have an unsuccessful termination of our run. The string aaa is not in the language of all strings that leave this FA in state z. The set of all strings that do leave us in a final state is called the language defined by the finite automaton. The input string aaa is not in the language defined by this FA. Using other terminology, we may say that the string aaa is not accepted by this finite automaton because it does not lead to a final state. We use this expression often. We may also say, "aaa is rejected by this FA." The set of all strings accepted is the language associated with the FA. We say, "this FA accepts the language L," or "L is the language accepted by this FA." When we wish to be anthropomorphic, we say that L is the language of the FA. If language L, is contained in language L2 and a certain FA accepts L2 (all the words in L2 are accepted and all the inputs accepted are words in L2) , then this FA also must accept all the words in language L, (because they are also words in L2) . However, we do not say, "L; is accepted by this FA" because that would mean that all the words the FA accepts are in L j . This is solely a matter of standard usage. At the moment, the only job an FA does is define the language it accepts, which is a fine reason for calling it an acceptor, or better still a language-recognizer. This last term is good because the FA merely recognizes whether the input string is in its language much the same way we might recognize when we hear someone speak Russian without necessarily understanding what it means. Let us examine a different input string for this same FA. Let the input be abba. As always, we start in state x. Rule I tells us that the first input letter, a, takes us to state y. Once we are in state y, we read the second input letter, which is a b. Rule 4 now tells us to move to state z. The third input letter is a b, and because we are in state z, Rule 5 tells us to stay there. The fourth input letter is an a, and again Rule 5 says stay put. Therefore, after we have followed the instruction of each input letter, we end up in state z. State z is designated a final state, so we have won this game. The input string abba has taken us successfully to the final state. The string abba is therefore a word in the language associated with this FA. The word abba is accepted by this FA. It is not hard for us to predict which strings will be accepted by this FA. If an input string is made up of only the letter a repeated some number of times, then the action of the FA will be to jump back and forth between state x and state y. No such word can ever be accepted. To get into state z, it is necessary for the string to have the letter b in it. As soon as a b is encountered in the input string, the FA jumps immediately to state z no matter what state it was in before. Once in state z, it is impossible to leave. When the input string runs out, the FA will still be in state z, leading to acceptance of the string. /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////// Etc. The length of a word w, denoted by |w|, is the number of letters in w when each letter is counted as many times as it occurs. count

It was no wonder that Leibniz felt compelled to consider anew the meaning of the concept of space and its infinite divisibility. ; It might be that you do not wish to wait that long. First off, lets see how much itll cost. , (before anything else; in the first place) This flexibility does not come without a cost, however. , In no case can the average number of questions be less than H(X). , Rachel seems to be the only fly in the ointment of Carolines smooth life. All principals act in their own best interest (including to guard jointly derived secrets). To do so, we felt it was important to spend part of our effort getting a sense of what aspects of computer science had changed over the last decade. As a result, we have seen exponential increases in available computing power that have made it possible to solve problems that would have been out of reach just a few short years ago. One of the most hotly debated questions in computer science is the role of programming in the introductory curriculum. An understanding of what a given standard body does within the landscape of mobile networking will be helpful to the reader for the remainder of the book. Likewise, your security (or lack thereof ) can cause serious harm to others, even if intruders do no direct harm to your organization. Similarly, machines that are not part of centralized computing facilities and that may be managed by novice or part-time system administrators or may be unmanaged, can be used by intruders to inflict harm on others, even if those systems have no strategic value to your organization. , , , ; thereof (= of that) An alternative protocol that cuts the typing in half is for the calculator to encrypt the current time and display the result. . require of . - Marathons require incredible stamina of the runners. - Analogous assumptions are required of B. It is important, however, that you do not think of a firewall as a single piece of equipment or as one do-it-all software program, despite the fact that some vendors may try to convince you otherwise. ~ (despite = in spite of) The Internet is not without its shortcomings, however. . . The wireless medium is characterized by high bit error rate and expensive usage (since spectrum is a scarce resource). I take an assortment of clothes on holiday, as a provision against the vagaries of the weather. , The system is supposed to enter service in 2003-2004; some of the design details are still being worked on, so this section is necessarily somewhat tentative. It's such a tiny office. Don't you ever feel cooped up here? If the user is not required to use EAP, then the RADIUS server will respond with an Access-Accept or Access-Reject packet as appropriate. Some confusion may arise in deciding when to use virtual private networks (VPN) and when to use 802.1X. These technologies actually complement each other and there are times when both may be used. ~ . It is assumed here that each possible key is as likely as any other. To some extent / a certain extent (Partly), she was responsible for the accident. Don't fiddle with my computer while I'm out.

There's no point in fiddling with the format because the whole report will have to be altered. I spent all morning fiddling about/around. without any maths whatsoever in any way whatever continued study will be necessary to keep up to date with developments, especially in relation to I try to keep abreast of what's happening in psychology. Please find attached some draft text Sorry, I can't make it. (I'm not feeling well.) OR, Sorry, I can't go. I am indebted to the ideas of Bob Waller for much of the foregoing analysis. What if the adversary were able to recover the first 56 bits of K , but not all of K? Thus, in order to get off the ground, the legitimate parties need an information When two parties A, B, sharing, respectively, keys KA and KB with S, want to engage in a communication session, a three party protocol will be executed, involving A, B and S. can be executed in a similar time to a symmetric cryptosystem. Assume each party has access to authentic copies of the others public key (if not, certificates can be included in existing messages 2 and 3. Apart from detailed information on the syntax of each command, you will also find hints and tips on how to avoid typical mistakes. Hence the code is such that any received string with one error can be detected. Hence we can detect any received string containing one error. Yet another irritating fact is that there is no help text to document which commands support assume and which do not. The term verification refers to the process of checking the appropriated claims A key shall be replaced when its compromise is known or suspected. Key may become lost due to human error, software bugs, or hardware malfunction. The identification facility has to check known information about the claimed identity against information acquired during the identification process. Certification authorities are to be trusted with their registering responsibilities only. the initiator A shall be able to generate or otherwise acquire a key K This concept requests unconditional trust in that servers will not misuse their ability to eavesdrop. Like Kerberos, SPX has credential initialization and client-server protocols. Secrecy specifies that a message can be read only by its intended recipients, while integrity specifies that every message is received exactly as it was sent, or a discrepancy is detected. But the less obvious success stories of how the Allies protected their codes is less know but no less important. .. the security of both wire and wireless communications is becoming a more prominent issue in personal and business communications than ever before. is required, for instance, in case B initiates some operation without any authorization from A. The basic procedures described above are vulnerable, especially as regards attacks by active eavesdropper. Last, but perhaps just as important, remember that youre most likely going to be installing firewalls at more than one site. The increasing, and increasingly diverse, demand for security by users, operators and regulatory bodies calls for more advanced security features in third generation system, such as UMTS. Since the 1980s, ISO has been standardising different aspects of smart cards to ensure

ETSI does not seem quite so clear what this device will be called or what form it will take. We obtain at most k rows ( one row fewer for each 0-bit in the integer n ) anyone can open useless connections to any server while few people are able to record and replay messages to a particular server. ( , , ) To summarize, On the theoretical side, the security of the stateless protocols should be examined from two directions. First, . Second, . The computation of modular exponentiations are mainly considered, because it is the most time-consuming computation. Also take note of the fact that this loop must execute 2 commands, one to increment counter, the other to multiply product. For large expressions, compilation can speed up execution by a factor as large as 20. We would like instead to instruct MMA that all names in a certain section of code refer to a particular context. We move, then, to the second way to declare names in a context. There is, however, then the question of which symbol you actually get when you type in only the short name Mole. A successful denial-of-service attack using this vulnerability would require the initiator to start the protocol not once but many times. Since this is an attack against the initiator, not the responder, it is potentially less useful for tying up resources; the victim must decide to initiate an instance of the protocol before the attack can be mounted. In the first message in the STS protocol, an attacker who is capable of doing nothing more than sending messages could send a bogus message and cause the responder to waste resources responding to it. No protocol is completely immune against denial of service attacks. More to be done The hotel is in the middle of nowhere and there lies the rub. We dont have a car. The number will be exact if no decimal point is encountered, approximate otherwise. At the beginning of this section we asserted that every expression returns another expression as its value. There are cases in which this seems to be untrue, however. An example is The above example seems to imply that there is no return value from SetDelayed. if it is part of a larger expression, however. . the intended result of executing the function is not its return value, but rather some change that it makes to the state of the Mathematica session (or to the computer in general for example, writing data to a file). There is one last topic that needs to be made before we leave this topic. After 4096 rewritings have taken place, the kernel wraps the current result in Hold (which prevents any further evaluation) and returns it. In very special cases, even the space is unnecessary. The author knows of only two such cases. The first is when a number is followed by a nonnumeric character. For reasons that will become much clearer later, it is good practice to always Clear a function before making changes to its definition. These errors can be notoriously hard to track down, since you dont get any kind of warning messages, just a function call that does nothing. The correct thing to do in this case is to use Set, so that the RHS is evaluated at the point of function definition. Better yet, write a second function that formats the data returned by the first function.

