List of selected stars for navigation

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The selected stars for navigation are often used for sextant observations. Fifty-eight selected navigational stars are given a special status in the field of celestial navigation. Of the approximately 6,000 stars visible to the naked eye under optimal conditions, the selected stars are among the brightest and span thirty-eight constellations of the celestial sphere from the declination of 70 south to 89 north. Many of the selected stars were named in antiquity by the ancient Arabs, Greeks, Romans, and Babylonians. The star Polaris, often called the "North Star", is treated specially due to its proximity to the north celestial pole. When navigating in the northern hemisphere, special techniques can be used with Polaris to determine latitude or gyrocompass error. The other 57 selected stars have daily positions given in nautical almanacs, aiding the navigator in efficiently performing observations on them. A second group of 115 "tabulated stars" can also be used for celestial navigation, but are often less familiar to the navigator and require extra calculations. For purposes of identification, the positions of navigational stars expressed as declination and sidereal hour angle are often rounded to the nearest degree. In addition to tables, star charts provide an aid to the navigator in identifying the navigational stars, showing constellations, relative positions, and brightness.

Contents
[hide]

1 Background 2 Table 3 Star charts o 3.1 Equatorial stars o 3.2 Northern stars o 3.3 Southern stars 4 Footnotes 5 References

[edit] Background

Selected navigation stars (except Polaris) listed on a U.S. Nautical Almanac page for May 1995 Under optimal conditions, approximately 6,000 stars are visible to the naked eye of an observer on Earth.[1] Of these, 58 are known in the field of navigational astronomy as "selected stars", including 19 stars of the first magnitude, 38 stars of the second magnitude, and Polaris.[1] The selection of the stars is made by Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office and the US Naval Observatory, in the production of the yearly Nautical Almanac which the two organizations have published jointly since 1958.[2] Criteria in the choice of stars includes their distribution across the celestial sphere, brightness, and ease of identification.[3] Information for another 115 stars, known as "tabulated stars", is also

available to the navigator.[1] This list provides information on the name, approximate position in the celestial sphere, and apparent magnitude of the 58 selected stars in tabular form and by star charts. These stars are typically used in two ways by the navigator. The first is to obtain a line of position by use of a sextant observation and the techniques of celestial navigation.[4] Multiple lines of position can be intersected to obtain a position known as a celestial fix. The second typical use of the navigational stars is to determine gyrocompass error by computing the azimuth of a star and comparing it to an azimuth measured using the ship's gyrocompass.[5] Numerous other applications also exist. Navigators typically refer to stars using one of two naming systems for stars: common names and Bayer's designations.[1] All of the selected stars have had a common name since 1953, and many were named in antiquity by the Arabs, Greeks, Romans, and Babylonians.[1] Bayer's naming convention has been in use since 1603, and consists of a Greek letter combined with the possessive form of the star's constellation.[1] Both names are shown for each star in the tables and charts below. Each star's approximate position on the celestial sphere is given using the equatorial coordinate system. The celestial sphere is an imaginary globe of infinite size with the Earth at its center.[6] Positions on the celestial sphere are often expressed using two coordinates: declination and sidereal hour angle, which are similar to latitude and longitude on the surface of the Earth. To define declination, the Earth's equator is projected out to the celestial sphere to construct the celestial equator, and declination is measured in degrees north or south of this celestial equator.[6] Sidereal hour angle is a measurement between 0 and 360 degrees, indicating how far west a body is from an arbitrarily chosen line on the celestial sphere called the vernal equinox. The final characteristic provided in the tables and star charts is the star's brightness, expressed in terms of apparent magnitude. Magnitude is a logarithmic scale of brightness, designed so that a body of one magnitude is approximately 2.512 times brighter than a body of the next magnitude.[Note 1][7] Thus, a body of magnitude 1 is 2.5125, or 100 times brighter than a body of magnitude 6.[7] The dimmest stars that can be seen through a 200inch terrestrial telescope are of the 20th magnitude, and very bright objects like the Sun and a full Moon have magnitudes of 26.7 and 12.6 respectively.[7]