In place of loops, there are high-order functions that apply other functions to collections of data. A trace of the evaluation shows why. When in doubt, consult the table of special input forms in Appendix A of the Mathematica Book, or better yet, use parentheses to settle the matter unambiguously. A level specification of the form n without the braces applies to levels 1 through n inclusive. (Exception: A level specification of 0 doesnt do anything.) the value u is chosen at random by U prior to the start of the protocol. V has to register with its TTP the private key agreement key v. The function Fold is somewhat like Nest, except that its first argument is a function of two arguments. Although this seems like a curiosity, it is actually very useful. You can use Word as your editing tool at the very same time you take advantage of Publishers desktop publishing capabilities. Use this option very sparingly, however, because even when the text is visible, it is often difficult to read. You also can combine head matching with a test function. (also ) where g is as above. What is really going on here? Finally, it must be pointed out that during the course of debugging such a function, care must be taken to always Clear the cached values and define the function from scratch whenever any change is made to the function. In fact, you can think of an UpValue as a kind of virtual function. This analogy seems especially appropriate since the kernel checks an expression for upvalues before checking it for downvalues, so that the former always override the latter. Having said all that, we need to point out a limitation of upvalues: They can be associated only with symbols that are at level 1 or the heads of expression at level 1 in the rule definition. In the given example, we have a choice of defining a downvalue for Factor or an upvalue for Plus. The former seems like the logical choice since Factor is much less common than Plus. Either way, you have to modify a protected symbol. All told, there are six different kinds of rules that can be associated with a tag; they are listed in Table 7-1. The external rules always take precedence over the internal ones, as we shall see shortly. In cases in which an expression matches both an upvalue and a downvalue, the upvalue always takes precedence. Although this looks rather like a downvalue for N, the tag for this rule is, in fact, omega. F[6] evaluates to 2 rather than 3 because of the order of the rules. The basic idea is protection of privacy of information by distribution. one can't figure out anything about it. Now if t + 1 players get together they can figure out f and hence s. Shamir's scheme suffers from two problems. Thus in place of the notation a * b, we shall be using either a + b to be read the sum of a and b, or ab to be read the product of a and b. We are requiring not only that the set of one group be contained in the set of the other, but also that the group operation on the smaller set assign the same element to each ordered pair from this smaller set as is assigned by the group operation of the larger set. Let us imitate this reasoning in a general situation. It is easy to see that our usual law of exponents, aman = am+n for m, n Z holds. For m, n Z+, it is clear.

to build on the work already undertaken for UMTS by ETSI SMG 10, to accommodate, as far as is practicable, any regional variations in security objectives and priorities for 3GPP partners No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in SR 000 314. Recent research in this field seems to corroborate the theory. (= to add proof or certainty to (an account, statement, idea, etc.) with new information) Data origin authentication: The corroboration that the source of data received is as claimed. Entity authentication: The provision of assurance of the claimed identity of an entity. If the activation of a security feature provided for the benefit of a customer is controlled by another party, e.g. a network operator, then the customer should be made aware of a failure to activate the feature. Those features should work without any reduction in security when a user roams. They must not affect the confidentiality of third parties. They are such that differences in security functionality for terrestrial and satellite components of UMTS can be minimised. They have a minimal impact on the use of radio resources. The MS sends its ciphering capabilities as they are stored on the UE, and the ciphering preferences, as they are stored in the USIM, as a part of the MS capabilities, to the SN. One common thread that weaves through many of the functions in AbstractAlgebra is the use of the Mode option. By default, functions are set to use the Computational mode. The first step in the process is a SYN packet that is sent from Si to D. The second message, from D to Si, has both the SYN and ACK flags set indicating that D acknowledges the SYN and is continuing the handshake. The third message, from Si to D has its ACK bit set, and is an indication to D that both hosts agree that both hosts agree that a connection has been established. The third message may contain user payload data. To defend against the exhaustion of resources in the systems under attack, an obvious approach is to increase the number of resources devoted to half-open TCP connections, and to reduce the timeouts. These measures have been suggested by different sources [11], and can be summarized as: This can be effective if, apart from the normal blocking done by the firewall, some other specialized mechanism is put in place to deal with SYN flooding. With the advent of WWW and Java, the attacker has many opportunities to push Trojan horses down to the user's desktop system. In order to simplify our description, we consider the mechanism only in relation to one-way communication. The adaptation of the scheme for two-way communication is very straightforward. More specifically we present the mechanism in the context of a pair of users A and B , where A wishes to send B a confidential message and needs to be provided with a session key to protect it. First suppose TTPA is required to provide access to this message. Second suppose that TTPB is required to provide access to this message. The above analysis shows that given that, before generating a certificate, a TTP always checks that a user possesses the private key corresponding to the public key which they claim as their own, then the Burmester attack does not apply. By signing up to a licensed TTP, the user will be able to communicate securely with every user of every TTP with whom his TTP has an agreement. This matter is the subject of further study, but no problems have yet been identified.

The proposed scheme as it stands does not meet this requirement, but the provision of digital signatures as an additional service by the TTP will allow it to be met. The proposed scheme allows a user to have new send key pairs generated as often as wished. This is because MMA determines the width of the plot based on the x-coordinates of the data, without regard for the space needed to insert the text annotations. It is no loss of generality to assume that It is no loss of generality to let the set be A = {1, 2, , n}, and we are assuming that n 2 so that transpositions exist. Members of a list do not all have to be of the same type. Thus, as previously, in the context of the situation where A wishes to send a secret message to user B, we suppose that , , Before A can send a secret message to B, two key pairs will need to be established, as we now describe. It is our hope that our findings will shed further light on the debate over key recovery and provide a long-needed baseline analysis of the costs of key recovery. This rising tide of important yet unsecured electronic data leaves our society increasingly vulnerable to curious neighbors, industrial spies, organized crimes and terrorist organizations. It is extremely difficult if not virtually important for anyone other than authorized recipients to recover the original plaintext. Taken together, these elements encompass a system of ubiquitous key recovery designed to meet law enforcement specifications. While some specific details may change, the basic requirements most likely will not: they are the essential requirements for any system that meets the stated objective of guaranteeing law enforcement agencies timely access, without user notice, to the plaintext of encrypted communications traffic. there is little or no user demand for this feature. In particular, there is hardly ever a reason for an encryption user to want to recover the key used to protect a communication session such as telephone call, FAX transmission, or Internet link. and other basic operational procedures will vary widely from user to user, even within a single business. At this early stage in their deployment, no consensus has emerged on what government role is appropriate. The result is that once the call is over, the information required to decrypt it ceases to exist; not even the parties to the call store the keys. The requirements set out by law enforcement impose new system costs for designing, deploying, New expenses entailed in the design of secure product that conform to the stringent key recovery requirements. These costs are born/borne by all encryption applications, even those where key recovery is not beneficial to the user or even to law enforcement. It remains unclear whether the high-risk, high-liability business of operating a key recovery center, with limited consumer demand to date, will even be economically viable. Political considerations aside, the technical properties of Clipper are interesting. First we must check to see if is a mapping. We have limited our discussions to ANSI C. But more importantly, it provides capabilities to do object-oriented programming. Building software quickly, correctly, and economically remains an elusive goal. in the mid-to-late 1990s Many people feel that the best educational strategy today is to master C, then study C++. To achieve this, T must use a different secret value bA with

each user A. An implicit assumption in the evaluation process is that the system is designed so that the set of all expression is partially ordered with respect to evaluation, or equivalently, that there are no cyclic dependencies in the evaluation process. It is all too easy to construct an example for which this assumption is violated. There is, of course, a grey area with services such as electronic mail which has both storage and communications aspects. , , A visiting user has to authenticate himself to the foreign service provider with the help of his home domain agent. This may involve a potentially time consuming authentication protocol over long distances. What type of attacker will a digital money system be willing to withstand? ( ) . attackers, an attacker That was true at the beginning, but the knowledge spread quickly and now cell phone fraud is a huge problem for the industry. People can easily exchange money without linking up with a central computer system, and this can reduce the costs significantly. Brokers pay vendors by means outside the PayWord system. If user authentication fails, the user request is rejected. If user authentication succeeds, proceed to step 4. Even if the counter is updated once every second, a 25 bit counter suffices for the counter to not overflow in one year, which is a reasonable period to obtain new certificates. TO A common use of IP multicast is conferencing, especially videoconferencing. Yes, but it's a bit like a learning English from a dictionary. It is a good idea to master the programming concepts introduced in this chapter, even if they seem a bit bewildering at first. Users can make payments to a large number of different VASPs without having to establish a security association with each one in advance. , (= beforehand, previously, ahead (of time), in anticipation) They exchange their certificates in the course of the protocol. ~ , , Protocols A and B were already described in D10. However, they have since undergone a modification and are thus also included in this deliverable. , mechanism proposed in this section need not be modified. To make life easy, the Internet provides facilities to use symbolic names instead of dotted addresses. Its domain name would quite likely be mycompany.com. This revolution, that some call Webolution, is spreading at a phenomenal rate. and it should be treated as work in progress. There is some evidence that consumer will take proper care in creating and protecting security information if forced to do so. As a result, awareness of a threat tends to result in nonuse rather than care in use. For us secure e-mail is almost more important than secure payment. the law is to keep pace with technological advances. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the ACTS Project AD026, SEMPER. However, it represents the view of the author. SEMPER is part of the ACTS research program established by the European Commission This description is based on joint work of the SEMPER consortium. It is a pleasure to thank all of them for their co-operation and contributions. The SEMPER homepage is at <http://www.semper.org>.

SET is a pragmatic approach to pave the way for easy and rapid enabling of secure electronic transactions over the Internet. , To aid visibility, the PointSize is increased from its default value. Suffice it to say that However, the basic ideas are not all that complicated, and one can get good use out of the system knowing just a few fundamental facts. The interpretation that they have of BANs work is fairly typical. The results were the same to within statistical error, so directC[] is certainly running faster than direct and the speedup cannot be attributed to an ordering effect. For larger expressions, compilation can speed up execution by a factor as large as 20. It is rather curious to discover that the security of this protocol is critically dependent on plaintext information which can be considered as incidental to the protocol. It may well be that in a nonrobust protocol an attacker is able to use messages drawn from different protocols to successfully deceive a participant. In this light, we view our contribution as follows. First, we raise the implicit philosophy behind the use of a random oracle to . Second, we systematically apply the paradigm to . When a KA protocol involves more than 2 users, we refer to it as a multi-party keyagreement (MPKA) protocol. It is important to have as firm a handle on these functions as possible since a key to good, efficient programming in Mathematica is to use the builtin functions whenever possible. To see this more clearly, we can step through the computation. The DDN scheme is many orders of magnitude more expensive than any practical scheme, since it involves multiple signatures and zeroknowledge proofs, and thus is likely to be ruled out. Decryption in the CS scheme is about five times as costly as in OAEP. In some applications, this kind of increase may be tolerable; in others not. Big O takes care of upper bounds, i.e., if the running time is O[f[n]] this means that, up to a constant factor, the program is no slower than f[n]. We can pretty-print the result, but that's not much of an improvement. In a man-in-the-middle attack, an attacker intercepts all of the communications between two parties, making each think that it is communicating with the other. The TMN protocol [12] is described by the following series of messages: These are, on the whole, less severe but do represent patterns of behaviour under which A and B are deceived by the intruder about some aspect of connections between them. and it also provides certain defenses against denial-ofservice attacks by adopting the cookies technique of [17]. Simple as this example seems, there are complications. In particular the rule of reductio ad absurdum is not nearly as natural as the other ones. , Suppose that, to start with, we make no assumptions whatsoever about security. From this point on, application of the pigeonhole principle may be more subtle. As it turns out, the timing is perfect. It really helped us understand the issues and what the latest Earthling debates are all about. Is there perhaps a way to determine whether one algorithm is better than another? ? The first coin that we input sets the machine in motion. , while a quick revocation of user rights becomes harder to

achieve. ~ Now just how do partitions come into play with equivalence relations? On the basis of this theorem and the examples we have examined, we state the next result. In fact, for a uniform distribution of the numbers 0-9, any sequence of one thousand digits is equally as likely to occur as any other sequence of one thousand digits. A sequence of 1000 numbers that contains exactly 100 occurrences of the digit 0 followed by 100 occurrences of the digit 1, followed by 100 occurrences of the digits 2, , is no more likely than the sequence that contains one thousand 7s, for example. Sum[i^2, {i, 1, 3}]: This command adds up the squares of i as i takes on the values from 1 to 3. For now we consider two more examples. There will be times when it is easier to compute with a power series than with a polynomial. The important point to note here is that you dont need to know much about whats in these files. However, in case youre curious, lets do a quick run-through of what the more interesting ones are for. You will see though, that the process really is very straightforward. This is to advise you of what AppWizard is about to do and provides you with an opportunity to abort the whole thing if it doesnt seem to be what you want. We wont worry about what all these signifywell get to them eventually. The comment using // only covers the portion of the line following the two successive slashes, whereas the /*....*/ form defines whatever is enclosed as a comment and can span several lines. Note that the second statement runs over two lines. The successive lines are combined into a single statement until the compiler finds the semicolon that defines the end of the statement. In a certain sense, Formatter is the inverse to FullForm. but we will defer discussion of this until later in this chapter when we discuss something called variable scope. We will discuss the order of execution more fully later in this chapter. You can, therefore, include as much white space as you like to make your program more readable. Its not that its difficult quite the opposite in fact but The basic arithmetic operators we have at our disposal are addition, subtraction, These operate generally as you would expect, with the exception of division which has a slight aberration when working with integer variables or constants, as well see. One thing needs to be clear at the outset. A couple of general points worth noting are about the layout of the program. Firstly, and, secondly, The last paragraph reads a bit like The Auctioneers Song. ~ . . The overall design of your program may well be at fault. . Entity B responds with a message containing F(x, rA ), a suitable function of rA and further data fields x. If A can attribute this message to B, then B has been authenticated. May A can deduce that B thought he was running the protocol with A as opposed to some third party, C? ~ The use of CSP has two advantages: Most of the possible meanings of authentication refer to the recent state of an agent B when another agent A completes a run

of the protocol, apparently with B. It turns out that the recentness is the hardest part of the specification to formalize in CSP. It is sensible to begin by looking for attacks on these weaker specifications, since these tests are faster than in the cases including recentness. As explained in the introduction, we begin by considering the cases without recentness, and then extend the definitions to include recentness. The following is what we consider to be the weakest reasonable definition of authentication. Many protocols fail to achieve even this weak form of authentication. In several cases, this is due to an intruder launching a mirror attack, simply reflecting an agents messages back at himself; examples appear in [2]. Closely related to the notion of aliveness is the case where, when A completes a run of the protocol, apparently with B, then B has previously been present, but not necessarily running the protocol in questionit may be that B has been running a completely different protocol. This raises the question of interaction between protocols, where an intruder can learn information in one protocol that he can use in an attack on another protocol. Several protocols achieve a guarantee of liveness, but fail to guarantee weak agreement. The normal scenario is that the intruder imitates an agent B to attack A, by using B as an oracle in a parallel run in which the intruder adopts his own identity; thus A believes he has been running the protocol with A B thinks he has been running the protocol with the intruder. Examples include my attack on the Needham-Schroeder Public Key protocol [16] in [10]. The following definition adds the condition that the two agents agree as to which roles each was taking, and that they agree upon some of the data items used in the exchange. We say that a protocol guarantees to an initiator A non-injective agreement with a responder B on a set of data items ds. This protocol gives B a guarantee of non-injective agreement on K. We will use the term full agreements to refer to agreement on all the atomic data items used in the protocol runs. // We will use the term injective agreement, or simply agreement, when we want to insist that there is a one-one relationship between the two agents runs. / / An agent A is tricked into thinking that B is trying to establish two sessions with him, whereas B was only trying to establish a single run. The agents do not check that . The meanings of recent will depend on the circumstances: sometimes we will take it to mean within the duration of As run; sometimes we will take it to mean at most t time units before A completed his run. For example, consider the following one-step protocol, where K AB is a key shared between A and B. The protocol can be strengthened to achieve recent non-injective agreement by adding a timestamp to the message. Also, in a setting where key compromise is possible, there is a well known attack on the Needham-Schroeder Secret Key Protocol [16], presented in [4]: once a key has been compromised, the intruder may replay messages from an earlier run so as to imitate the initiator; thus the protocol guarantees non-injective agreement, but not recent noninjective agreement. , , If Y were revealed, there would be no justification to attribute message X to principal Q. We have offered a choice of possible translations, all based

on interpreting identity as cryptographic key. Style |= HREDRAW | VREDRAW. This statement will set to the two rightmost bits of the variable style to 1, leaving the others at whatever they were before the execution of this statement. Bits that fall off either end of the variable are lost. All of the variables that we have declared so far have been declared within a block, that is, within the extent of a pair of curly braces. Both these variables exist from this point to the closing brace at the end of the program. You will get an error message something like, , / They might raise the question in your mind, Why not make all variables global and avoid all this messing about with local variables that disappear? We can demonstrate how this works with a revised version of the last example: A default case isn't essential. In its absence, if the value of the test expression doesnt correspond to any of the cases, the switch is exited and the program continues with the next statement after the switch. ~ /; From this example we are directed to the following. Since we have no technique for attacking such a relation, let us list some terms and see whether there is a recognizable pattern. Once again, if 1 and 2 are interchanged in the last permutation, we obtain the first permutation in our list. One way to represent any relation is by listing the ordered pairs that are its elements. ~ ~ This pictorial representation is a lot easier to work with than the 36 ordered pairs of the relation R. This theorem provides some insight into the number of odddegree vertices that can exist in a graph. ~ , ~ ~ . , We can keep going right down to the beginning, but that doesnt seem any easier than drawing K1000 and counting directly. A Morphoid is a structure that has the potential of being a homomorphism (and therefore potentially also an isomorphism). , We also consider when a direct product might be cyclic, given that its factors are cyclic. , ~ , ~ , ~ Continuing this process, we can move all of the gs to the right and all of the hs to the left, while reducing the powers of the gs modulo 2 and the powers of hs modulo 3 as we make the substitutions. , In programming, there are in addition logical control structures, loops, recursion and such like. Our definition of what a function is will be completely extensional, the only thing that matters is the connection between input and output. How the latter is calculated is irrelevant. In fact, as we will see, in most cases there is no method to compute the output given the input. , On the other hand, it is not uncommon for students to wonder all along whether they are really doing magic rather than mathematics. , , Its solution had been communicated to him by Niccolo Fontana (who, unfortunately, came to be known as Tartaglia - the stammerer - because of a speaking disorder). ~ It turns out that this development eventually gave a great impetus toward the acceptance of imaginary numbers. ~ ; ~ / In Cardano's time, negative numbers were still being treated with some suspicion, so

all the more was the idea of taking square roots of them. Many other mathematicians also had this view. A vector can be uniquely specified by giving its magnitude (i.e., its length) and direction (i.e., the angle it makes with the positive x-axis). X Thus, can take on an infinite number of values for a given complex number and is unique only up to multiples of 2. The real numbers are deficient in the sense that not all algebraic operations on them produce real numbers. Thus, for 1 to make sense, we must lift our sights to the domain of complex numbers. Polya's Pattern Inventory will determine how many different necklaces there are all together of each kind, allowing for equivalence under rotations. For simplicity, we only consider machines with a finite set of inputs and a finite set of states. Needless to say, fixing things so that this doesn't happen would add considerable complexity to the language. , , If it still evaluates to True, then expr is evaluated again. , This result also points up the unfortunate fact that evaluating this For loop has had the unintended side effect of giving a value to i, which we probably didn't want. A directory service is to a network what white pages and yellow pages are to the telephone system. Like the white pages, a directory service can be used to look up a person or object (file service, printer, etc.) by name. In the protocols examined in the present paper, so-called random numbers serve as nonces. ~ , ~ , ~ Thats what the PaddedForm[ ] is about. ~ / For reference, and to put our work in perspective, we now list a subset of BAN inference rules previously proposed. , We will use only a few Greek letters in this text, but for (future/easy) reference we list the entire alphabelt. To denote that A has sent a formula X in the present epoch (i.e., has recently said X), we use the AT construct A says X. Without further information (e.g. whether K is also known by some unidentified or uncorroborated party B), such a key K which A has is called an unqualified key (from As point of reference). ~ We assume f results in a joint key K which can be deduced only with knowledge of the appropriate private information, and that knowledge does not compromise the secrecy of the other partys private information. ~ To be technically precise, we should use ~ and ~ in place of ~ and ~ in the statement of Axiom 3, but we write simply the latter for appearance; the meaning should be clear by context. A similar comment applies to the argument of F( ) in Definition 4. There is one binary operation, that of applying a function to a value, written (f g) (using LISPlike notation), called application, and one x . expr, calledconstruction written abstraction, whose intended interpretation is the function of x given by the expression expr; i.e., it is the same thing as Function[{x}, expr] in Mathematica. , ; ~ , This is not of very much practical value, however, because Sn has order n!, which is much larger than the order of G, in general.