[edit] Table
Key to the table Column title Description

The number used to identify No. stars in navigation publications and star charts.[Note 2] Common The name of the star commonly

used navigation publications and star charts. Another name of the star which Bayer combines a Greek letter with designation the possessive form of its constellation's Latin name. Etymology of Etymology of the common common name.[8] name Sidereal hour angle (SHA), the SHA angular distance west of the vernal equinox. Declination, the angular Dec. distance north or south of the celestial equator. Apparent magnitude, an App. indicator of the star's magnitude brightness. The table of navigational stars provides several types of information. In the first column is the identifying index number, followed by the common name, the Bayer designation, and the etymology of the common name. Then the star's approximate position, suitable for identification purposes, is given in terms of declination and sidereal hour angle, followed by the star's magnitude. The final column presents citations to the sources of the data, The American Practical Navigator and the star's entry at the SIMBAD database, a project of the Strasbourg Astronomical Data Center or CDS. No.[Not
e 2]

name

Common name Alpheratz Ankaa Schedar

1 2 3

Diphda

Etymology Bayer of common designation name the horse's Andromeda navel e coined Phoenicis name the breast (of Cassiopeiae Cassiopeia) the second frog Ceti (Fomalhaut was once the first)

App. SH Declinatio Reference magnitud A n s e 358 N 29 354 S 42 350 N 56 2.06 2.37 2.25
[8][9]

[8][10]

[8][11]

349 S 18

2.04

[8][12]

No.[Not
e 2]

Common name Achernar Hamal Acamar Menkar Mirfak Aldebaran

5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Rigel Capella Bellatrix Elnath Alnilam Betelgeuse Canopus

18

Sirius

19 20

Adhara Procyon

Etymology Bayer of common designation name end of the Eridani river (Eridanus) full-grown Arietis lamb another Eridani form of Achernar nose (of the Ceti whale) elbow of the Persei Pleiades follower (of Tauri the Pleiades) foot (left Orionis foot of Orion) little she Aurigae goat female Orionis warrior one butting Tauri with the horns string of Orionis pearls the arm pit Orionis (of Orion) city of Carinae ancient Egypt the scorching Canis one Majoris (popularly, the dog star) Canis the virgin(s) Majoris Canis before the

App. SH Declinatio Reference magnitud A n s e 336 S 57 328 N 23 316 S 40 315 N 04 309 N 50 291 N 16 0.50 2.00 3.2 2.5 1.82 0.85
var
[Note 3] [8][13]

[8][14]

[8][15]

[8][16]

[8][17]

[8][18]

282 S 08 281 N 46 279 N 06 279 N 29 276 S 01 271 N 07 264 S 53

0.12 0.71 1.64 1.68 1.70 0.58

var
[Note 3]

[8][19]

[8][20]

[8][21]

[8][22]

[8][23]

[8][24]

0.72

[8][25]

259 S 17

1.47

[8][26]

256 S 29 245 N 05

1.51 0.34

[8][27] [8][28]

No.[Not
e 2]

Common name

21

Pollux

22

Avior

23

Suhail

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Miaplacidus Alphard Regulus Dubhe Denebola Gienah Acrux Gacrux Alioth Spica Alkaid

Etymology Bayer of common designation name Minoris dog (rising before the dog star, Sirius) Zeus' other twin son (Castor, Geminorum Gem, is the first twin) coined 1 Carinae name shortened form of Al Suhail, one Velorum Arabic name for Canopus quiet or still Carinae waters solitary star Hydrae of the serpent Leonis the prince 1 Ursae the bear's Majoris back tail of the Leonis lion right wing Corvi of the raven coined from 1 Crucis Bayer name coined from Crucis Bayer name another Ursae form of Majoris Capella the ear of Virginis corn Ursae leader of the Majoris daughters of

App. SH Declinatio Reference magnitud A n s e

244 N 28

1.15

[8][29]

234 S 59

2.4

[8][30]

223 S 43

2.23

[8][31]