So, we know how to find all solutions of 4x + 6y = 4. But, 4x + 6y = 9 didn't appear to have any solutions. (Note that it's already reduced.) Why is that? ? Do these work as we suppose? ? However, rather than simply tacking together the notation and rules from all of these we adopt an integrated approach, designed to yield a logic that is sound with respect to a single, relatively simple model of computation. , In the first stage, two peers negotiate a common secure channel further called a ISAKMP Security Association or a ISAKMP SA for short. , ~ , , These problems were not so much flaws in the protocol design itself, but rather ambiguities and omissions in the specification that could lead to insecure or incorrect implementations if the specification were not correctly understood. Indeed, in one case we found that several incorrect implementations were being developed as a result of an omission in the IKE specification. ~ ~, In ISP environments where many users share the same Web server, it is important to use as specific a path as possible in the cookie. / and we also have p not dividing a. Our list was for n from 1 to 10. How about trying from 69 to 71, to pick two funny numbers that come to mind. , Oh my! You know, it's enough to shake your confidence in the whole idea of experimental mathematics. , ; /, , The roots of the factors are known as the roots of unity, since they are all numbers that, when raised to some power, give 1. ~ , , , , , ; , First lets remind ourselves what the factorizations of these polynomials look like. , If you have ever browsed through The Mathematica Book, you may have come across the description of the cyclotomic polynomials. , , Our goal at this point is to develop an alternate way of building the cyclotomic polynomials without using the complex numbers. , Therefore, to use the third element, we either pick it off the list of elements, as we did earlier or we create it anew with the Poly function. In this case, this polynomial can be obtained by , , , ; , Note that this is now identical to third. , To verify that a (whatever it turns out to be) is a root of a, we need to represent as coefficients as elements of a. , , The use of Indeterminate x is just for consistency. , We illustrate these theorems with examples to give you a better feel for what they say and what their implications are. ~ / , , () However, many questions regarding EC-systems are still open at this moment, making it unclear what the future of these systems will be. ; ; We now take up the question of when a quotient ring of a ring is a field and when it is an integral domain. ~ , , One reasonable guess might be that the identity function is an isomorphism, since the

domains are identical. , , From the issuers point of view, a CRL is an efficient way of making known which certificates are involved. , The server then checks its secure session cache for a match. If a match is found, This viewpoint is essentially looking at a LAN as a distributed system, with emphasis on the distributed operating system and the service it provides. , The hash-value of x is computed and compared to the protected hash-value; if they are equal, one accepts that the inputs are also equal, and thus that the message has not been altered. , , Upon receiving (= receipt of = reception of) instructions from B, K decrypts the instructions with Kbk, thus verifying that they were issued by B at some time in the past (K does not care about replays). After this sequence, E is authenticated as B towards A, and knows what A believes to be the session key, namely the public information M, A, B. It also works well against physical intrusion; an attacker who tapped in to an Ethernet cable, for example, would not be able to inject spurious packets. // The principal disadvantages of the client puzzle protocol by comparison with the standard approaches is its requirement for special client-side software. It is a sad fact of life that most software has bugs. / However, most important of all, wireless subscribers have a different set of essential desires and needs than desktop or even laptop Internet users. / Wireless service providers are able to offer a new dimension of service that complements the existing features of their networks, while extending subscriber access to the unbounded creativity of the Web. ~ they are both using the same master secret, they will generate identical symmetric key pairs. (both ) losing a basis for further discussion in the rest of the chapter. : intermediary the two words are used interchangeably. let alone security, privacy, or confidentiality. ~ , The solution described above imposes a number of limitations, both for the user and the operator. ISAKMP by itself does not dictate a specific key exchange algorithm. , If this data is valuable at all, you may have no choice but to accept the cost of encryption. , , . Hosts in the networks on either side of the serial line must retransmit transport layer messages through all involved networks just because of problems on one link. ~ , After the completion of the PPP link establishment phase, the authenticator sends a challenge message to its peer. Both these public key substitution attacks are wellknown and are usually prevented by requiring that entities prove to the certificateissuing authority possession of the private keys corresponding to their public keys during the certification process. The attacks can also be launched against STS-ENC; in this case, an alternate way to prevent the attacks is to encrypt certificates using the shared key K. / ; A NAS which supports PAP may forward the Reply-Message to the dial-in client and accept a PAP response which it can use

as though the user had entered the response. , ~ The secrets should be distributed with a mechanism that limits the number of entities that handle (and thus gain knowledge of) the secret. , These categories are not hard and fast; some corporate end systems may well use the access network technology that we ascribe to residential access networks, and vice versa. Our descriptions below are meant to hold for the common (if not every) case. , At the other end, the destination host receives 1-PDUs and directs them up the protocol stack. , make headway = to make progress towards achieving something in spite of difficulties , , [+ towards/in/with etc]: They had made no headway towards finding a solution. Were unable to make much headway with the project. But to keep things simple, lets suppose for now that there are only two hosts for each connection. , , Although packet switching and circuit switching are both very prevalent in todays telecommunication networks, the trend is certainly in the direction of packet switching. ~ Then layer 3, the network layer, slaps an IP header on the packet and hands it off to the data link layer, which passes it to the hardware layer, which passes it out onto the network. , , in which case and heres the algorithm The most complete nonrepudiation protocols with offline TTP have been presented in [16] and in independently in [12]. There are two strategies which are gaining acceptance. , What is more, in a large network with many users it is difficult do maintain strict control of each user and each machine. When for some reason a link key is deleted and the initial pairing must be repeated, any Bluetooth security code can be entered by the user again. This latter figure is around half the number of telephone connections worldwide. ~ Such developments will be essential if evidence based on use of digital signatures is to be strong enough to stand up in a court of law. In a new and fast-moving area like e-Commerce, there is no real substitute for practical, hands-on experience to gain a detailed understanding of the key issues. There will be winners and there will be losers. Only one thing is certain life will never be quite the same again! Clogging or flooding is a form of worm. It entails sending a very large amount of bogus traffic to a node, such as a server or a router. ~ The best we can do is offer principles for writing robust scripts and identifying common pitfalls, such as filtering out the | symbol before sending data to a command interpreter, as in the example above. Avoid reinventing the wheel. When possible, use ANSI C standard library functions instead of writing new functions. This reduces program development time. , , , The truth of the matter is that when users are forced to remember many different passwords, they will typically adopt working methods that significantly weaken the overall

security of the system. , If the comparison fails, the destination station assumes that something has happened to the frame in its travels and requests that another copy of the frame be sent by the transmitting system. We dont have a full-blown (full blown) PKI in our system. Instead we employ a very simplified CA which only signs and issues certificates for users and WLGs. CRLs are not used. No more than 10 simultaneous users should be associated with the same AP to achieve a sufficient level of throughput. ,

Paper
/ As business is moving from faceto-face trading, mail order, and telephone order to electronic commerce over open networks such as the Internet, crucial security issues are being raised. Whereas Electronic Funds Transfer over financial networks is reasonably secure, securing payments over open networks connecting commercial servers and consumer workstations poses challenges of a new dimension. This article reviews the state of the art in payment technologies, and sketches emerging developments.

, , , , As said before, As stated, As stated earlier, As stated at the very beginning of this section, the evaluation process continues until there is nothing left that can be rewritten in another form. As mentioned, replay attacks can be countered by using nonces or time stamps. As we remarked before, for a general argument we always use multiplicative notation. (new section begins here) As we have already discussed, in the scheme described above a user's receive key pair is apparently fixed, since it is generated as a deterministic function of a secret key shared by two TTPs and the name of the receiving user. We now describe one way in which this problem can be overcome through the use of datestamps. Because MMA does offer the traditional looping constructs, as we have just seen, it is rather tempting to simply continue using these familiar means of flow control instead of using a more natural, problemoriented approach. However, as we have already noted, if there is a requirement for receive keys to be changed at regular intervals, a date stamp could be included within the scope of the key generating function f. This would have the advantage that any private receive key provided to an intercepting authority would have only a limited period of validity, meaning that the warranted interception capability could only last for a certain time period before needing to be renewed. In order to study what has now been described in a somewhat general manner, we need to introduce the following fundamental ideal. , , As remarked above, one use of Modules is just to give a name to some computation which will be used several times in a further expression. , While these goals may appear obvious, as stated they are quite imprecise, and subtle differences exist among protocols regarding the exact properties established. ~ , ; As was pointed out earlier, the zeros of the ath cyclotomic polynomial are a subset of the whole set of ath roots of unity. , As pointed out in an earlier report, these activities can be

assigned to a registration authority. , It is important to point out here that absolute security is an abstract, theoretical concept it does not exit anywhere. , For the reasons mentioned above, it would be desirable to realise an on-line access to a certificate server in the second demonstrator. , Suppose we can answer questions such as those set forth in item 1. Then (to state or present an argument or a set of figures in speech or writing) The essential idea of the construction is set forth in the preceding discussion; here we work through several examples. , , ; , So, from now on, unless the contrary is stated explicitly, all rings will be considered to be commutative. ;

, , , , , later The proxy client, however, can be implemented in several ways, as described later. A procedure for using the proxy server is described next. , which are discussed a little later. / More will be said about this issue later in the text. We will examine these graphics elements by constructing a graphic using only primitive elements. In a later section, we will look into how the built-in functions such as Plot construct graphics out of the primitive elements. We can try to describe precisely what the evaluator does for certain classes of expressions, but as will be seen, the situation is rather complicated. , We shall be seeing more of them as we progress through the language facilities. We will see later that while bridges do not recognize IP addresses, they are capable of recognizing layer 2 addresses, such as Ethernet addresses. In a traditional cable system, a cable head end station broadcasts through a distribution of coaxial cable and amplifiers to residences. (We discuss coaxial cable later in this chapter.) As illustrated in Figure 1.5-2, fiber optics (also to be discussed soon) connect the cable head end to neighborhood-level junctions, from which traditional coaxial cable is then used to reach individual houses and apartments. ; There are also other kinds of variables which we shall see later in this chapter, when we come to discuss static and dynamic. , ~ As we will see in Chapter 5, there are many different types of LAN technology. ~ As we shall discuss later in this book, there are two types of packet switches: routers and bridges. It is too early to think about what types of variables are going to be used for the above data. That will come later. At a later time, a subset of participants B P will pool their shares in an attempt to compute the key K. If the requested service is not available, the server may disconnect immediately or any time later. Afterwards, we define the multi-party non-repudiation problem, showing some differences with multi-party fair exchange. (afterwards: after an event or time that has already been mentioned:)

later on: (informal) in the future; at a time in the future; after the time already mentioned; after the time you are talking about

Later on, we examine the new classless method of assigning network addresses. Ill come and see you later on.

Im going out later on. Much later on, she realized what he had meant. Later on Ill be speaking to Patty Davis. This is only going to cause me more problems later on.

detail, , , , We turn next to the details of this construction. , , We wont be going into any further detail on Unicode in this book, not because its difficult it isnt but simply because we have to stop somewhere! Before we dig into the authentication details a short description of public key certificate might be helpful for further understanding. Before delving into a detailed description of the fields of Registration Requests and Replies, let us first examine how the messages are used and under what circumstances. Before going further, let me introduce Before we enter into the discussion of specific authentication systems, we would like to stress that Kerberos, SPX and SELANE have been chosen to serve as examples that illustrate the consequences of various design decisions. ~ ~ I can't go into details now; it would take too long. For specifics on S/MIME, you can turn to RFC 2311 which you can view at www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2311.txt. The presidents speech was lacking in specifics. The specifics of the plan still have to be worked out. Can you give me some specifics on/about what well be discussing in the meeting. Okay, thats the broad planlets get down to the specifics. We agreed on the general terms and let the lawyers deal with the specifics. Now that weve agreed on the general principles, lets get down to specifics and formulate a plan. Due to space limitations, we omit the detailed description of protocols and give a high level view of the system. For more details, we refer to [2]. (see [2] for details). Thankfully, the user does not need to worry about these details. ; , ( does not need to = needs not ) I had difficulty getting any details. He wasnt very forthcoming (=willing). , This is all you need to know about the evaluation process for now (= for the present , ); any further details would serve to confuse rather than to illuminate. There are many things to understand about evaluation, but perhaps the most important thing is the order in which parts of an expression are evaluated. Very detailed information about this can be found in [Withoff] and The Mathematica Book. It is undoubtedly obvious that many of the operational advantages of LANs are also potential security liabilities. These liabilities will be discussed in some detail below. , , It should be clear from the discussion above that wireless LANs can take advantage of all of the security measures available on wired LANs, and then add additional security features not available in the wired world. , , Function definition is discussed in much greater detail in Part 2. We will cover these flaws in great detail in Chapter 4. Let us look at the issues involved in some more detail. , , In the following chapters we will revisit all of these ideas, covering them in much more detail.

As it will be outlined in more details, the certified mail protocol only continues if the whole set of receivers is willing to do so. / Since Ethernet is by far the most popular topology, we will cover it in detail here. Next, the security issues of the two browsers, Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer, are presented in great depth. Lets take a close look at a set of vectors that is linearly dependent. Take a close look at this photograph. On closer examination the painting proved to be a fake. Pay close attention to what I am telling to you. To put this in more concrete terms suppose, for example, that the entropy of a given source is 5 bits per source symbol. What does that mean in concrete terms? It is easier to think in concrete terms rather than in the abstract. by way of making their point more concretely.

close = careful and through, , , ,

Concrete

,
set sth out / forth: to give the details of sth or to explain it, esp. in writing, in a clear, organized way

The management board has set out its goals/plans/proposals for the coming year. Your contract will set out the terms and conditions of your employment. He has written a letter to The Times setting out his views. You will be given a Back To Work plan which sets out how you can best help yourself. He set out the reasons for his decision in his report. The essential idea of the construction is set forth in the preceding discussion; here we work through several examples.

look In this section we will look at the building blocks of graphics programming and at how we put them together to make graphics. Then we take a more rigorous look at the encoding and decoding procedures for such codes. Let's look at this from the standpoint of the voters. Taking a second look at the functions f and g, we now want to show that g O(f). We can get some insight into this process by looking at the internal representation of a plot. , Lets take a look to see what the values of the default context and the context search path are. Lets take a close look at a set of vectors that is linearly dependent. If you now take a look at the TrialWin folder using Explorer, or whatever else you may have handy for looking at the files on your hard disk, you will see that When we look back at the partial orders in parts (b), (c), and (d) of Example 7.38, the following observations come to light. . In appendix B we look at the language and logic of VO in comparison to SVO. What does SSO really mean? A quick look at some of the problems of distributed computing will help reveal a working definition. Let us look at the issues involved in some more detail. , , Now lets take a look at the way in which different network components fit together in an Internet VPN. We will examine these graphics elements by constructing a graphic using only primitive elements. In a later section, we will look into how the built-in functions such as Plot construct graphics

out of the primitive elements. The purpose of this section is to look deeper into these issues.

/ We turn now to the reason why Euler developed the idea of the degree of a vertex: to solve the problem dealing with the seven bridges of Konigsberg. ~ We turn next to the details of this construction. , Before proceeding to more serious matters, let us note that recursive definitions are not completely alien to us in the real world.

; In what follows, we will first insure that we know where our files reside, then discuss how to create and alter their contents, and finally show an example of good programming practice checking to see whether a given file is one with which we wish to work. In this section we develop some notation for stating our new counting principle. Then we establish the principle by a combinatorial argument. Examples will then demonstrate how this principle is applied. In this section we will look at the building blocks of graphics programming and at how we put them together to make graphics. We start with some simple examples and then turn to some more complicated ones showing how to translate programs in Pascal and C into Mathematica programs. In each case the direct translation can be replaced by a much shorter and clearer Mathematica program written in a functional or rewrite rule style. ~ , ~ In the next section of the paper we present a formal language and logic, and we describe the procedure whereby these are to be applied in protocol analysis. We also give a basic description how to analyze protocols using the logic. We then analyze the well known Needham-Schroeder protocol, henceforth NS, as an example. This analysis demonstrates our analysis technique. ~ ; ~ ; This chapter starts out with an overview of the architecture of PPTP and moves on to the details of how the protocol works. Then we move on to an overview of the types of products you can use to build a VPN using PPTP. In this section, we investigate group codes to protect against independent errors. Our development begins with a simple example, to show the properties of such does from an intuitive point of view. Then we take a more rigorous look at the encoding and decoding procedures for such codes. First let us explore, through examples, the use of redundancy to detect and correct errors. ~ We propose extensions of BAN and BAN-like logics to facilitate more precise identification and examination of the goals and beliefs arising in authenticated key agreement protocols. We then illustrate such protocols based on Diffie-Hellman key exchange, including one which is identity-based. ~ , ~ , ~ We will defer our discussion of such time-sensitive applications until Chapter 6. , ~ The remainder of the/this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 (with Appendix A) reviews the essential features of the logic, and introduces new extensions including a refinement of the fundamental BAN construct shares the good crypto key, Section 3 highlights six fundamental candidate formal goals for authenticated key establishment protocols. Section 4 gathers in one place the various formal assumption required in our subsequent

analysis. Section 8 uses these results to compare the assumptions and goals of these protocols, and the aforementioned X.509 protocol. Section 9 provides concluding remarks. Where appropriate, we comment how the new extensions apply to these logics; further such examination remains to be done. , ; , The remainder of the/this paper is organized as follows. The STS protocol is described in Section 2. In section 3 we present the new on-line UKS attacks on STS-MAC, and consider ways of preventing the attacks. In Section 4, we examine the plausibility of an assumption regarding signature schemes that is required in order for the attacks to succeed. Section 5 makes concluding remarks. ( conclusion Conclusion .) In practice, however, the differences between the two commands go deeper, as shown by the following examples, first for macro, and then for alias. The second major step is as follows. In what follows, we will make use of the following facts about matrices. In the following, is discussed only for . The discussion for is similar to it. First, let us consider the storage-exhaustion attack. Next, let us consider the CPUexhaustion attack. () In the following, we describe some of the significant breaches that have taken place in the last few years. In what follows, we will first insure (= ensure) that we know where our files reside, then discuss how to create and alter their contents, and finally show an example of good programming practice checking to see whether a given file is one with which we wish to work. , , The structure of this technical specification is as follows: Chapter 1 talks about , describes , and discusses We briefly discuss Chapter 2 explains . We explore We go over what a basic wireless network consists of, then we study wireless LAN architecture in detail and the technologies that make up a wireless LAN. In Chapter 3, we examine Our focus will be We will understand (go over) We start with the discussion of pervasive mobility and its consequences, moving on to MVPN history and business case. The section ends with an overview of MVPN market segments and stakeholders. The second half of the chapter examines the current wireless data standardization status and trends and provides the reader with a reference to the standard documents usage and retrieval from various standard body repositories. We discuss these services further in Chapter 9. For now, we start our discussion of MVPN by taking a brief tour of VPN history, then outlining Mobile VPN business case. We return to this point in Part II, but for now this definition adequately defines the language of all valid strings of symbols for arithmetic expressions.