222 S 70 218 S 09 208 N 12 194 N 62 183 N 15 176 S 17 174 S 63 172 S 57 167 N 56 159 S 11 153 N 49

1.70 2.00 1.35 1.87 2.14 2.80 1.40 1.63 1.76 1.04 1.85

[8][32]

[8][33]

[8][34] [8][35]

[8][36]

[8][37]

[8][38]

[8][39]

[8][40]

[8][41]

[8][42]

No.[Not
e 2]

35 36 38 37 39

40

41

42 43 44

45

46 47

Etymology Bayer of common designation name the bier leg of the Hadar Centauri centaur shoulder of Menkent Centauri the centaur Rigil foot of the 1 Centauri Kentaurus centaur the bear's Arcturus Bootis guard southern Zubenelgenub Librae claw (of the i scorpion) shortened form of "north star" Ursae (named Kochab Minoris when it was that,[Note 4] ca. 1500 BC AD 300). feeble one Corona Alphecca (in the Borealis crown) rival of Antares Scorpii Mars (in color) Trianguli coined from Atria Australis Bayer name second Sabik Ophiuchi winner or conqueror cocked-up part of the Shaula Scorpii scorpion's tail head of the Rasalhague Ophiuchi serpent charmer head of the Eltanin Draconis dragon Common name

App. SH Declinatio Reference magnitud A n s e 149 S 60 149 S 36 140 S 61 146 N 19 138 S 16 0.60 2.06 0.01 0.04
var
[Note 3] [8][43]

[8][44]

[8][45]

[8][46]

3.28

[8][47]

137 N 74

2.08

[8][48]

127 N 27

2.24

[8][49]

113 S 26 108 S 69 103 S 16

1.09 1.92 2.43

[8][50]

[8][51]

[8][52]

097 S 37

1.62

[8][53]

096 N 13 091 N 51

2.10 2.23

[8][54]

[8][55]

No.[Not
e 2]

48

49

50

51

52

53 54 55

56 57 * [Note
2]

Etymology Bayer of common designation name southern part of the Kaus Australis Sagittarii bow (of Sagittarius) the falling Vega Lyrae eagle or vulture constellatio n of the Nunki Sagittarii holy city (Eridu) flying eagle Altair Aquilae or vulture Coined from the English Peacock Pavonis name of the constellatio n tail of the Deneb Cygnus hen nose of the Enif Pegasi horse bright one Al Na'ir Gruis (of the fish's tail) mouth of Piscis Fomalhaut the southern Austrinus fish saddle (of Markab Pegasi Pegasus) Ursae the pole Polaris[8] Minoris (star) Common name

App. SH Declinatio Reference magnitud A n s e 084 S 34 1.80

[8][56]

081 N 39

0.03

[8][57]

076 S 26

2.06

[8][58]

063 N 09

0.77

[8][59]

054 S 57

1.91

[8][60]

050 N 45 034 N 10 028 S 47

1.25 2.40 1.74

[8][61]

[8][62]

[8][63]

016 S 30 014 N 15 319 N 89

1.16 2.49 2.01

var
[Note 3]

[8][64]

[8][65]

[8][66]

[edit] Star charts

Key to the Star charts Item Description UPPERCASE Constellation names are TEXT indicated in uppercase text.

Dotted line

Selected star of magnitude 1.5 and brighter. Labeled with common name, star number, and Greek letter to indicate Bayer designation. Selected star of magnitude 1.6 and fainter. Labeled with common name, star number, and Greek letter to indicate Bayer designation. Tabulated star of magnitude 2.5 and brighter. Labeled with Greek letter to indicate Bayer designation. Tabulated star of magnitude 2.6 and fainter. Labeled with Greek letter to indicate Bayer designation. Untabulated star. Not labeled. Constellation outline.