/ We now turn our attention to the investigation of some elementary mappings. But enough with airlines. Lets now turn our attention to network protocols. ~ , ; In this paper we mainly restrict our attention to systems running a single protocol; we briefly discuss how to extend these techniques to cover systems running several protocols in Section 4-5. In the early parts of this chapter we restrict our attention to performing functional operations on lists. In the last part of the chapter

we show how these operations generalize to arbitrary expressions. A comprehensive treatment of encryption is beyond the scope of this paper; interested readers should consult Voydock and Kent [44] or Davies and Price [45]. ///; / Our goal here is not to provide a complete classification, but simply to identify a few of the most important axes along which application requirements can be classified. , ~ ~, The emphasis of this paper is on concept rather than on implementation. Although the emphasis of this paper is on the computational setting, we first present the state of knowledge, and sketch the problems involved, in the secure channels setting.

, She cited a passage from the Presidents speech. The passage cited above is from a Robert Frost poem. She cites both T.S. Eliot and Virginia Woolf in her article. All citations are taken from the 1973 edition of the text. (= a word or piece of writing taken from a written work) We cite the definition from [13]: in all cases Parts of this general discussion are sourced from [Scho99], and I recommend you read Mayer-Schonbergers full paper.

, literature More discussion of this interesting topic appears in the literature.2 We suspect that little appears in the literature concerning the practices of such intruders and that the data used to test or evaluate IDSs does not reflect their approaches. Our notion of a dual-threshold scheme should not be confused with a weaker notion that sometimes appears in the literature (e.g., [29]). Notice that the small-hours attack is different from a socalled midnight attack which often appears in the literature as another name for lunchtime attack; perhaps as in lunchtime attack, it is considered that the security guards of an organization should have meals rather punctually around midnight. The Kolb model frequently appears in the literature, often modified to accommodate particular types of learning (or training) experiences and using alternative or simplified terminology (eg see Chapter 23). A tabulation of site-diversity experiments prior to 1983 appears in the literature [Ippolito, 1989]. The most worrisome problem which appears in the literature is the possibility of running out of address space for IP addresses. Various schemes are being suggested such as subrouting, introduction of additional bits, and other possibilities. As a final note, it is interesting that the expression mortification of the king (mortificatio regis) appears in the literature of alchemy as one of the most frequent symbols of the disintegration of matter. Yet another intriguing connection between primes and discrepancy appears in the literature (see [Joe 1999] and references therein). The most general model of online problems that appears in the literature is requestanswer games [15]. The polynomial hierarchy was formally defined by Stockmeyer [Sto77], though the concept appears in the literature even earlier. For instance, Karp [Kar72] notes that This name has been translated from Russian and appears in the literature with different spellings, such as: Chebychev, Tschebyscheff, Tchebysheff and Tchebichef.

control

The authenticator is in control of the frequency and timing of the challenges. There has been some violence after the match, but the police are now in control of the situation. Were you in control of your emotions at the time? If either computer comes under the control of a network attacker, then the secret password is compromised. ~

Presentation & Discussion

Etc detail; later; Should I add an explanation, or would that be overkill? , ? My second recommendation is To start/begin with, In the first place, the main objective of the network is to give easy and open access to the Internet. , Now, regarding those sales figures, Now as regards marketing As far as marketing is concerned, For one thing, for another thing, Another thing is as well as that on top of that besides ( introducing a stronger argument than the one before ) He claims to be a socialist, and yet he has two houses and a Rolls Royce. I mean / that is to say / in other words After all, I would like to refer back to my issue of closing the gap. As many of us know, a taxi can be stuck in a traffic jam for a very long time (while the meter continues to run!). As youd expect with any networking project, we cant possibly get through this book without referring to the OSI model. , In my view it was a waste of time. I am certain you will agree. I recommend you to consider. Lets review what weve covered so far ,

WIIFY (what's in it for you) Triggers This is important to you because (The presenter fills in the blank.) What does this mean to you? (The presenter explains.) Why am I telling you this? (The presenter explains.) Who cares? (You should care, because ) So what? (Here's what ) And ? (Here's the WIIFY )

Backward reference As I said (or Like I said ): ( ) As you recall We discussed earlier You saw Remember

I would like to address your question later on when I cover... You and I can discuss that after the conclusion of the presentation... Regretfully, I do not have that information readily available. Please meet me after the meeting, I will get your name... and get back to you next week.

Good afternoon. Today I will talk about First I would like to define Im assuming that , and also that Before I go into a detailed discussion of the range of ASP solutions I would like to discuss those items that must be addressed regardless of the ASP Billing solution chosen. My message is

Also, lets not forget the general contract issues. These are especially important since you will be dependent on the supplier once you move to the ASP Billing solution. The issues range from what type of price protection you have to the performance guarantees that the ASP will provide. Ill outline what is offered at this level and some of the things to look out for. There are three ways that The problem with this approach is What I believe to be the only viable solution is Now I know you cant read this flow chart, but Ive included it to deliver the message that Up until now Ive only been discussing

(jeong2140@hanmail.net)
Giving an overview (starting)

Giving an example

This morning were going to look at Todays lecture will focus on.. In this lab I plan to cover Today, Id like to talk about The main thing is.. Let me say again that.. This is important because First, second, third The key point is Take, for example,.. Let me give you an example to show An example of this is For instance All right, Lets go on to another aspect of Now, lets take a look at O.K. Lets move on to the next part of Next In conclusion, To summarize, Let me say that Let me end by saying.. O.K. just as a general conclusion, then Finally

Emphasizing a main point

Closing

Making a transition between ideas

, , But enough with airlines. Lets now turn our attention to network protocols. ~ , ; We now turn our attention to the investigation of some elementary mappings. We turn now to the British news. Lets turn to more important matters now. Turn to page 17 for our prices. Now I would like to turn to my second point. (better expression: Now lets turn to the second point.) Now lets get back to our main topic of discussion. , Im going to talk about Lets look at Lets Id now like to come onto my next point. (used to show that you are starting to talk about a different subject)

Opening an academic discussion Right, I suppose we should begin by considering the tricky question of the Norman invasion.

Protocol/Attack Description
Etc When a system (called the client) attempts to establish a TCP connection to a system providing a service (the server), the client and server exchange a set sequence of messages. This connection technique applies to all TCP connections-telnet, Web, email, etc. The client system begins by sending a SYN message to the server. The server then acknowledges the SYN message by sending SYN-ACK message to the client. The client then finishes establishing the connection by responding with an ACK message. The connection between the client and the server is then open, and the service-specific data can be exchanged between the client

and the server. Here is a view of this message flow: . 1. the wireless client indicates to the access point that it wants to connect. 2. the access point sends a random number (the challenge) to the wireless client. 3. the wireless client performs a computation using its key and the random number, and sends the result (the response) back to the access point. 4. the access point performs the same computation, using the same random number and its copy of the key. 5. if the keys match, the result of the computation will match that sent by the wireless client the wireless client is authenticated and may be accepted. The basic mode of operation is as follows: 1. a RADIUS request is made including a username and password. 2. the password is encrypted using a secret known by the requestor and the server (the shared secret) 3. the server looks up the username in its database and then checks the password for a match. If the match is made an accept message is returned. If the match is bad a reject message is returned. If the WEP ICV check is successful, the responder shall then compare the decrypted contents of the Challenge Text field to the challenge text that was sent in Frame 2 of the sequence. If they are the same, then the responder shall respond with a successful status code in Frame 4 of the sequence. , If the WEP ICV check fails, the responder shall respond with an unsuccessful status code in Frame 4 of the sequence as described below. This peer must then calculate a one-way hash function and send this information to the authenticator. The authenticator verifies the hash value with its complementary calculation and responds with an ACK if the values match. Otherwise, (a Failure is returned and) the connection is terminated. In IKE phase 1 after DiffieHellman key exchange both MT and WLG compute a hash value (over previously exchanged data), HashMT and HashWLG respectively. MT signs (encrypts) HashMT with the users private key, and sends the signature Sig MT together with the user identifier IDMT-U to the WLG over the air interface. After receiving the WLG fetches the users certificate CertMT-U from the DBS by giving IDMT-U. WLG verifies CertMT-U first to make sure that the contained user public key PubMT-U is authentic. It then calculates HashMT in the same way as MT did before, decrypts SigMT with PubMT-U to recover the original HashMT, and compares HashMT against HashMT. If they match the mobile user is proven to be an authorised user. In a similar way the WLG authenticates itself to the MT. The only difference is that the WLG sends its own certificate CertWLG to the MT in addition to IDWLG and SigWLG. After an attacker identifies a pair of computersA and B, for examplethat are communicating with each other as a client-server pair, he attempts to establish a connection with computer B in such a way that B believes that it has a connection with A; in reality, the connection is with the attackers computer. ; , , The attacker accomplishes this by creating a fake message (i.e., a message from the attacker) but with As address as the source address, requesting a connection to B. When it receives this message, B will respond with an acknowledgment, which includes sequence numbers for transmission with A. These sequence numbers from server B are unique to the connection between the two machines. To complete the setup of this session between A and B, B

would expect A to acknowledge Bs sequence number before proceeding with any further exchange of information. But, in order for the attacker to impersonate A, he has to guess the sequence numbers B will use, and he has to prevent A from replying. It turns out that, in certain circumstances, its not too difficult to guess what the sequence numbers are. In order to keep computer A from responding to any of Bs transmissions (and thus denying that it has requested a connection in the first place), the attacker usually transmits a large number of packets A, overflowing As capacity to process them and preventing A from responding to Bs message. , , , keep from The actual process is as follows: 1. The authenticator sends a challenge message to the peer. 2. The peer calculates a value using a one-way hash functions and sends it back to the authenticator. 3. The authenticator can acknowledge authentication if the response matches the expected value. For example, in common operating system environments the user identity with its associated password is transmitted in cleartext to the host who performs the necessary verification before granting (or denying) the user access to the system. Nothing prevents an eavesdropper from stealing user identities and passwords which pass by. , , , SSL noticeably slows the speed of transmitting information over the Internet. The performance degradation is primarily the result of the public key encryption and decryption that is required to initialize the first SSL connection. Compared with this, the additional overhead of encrypting and decryption data using RC2, RC4, or DES is practically insignificant. Users have reported performance degradations of approximately 50% when using SSL, compared to sending information in the clear. , ; ; ; , plaintext

Recordings from Security Protocols Workshop

Sure! That could bring us closer to the privacy I mentioned in which there is no investigator but each one of the participants is involved in a very, very complex protocol. Sure! You can do that but things become very quickly unrealistic when you talk about more than a very few number of voters. So the answer to the question: yes, you can do that with some things, how realistic they are is a different question. One of the ways to do this is called a public verifiable board, which means there is Plus youre putting another burden on the voter. I have a comment not a question, so its outside the rules. What about this? Let me answer to something that is closer to home. I still remember No, but Im giving you the example of a very close election which can turn on a few votes. Presumably this has something to do with cryptographic protocols and money. Not necessarily. Its a rather different background to the story. Back in February I was forced to propose something I would speak about at this workshop and really the only thing I dare to talk about would be some observation I had made ??????????????( ?) about how people present analyses of cryptographic protocols, how people speak about cryptographic protocols. It seemed to me that we should be turning the attention towards the fact we also want to protect ourselves against insiders within the protocol. From looking at what I have heard in talks, it seems the point is worth repeating. So that was the starting point and along came Gavin and he presented an attack which I like to phrase in this form: A initiates a protocol run with a party called I. This party I now behaves strangely,

re-encrypts the same message and passes it on to B. B treats it as a message coming from A and sends it back to A. A sees nothing wrong, everything according to the protocol rules, replies to I and thats how it finished. You can discuss whether its an attack or not but certainly with respect to the one property I mentioned before that these nonces are shared between A and B, this is clearly not the case, they are now shared between all three parties. So with respect to this proven property this interleaved protocol run creates a violation. The problem people have with describing this attack is to find a good reason why A should talk to the intruder in the first place. Ive heard it before, Ive heard it from Gavin, Ive heard it from other people and they say Well, A is tricked into talking to the intruder. My point is there is no intruder. Why are we desperately looking for an intruder? I is an insider who behaves exactly according to protocol rules. You dont have to invent reasons why A wants to talk to an intruder or has to be tricked into talking to an intruder. Insiders can behave in strange ways. Perfectly normal, we know it. the breakdown quoted in my paper was 7090, so if we put on our hats as security experts we know insiders are the main problem. We switch back to protocols and were desperately looking for intruders because we cannot talk about security violations without seeing an intruder. Again in paper I have briefly surveyed notations in various formal tools to analyse security protocols and predominantly they want to talk about an intruder because it is the right way to talk about cryptographic protocols. One of the reason for this is a shift in paradigms which we are not prepared to acknowledge intellectually. We start off from this old communications security paradigm. A and B trust each other. The intruder sits on the communication link and can do all sorts of nasty things, intercepting messages, changing messages, deleting messages, and inserting messages. What these protocols for communications security do is protect A and B from the intruder. You find many papers now on security protocols They are definitely not partners who necessarily trust each other completely in the same way as complete trust exists in these communications. It would be wrong to say they are mistrusting parties, but as in Rafis talk before, you know sometimes things go wrong, maybe because someone really tries to beat the system, maybe simply because something accidentally happens in communications or in the implementation. Things go wrong, you have to recover from this state, you need some process of dispute resolution and So paradigms shift, the role of the parties shifts, the underlying environmental model shifts, but I still would claim most of us, all of us here, if we asked to explain security protocols to someone who said This is something new to me, please explain, wed latch onto/on to the communications security paradigm and explain what were doing in these terms. Language and fundamental patterns of thinking lead us astray. To make the point again about what I would prefer to call an insider attack, Ive embellished the protocol. Insider attack, no intruder. Thats what I want to call it. Another footnote here: Ive seen this type of an attack being categorised as the man in the middle and I dont like it. You are again using the same term for very different types of events. , So my plea is: call these insider attacks too. Sounds more attractive. Because A believes theyre talking to B they dont believe theyre talking to C. if A believed they were talking to C it might be more like the traditional man in the middle attack. Exactly, if A wanted to talk to C and B somehow inserts itself and gets the reward intended for C, then yes I would call it a man in the middle attack. If A wants to talk to B in this case and gives the reward to B then A has

been fooled, C has been fooled, B makes a run with the brownie points. A man at the far end attack? So, to conclude this part of my talk, what I have seen I think this is an extremely strange way of thinking. Whats bad is when they cant answer, when you say to the implementers, So, why are you encrypting this, what are you trying to protect?, and they have no answer. If they have an answer then its not so alarming. Its (alarming) when they dont know that you have a problem. [Stewart Lee] OK, Ive learned a lot here. Ive learned that delegation means many things to many people, like all of these words we use, I would hope that somebody will launch a piece of research that will try and encompass all of the meanings, or a closed set of the meanings that delegation has. We have been using delegation as a sort of portmanteau, we could well have used some of the meanings of reliance for instances where we said delegation, and so on. And very often we were talking about delegation without worrying about the side effects: who is liable once delegate, what happens to the liability when we do the delegation. And very often we were delegating to what amounts to automata, very simple things, something like a printer server, and Im not at all sure well ever get much beyond that. I delegate things to people but then I have a mutual trust relationship with the person Im delegating. I dont have that kind of mutual trust relationship with things inside the computer so I pick only very simple things to delegate to. I dont know if there are any protocols that were inspired originally to do delegation and if there are, what should they do. Finally I come back to something I said previously, that we have a system with a lot of stuff inside it and, These are all deep interconnected arrangements which we have to begin to look at. [Roger Needham] Its interesting for me to recall that when Abadi and Lampson and Wobber and such people were putting together all this stuff on the subject of delegation, they were in fact always talking about things like print servers. They were talking about rather down-to-earth questions like if I have got permission to access somebodys file (because its Tuesday) how do I print it, what causes the print server to be able to have access to it. They were not thinking whatsoever about delegation in any human context at all, and I think theyve been interpreted as saying something much beyond what they did say, in just the same way as Burrows, Abadi and I were interpreted as having said something about belief when all we actually did was to give a name to a symbol so that we could pronounce it when what the symbol was used for was defined by a set of rules. I have been accused of engaging in doxastic logic. Im using very posh words, they sent me for the dictionary and I dont get sent for the dictionary very often and it actually turned out to mean a logic concerned with opinions. And we might think that the CERT crew on delegation and so forth have had their words used in an inappropriate context in the same way. [Joan Feigenbaum] Weve heard a lot of interesting stuff about credentials and policies and trust and delegation and all these words that we havent nailed down completely which actually is fine with me. I dont think we need to have some mathematically precise definitions for all these things, but I think its really time to get started.