Navigators often use star charts to identify a star by its position relative to other stars. References like the Nautical Almanac and The American Practical Navigator provide four star charts, covering different portions of the celestial sphere. Two of these charts are azimuthal equidistant projections of the north and south poles. The other two cover the equatorial region of the celestial sphere, from the declination of 30 south to 30 north. The two equatorial charts are mercator projections, one for the eastern hemisphere of the celestial sphere and one for the western hemisphere. Note that unlike familiar maps, east is shown to the left and west is shown to the right. With this orientation, the navigator can hold the star chart overhead, and the arrangement of the stars on the chart will resemble the stars in the sky.[1] In the star charts, constellations are labelled with capital letters and indicated by dotted lines collecting their stars. The 58 selected stars for navigation are shown in blue and labelled with their common name, star number, and a Greek letter to indicate their Bayer designation. The additional 115 tabulated stars that can also be used for navigation are shown in red and labelled with a Greek letter to indicate their Bayer designation. Some additional stars not suitable for navigation are also included on the charts to indicate constellations, they are presented as unlabelled small red dots.

[edit] Equatorial stars

Equatorial stars of the eastern hemisphere

The equatorial region of the celestial sphere's eastern hemisphere includes 16 navigational stars from Alpheratz in the constellation Andromeda to Denebola in Leo. It also includes stars from the constellations Cetus, Aries, Taurus, Orion, Canis Major and Minor, Gemini, and Hydra. Of particular note among these stars are "the dog star" Sirius, the brightest star in the sky, and four stars of the easily identified constellation Orion.

Equatorial stars of the western hemisphere The equatorial region of the celestial sphere's western hemisphere includes 13 navigational stars from Gienah in the constellation Corvus to Markab in Pegasus. It also includes stars from the constellations Virgo, Bootes, Libra, Corona Borealis, Scorpio, Ophiuchus, Sagittarius, and Aquila. The variable star Arcturus is the brightest star in this group.

[edit] Northern stars

The 11 northern stars are those with a declination between 30 north and 90 north. They are listed in order of decreasing sidereal hour angle, or from the vernal equinox westward across the sky. Starting with Schedar in the Cassiopeia constellation, the list includes stars from the constellations Auriga, the Great and Little Bears, Draco, Lyra and Cygnus. The two brightest northern stars are Vega and Capella. In the star chart to the right, declination is shown by the radial coordinate, starting at 90 north in the center and decreasing to 30 north at the outer edge. Sidereal hour angle is shown as the angular coordinate, starting at 0 at the left of the chart, and increasing counter-clockwise.

[edit] Southern stars

The 18 southern stars are those with a declination between 30 south and 90 south. They are listed in order of decreasing sidereal hour angle, or from the vernal equinox westward across the sky. Starting with Ankaa in the Phoenix constellation, the list includes stars from the constellations Eridanus, Carina, Crux, Centaurus, Libra, Triangulum Australe, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Pavo, and Grus. Canopus, Rigil Kentaurus, Achernar, and Hadar are the brightest stars in the southern sky. In the star chart to the right, declination is shown by the radial coordinate, starting at 90 north in the center and decreasing to 30 north at the outer edge. Sidereal hour angle is shown as the angular coordinate, starting at 0 at the right of the chart, and increasing clockwise.

[edit] Footnotes
Notes
1. ^ The value is actually the fifth root of 100, an irrational number known as Pogson's Ratio. See Australian Science Teachers' Association (2006). Teaching science, Volumes 5253. Australian Science Teachers' Association. pp. 44. http://books.google.com/books?id=ae0kAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Pogson's+Ratio%22+irrationa l+number&dq=%22Pogson's+Ratio%22+irrational+number&hl=en&ei=fwCFTI-

8A8TYnAedib1i&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 2010-09-06. 2. ^ a b c This list uses the assigned numbers from the nautical almanac, which includes only 57 stars. Polaris, which is included in the list given in The American Practical Navigator, is listed here without a number. 3. ^ a b c d The suffix var after the numeric value denotes a variable star whose magnitude changes over time. 4. ^ For more information, see the article changing pole stars.

Citations
1. 2. ^ a b c d e f g Bowditch, 2002, p. 249. ^ "History of the Nautical Almanac". US Naval Observatory. http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/astronomical-applications/publications/hist-naut-almanac. Retrieved 2011-01-23. ^ Wright and Whitney, 1992, p. 273. ^ Bowditch, 2002, pp. 301303. ^ Bowditch, 2002, pp. 271274. ^ a b Bowditch, 2002, p. 234. ^ a b c Bowditch, 2002, p. 219. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh Bowditch, 2002, p. 248. ^ "Alpheratz". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Alpheratz. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Alpha Phe". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Alpha+Phe. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Schedar". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Schedar. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Beta Ceti". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Beta+Ceti. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Achernar". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Achernar. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Hamal". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Hamal. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Acamar". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Acamar. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Menkar". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Menkar. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Mirfak". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Mirfak. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Aldebaran". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Aldebaran. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Rigel". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Rigel. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Capella A". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Capella+A. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Bellatrix". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Bellatrix. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "bet Tau". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=bet+Tau. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Alnilam". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Alnilam. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Betelgeuse". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Betelgeuse. Retrieved 2010-06-21.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

25. ^ "Canopus". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Canopus. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 26. ^ "Sirius". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Sirius. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 27. ^ "Adara". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Adara. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 28. ^ "Procyon". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Procyon. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 29. ^ "Pollux". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Pollux. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 30. ^ "Eps Car". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Eps+Car. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 31. ^ "lam Vel". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=lam+Vel. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 32. ^ "Beta Car". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Beta+Car. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 33. ^ "Alphard". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Alphard. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 34. ^ "Regulus". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Regulus. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 35. ^ "Dubhe". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Dubhe. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 36. ^ "Denebola". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Denebola. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 37. ^ "Gienah Corvi". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Gienah+Corvi. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 38. ^ "Acrux A". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Acrux+A. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 39. ^ "Gacrux". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Gacrux. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 40. ^ "Alioth". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Alioth. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 41. ^ "Spica". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Spica. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 42. ^ "Alkaid". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Alkaid. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 43. ^ "Agena". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Agena. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 44. ^ "Menkent". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Menkent. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 45. ^ "Alpha Centauri". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Alpha+Centauri. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 46. ^ "Arcturus". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Arcturus. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 47. ^ "Alpha Librae". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Alpha+Librae. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 48. ^ "Kochab". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Kochab. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 49. ^ "Alphecca". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Alphecca. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 50. ^ "Antares". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Antares. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 51. ^ "Atria". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Atria. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 52. ^ "Sabik". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Sabik. Retrieved 2010-06-21.

53. ^ "Shaula". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Shaula. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 54. ^ "Rasalhague". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Rasalhague. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 55. ^ "Etamin". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Etamin. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 56. ^ "Kaus Australis". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Kaus+Australis. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 57. ^ "Vega". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Vega. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 58. ^ "Nunki". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Nunki. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 59. ^ "Altair". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Altair. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 60. ^ "Peacock". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Peacock. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 61. ^ "Deneb". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Deneb. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 62. ^ "Enif". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Enif. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 63. ^ "Alpha Gruis". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Alpha+Gruis. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 64. ^ "Fomalhaut". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Fomalhaut. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 65. ^ "Markab". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Markab. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 66. ^ "Polaris". SIMBAD. Centre de donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.ustrasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Polaris. Retrieved 2010-06-21.

[edit] References

Bowditch, LL.D., Nathaniel (2002) [1802]. "15: Navigational Astronomy". The American Practical Navigator: An Epitome of Navigation. Bethesda, MD: National Imagery and Mapping Agency. ISBN 0-939837-54-4. http://www.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=msi_portal_p age_62&pubCode=0002. Retrieved 2010-06-19. Strasbourg Astronomical Data Center (CDS) (2010). "SIMBAD". Set of Identifications, Measurements, and Bibliography for Astronomical Data. Strasbourg: University of Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/. Retrieved 2010-09-05. United States Army Research Office (2009). 2010 Nautical Almanac. Arcata, CA: Paradise Cay Publications. pp. 28, leaf. ISBN 0-939837-85-4. Wright, Frances; Whitney, Charles Allen (1992). Learn to navigate by the tutorial system developed at Harvard. Cambridge, Md: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 087033-426-3. [hide]

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