Excerpts from Literature

, ,

The discussion so far shows that a periodic signal has a dual personality the time domain and frequency domain. It can be described by its waveform or by its Fourier spectra. The time- and frequency-domain descriptions provide

complementary insights into a signal. For in-depth perspective, we need to understand both of these identities. It is important for the reader to learn to think of a signal from both of these perspectives. In the next chapter, we shall see that aperiodic signals also have this dual personality. Moreover, we shall show that even LTI systems have this dual personality, which offers complementary insights into the system behavior. [Lathi]

Grammar
Notice that the left state is both a start and a final state. The symbol "/" has many names. In computer science, it is usually called a "slash"; other names are "oblique stroke," "solidus," and "virgule." It also has another theorem. we still can conclude that the pot cannot end up with an alarm clock in it. it truly is the method we use for recognizing arithmetic expressions in real life. This effect is depicted in Fig. 4.20 with two sinusoids, the frequency of the lower sinusoid being twice that of the upper. The substring bb is impossible, as is starting with a b. , as it is starting . Call these x1 and x2, and as x1 is the displacement x1 = x and as x2 is the velocity this is the derivative of the displacement giving x2=dx1/dt. Although the encrypted version of information is obtainable by unauthorized persons, it is useless to anyone not knowing the decryption technique. There will still be only one piece of storage for Preparing the documentation was not as onerous a task as anticipated. ~ . In order that the combined statement be true, we require that both parts are true.

in the event of is followed by a noun or gerund

In the event of the decoder detecting errors, any erasures in the word being decoded will be the bits that are most likely to be in error. ~ For example, in the event of a DS3 failing, the DS3 link failure is reported as the root alarm, whereas the T1 links, and subsequent services being carried, are reported as side effect alarms.

email
Hi Keith, Hope you are doing well. You will remember that a couple of months back DongGook Park sent you a draft paper on forward secrecy in mobile protocols. We submitted to ICICS'99 and just had a rejection notification. One referee seemed to misunderstand the notation - we can clarify that. The second was in favour. The third, however, gave scathing comments including a statement that because UMTS is designed for key escrow then forward secrecy is a waste of time. We disagree with this referee's comments but I was wondering whether you might be able to give any opinion yourself, in particular whether that last point has any validity. (I realise that there may be some delicacy required here since Chris Mitchell was on the ICICS'99 panel and we assume you may have passed the paper on to him.) We are inclined to resubmit elsewhere, but if we have made a misjudgement on the value of the paper we would rather not spend more time on it -so your candid opinion would be valued! Many thanks if you can help. Best wishes, Colin Hi Keith, Many thanks for your prompt and fulsome reply. I am writing this from home so this will be a quick reply which I will follow up tomorrow. I wanted to make a few quick points. 1) I never intended to imply that Chris was the referee in question. In fact I think I know who it was, and that person is well known for making his strong opinions very forcefully. 2) The statement about UMTS and escrow was my paraphrasing. I may have been inaccurate - I will check this tomorrow since I do not have it here now. However, the remarks fit in with my conjecture about who the referee was. 3) I think that we would agree with all your comments, including that it is a lightweight paper. If this was the reasons for rejection we would have no argument.

4) It would be great if you could visit us for a day or two in September/ October. I am fairly sure we could pay for your local travel. I will check with Ed and get back to you tomorrow. , Best wishes, Colin Dear Manager of Ray White Toowong, My name is DongGook Park, the tenant of the unit with the address Unit 68 24 Dunmore Terrace Auchenflower. The rental contract expires on 26th July, 2000. Could you please help us by having the house inspected by the 24th (Monday) July before my family and I permanently leave Brisbane for Korea on 25th (Tuesday) July, 2000? By inspecting prior to our Australian departure, we will still have an opportunity to rectify any minor problems, should they be identified. There is an area of carpet that has been damaged by water leaking through the roof. This damage occurred after we moved in. We provided verbal advice of this damage to the owner and to Ray White Toowong. We would like to ensure that the cost of fixing this problem is not deducted from our bond as we were not responsible for this damage. Also, when the air conditioner was installed, some cracks in the wall developed. We do not believe we are liable for the cost of fixing these cracks as we did not cause them. The owner was advised of this problem in person. We have a friend who has agreed to take care of any matters that arise after our departure. Her name is _____. If the bond refund cannot be processed before we leave the money should be given to _____, who will forward it to us in Korea. Is there a formal procedure to allow this to happen? We would greatly appreciate your timely reply to these enquiries. Best Regards, DongGook Park Dear Professor Won, Please find attached a paper for consideration for ICISC 2000. Authors: DongGook Park, Colin Boyd and Ed Dawson Title: Micropayments for Wireless Communications I attach an electronic copy of the paper in MS Word format and a separate cover sheet. I look forward to hearing from you in due course. Sincerely, Colin Boyd

Conversations
NTCs Dictionary of Everyday American English Expressions
Inviting someone to talk

Can we talk? Can I talk to you?

trouble: inconvenience or effort, , I didnt mean to cause you any trouble. Id love some more tea, it isnt too much trouble. Oh, its no trouble at all. I dont want to put you to any trouble (= create any work for you). If you took the trouble to listen to what I was saying, youd know what I was talking about. They went to a lot of trouble (= made a lot of effort) for their dinner party, but half the guests didnt bother to turn up. Its annoying, but I dont think Ill go to the trouble of making an official complaint. Although this seems like unnecessary work, there are at least five good reason for going to the trouble.

aware of something; aware that : knowing or realizing something; , I am well aware that we all conform to one stereotype or another. As far as I am aware, nobody has done anything about it. Were you aware that something was wrong? He was well aware of the problem. I dont think people are really aware of just how much it costs.

; I am sorry to be slow to respond. Actually I had problems on the weekend with my computer. Sorry for the delay in replying. I had a quick read through of the final paper. It looks great to me. I am very sorry that I have not replied before now. Actually I had a real problem last Thursday evening. It was very remiss of me not to answer your letter.

We are privileged to welcome you as our speaker this evening. We are privileged tonight to have as our main speaker the Foreign Minister of France.

We are privileged in having with us in tonights show one of the worlds greatest comedians, Mr. Les Dennis.

sound: , ~ , ~ ; , ~ It sounds to me from the rumours that we might have some problems. Judging by what they said, it sounds like they had a good holiday. (= sounds as if, = sounds as though) Some parts of the desert sound like (= seem to be) dangerous places. You sound as though you have a sore throat. You sound as if youre getting a cold. I know it sounds silly, but Ill miss him when hes gone. He sounded very depressed when we spoke on the telephone yesterday. He always sounds too busy to talk. I dont want to sound like Im complaining, but this plan is unfair.

, be sunk:
have serious problems; be in a bad situation that will bring problems or defeat; have no hope of avoiding trouble or failure

Im very/really grateful to you for your help. I feel very grateful about it.

If the car breaks down, well be sunk. Without him, wed be well and truly (= completely; thoroughly) sunk. and you will be sunk if you are not careful with them.

I'm really sorry, but I won't be able to make it (on Sunday after all). We didn't make it to the party in the end. I cant make it to the party tonight.

He couldnt find his way to our house. He didnt have a map.

Why are you holding your face like that? Have you got/Do you have a toothache?

, If the shirt doesnt fit, take it back. That sweater is too big for you. I know. Im going to take it back.

I won't be long: Just wait here I won't be long. Can you wait for me? I won't be very long. I won't be long. Ive pretty well finished. ,

- Does she get along with her friends? ( ?) Is she participating in class debates and activities? ( ?) I would like to know of her strengths and weaknesses in Language Arts. ( .) How is her attitude? How about her work habits? ( ?)

, , ,
Thats all there is to tell. Thats the way things are. Thats about the size of it.

Well, thats about the size of it. See you tomorrow. Thats about the size of it. Youve understood it perfectly.

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////// Etc The meeting is still going on. When do you think it will end? ? Why dont you try on this jacket? It will look nice on you. .

Goodbye. I expect well meet again before long. , Ive got a question for you its just a quickie. Id like to stay if its not too much of an imposition. I have a problem of a rather delicate nature that I'd like to discuss with you in private. . I dont want to be a nuisance so tell me if you want to be alone. Her spirits plummeted at the thought of meeting him again. ~ , ~ She ranged herself with (= agreed with the opinions of) my opponents. ~ , Glad to have any comments on the above. So thats the first line of argument. The second is a matter to do with presentation to the outside world but it also affects our own internal goals. So thats the second point. I spent ages trying to work it out. If someone is driving out to Griffith and back - I'd appreciate a lift. Please let me know if there are any difficulties with the file. Please find attached the camera ready paper Public Key Protocols for Wireless Communications for the proceedings of ICISC98. Teddy, you have it all wrong. You were the one who taught me that I could make a difference. , , This will really help me out, since I have no time to prepare the slides right now. Seems like lots of people are on holidays at the moment. If you'd like to come, let me know so that we can reserve a big enough table. Bill is on leave this week Thanks for letting us know about this. I was thinking of buying Mathematica, but if this is how they do business, I am no longer interested in them. Paul Ashley phoned earlier this morning. He is at home with the flu and will not be in today. The international caf is the restaurant for you! They make delicious Italian food. Theyre open Monday through Sunday. , , ( , theyre open !) Hi DongGook, Here is an edited version of your paper. There are a couple of things I would like to discuss with you about it. Colin Colin Boyd is away sick today. The KT meeting is cancelled for today. If you have any queries regarding the school, please contact Mark Looi on ext 5114. In the next section two prototype constructions are presented for protocols providing forward secrecy. The first is based on the DiffieHellman protocol, while the second can be used with any chosen asymmetric encryption scheme. Section 3 then discusses the notion of partial forward secrecy and presents prototype constructions. In sections 4 and 5 we examine a prominent proposed protocol for third generation mobile communications, show that it does not provide forward secrecy, and show how it may be modified to do so. Almost all authors discuss only Diffie-Hellman based key establishment protocols as examples providing forward secrecy one based on the special algebraic properties of DiffieHellman key exchange, and the other which can work with any asymmetric encryption scheme. forward secrecy can be provided only through use of a one-way function It is possible to subject electronic hardware, a smart card in our case, to environmental stress which will induce a hardware fault. Depending on the attack in question, it may be important that the number of such faults is small. Paul phoned and is home again trying to get over the flu.

Here is my understanding of the situation, although I would need to check these matters. Pardon me for budding in to this discussion, but from my own experiences I've always found it more beneficial to work through a problem myself than to see the solution and then work to that. Thanks for the message - I am glad to hear you will be using Mathematica. Please feel free to contact me should you have any further questions. Best regards, Christy This is to let you know that Ed's home phone number has changed. His new number is 3901 0946. (Email) It was just what we were looking for. It felt like it was talking directly to me and to my crew in a friendly voice.