1 Jan10

TAMILNADUELECTRICALINSTALLATION ENGINEERS'ASSOCIATION'A'GRADE (Regn.No.
21U1992)
Old No. 82/ New No. 123, L10yds Enclave, Avvai Shanmugam Road, Royapettah, Chennai - 600 014.
Phone: 28111300/2811 4886/2811 5978 Fax: 2811 0162 /28111908 E-mail: tneleengrassn@vsnl.net
ISSUE NO. 47 VOL: No. 512010 MONTHLY ISSUE NO.1 PRIVATE CIRCULATION ONLY JANUARY 2010
ESENNAR
With a zeal to excel TRANSFORMERS
Off: Plot No.12 , Flat No.4, Aravinda Apartments, Sunder Nagar, Hyderabad-500038
Email: esennartranslormers@yahoo.com Ph: 040 - 6576 4561/62
Chennai Ph: 90031 90009/90031 56777
Distribution Transformers Power Transformers
Cast Resin Transformers Package Substations
E
Unit Substations Special Transformers
<D
8
~
o
c:
Distribution Transformer
contact us for further details
Power Transformer
~ A I WILSON POWER AND DISTRIBUTION r
V V 1-;..11 TECHNOLOGIES PRIVATE LIMITED
Orakkadu Village, Cholavaram, Chennai - 600067, India
Ph:+91-44- 26330613 -14 / 3243 0001 Fax: +91-44-2633 0615
Email: sales@wilsonpdt.com Web: www.wilsonpdt.com
PowerFactorRegulators
Combined Overcurrent & Earth Fault Relays
PFR 140
MK2200
MK1000A
Under&Over
VoltageRelays
Earth Fault Relays
EarthLeakageRelays

..~ ..
_..

MK 201A DIN310ZCT80S
MU250
ThreePhaseSequence
AlarmAnnunciator Reverse Power Relay
VoltageRelays
RPR415 MX200
A1t12
AUTHORISEDSALES&SERVICEDEALER:
Nagoba SWitchgear
3/574, MugalivakkamMain Road,Madanandhapuram,Porur,Chen nai-116,lndia.
TeIlFax:+91-44-43842397;Mobile: 9884067185/9884901772/9884901882/9884901172/9884701773
Email:vcs_nagoba@yahoo.co.in
----- ----
(I'
Manufactured By: Mi kro
PowerFactorRegulators
Combined Overcurrent & Earth Fault Relays
PFR 140
MK2200
MK1000A
Under&Over
VoltageRelays
Earth Fault Relays
EarthLeakageRelays

. : ' : ~ w -
: ~ ~ . -
I
MK201A DIN310ZCT80S
MU250
ThreePhaseSequence
AlarmAnnunciator Reverse Power Relay
VoltageRelays
RPR415 MX200
AJt12
AUTHORISEDSAlES&S.ERVICEDEAlER:
Nagoba Switchgear
3/574, MugalivakkamMain Road,Madanandhapuram,Porur,Chen nai-116,lndia.
TeIlFax:+91-44-43842397; Mobile: 9884067185/9884901772/9884901882/9884901172/9884 701773
Email:vcs_nagoba@yahoo.co.in
TAMILNADUELECfRlCALINSTALLA1l0N ENGINEERS'ASSOCIATION 'A'GRADE
EDITORIAL
DIFFICULT TO LIFT TWO-HOURLOAD
Dear Members and Friends,
SHEDDING: EB CHIEF
"HAPPY NEW YEAR AND HAPPY
PONGAL TO ONE AND ALL". "Things will definitely improve by last quarter of next year"
As we all realize, this NEW YEAR also marks "It is difficult to lift two-hour load shedding in the State, but
the beginning of the Second Decade of the things will definitely improve by the last quarter of next year
Millennium and it is really worthwhile to retlect when there will be 25 per cent improvement in the power
on it a little seriously and rather proudly. The situation," said Tamil Nadu Electricity Board Chairman
Decade that went by is probably a decade the c.P. Singh.
world, especially the West, would like to forget 1---------------------....,
as it was marred with bloodshed, extremism, TNERC NOD FOR LEVYING RELIABILITY
bankruptcy and unrest. But the story was slightly
different for India; India swayed gaily, sometimes CHARGE ON HT CONSUMERS
stumbling, but always managing to get back on The Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory Commission (TNERC) has
her two feet through the decade that went by. It approved the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB)'s proposal of
is a decade in which we laid the foundation for levying reliability charge on those high tension (HT) consumers who
India to be completely differe t Nation from the wanted the relaxation of 20 per cent power cut and evening peak hour
one it was 60 years ago. The next 10 years will restrictions.
give us plenty of opportunities to take thjs effort In its order issued on Monday, the Commission said the Board should
further, learn from our mistakes and perhaps one address all HT industrial consumers, who were currently subjected to
day finally arrive at an India which we can be restriction and control (R&C) measures of power supply to ascertain
proud to have created. their willingness for supply of additional power at a total energy cost
Whether in Sports or Science or Art and Culture not exceeding RS.7 per unit. The consumers might inrucate their
or Technology and Trade, we have shown our requirement of additional power during the peak hours (6.p.m. and
capability with indications of further 10.00 p.m.) and the remaining hours. The order would be in force up
improvements and Growth. In the areas of to May 31.
Energy, Environment and Technology especially Making it clear that there was no legal impediment in prescribing
we can feel proud that we have realized the vast differential charges, the Commission stated that the enhanced tariff
needs and our potentials and have initiated lot was applicable only to those HT consumers who opted for it. "If the
of Plans. additional power procured by the TNEB is less than the total
The Month of January is Important to us with requirement as consented by the HT industrial consumers, the
Pongal and Republic day Celebrations signifying additional power shall be distributed amongst all the consenting
Prosperity and Democracy respectively. 30
th
consumers proportionate to the requisitioned additional power," the
January reminds us of the Sacrifice of the Father Commission said.
of the Nation and the Values he stood by and Monthly schedule
taught us. The Board should ensure a monthly schedule for all the HT consumers
We thank all those members who have helped in respect of two slots - one for the evening peak hours and the other
us by participating in the advertisements for the rest of the day. Any variation in the monthly schedule should
appearing f or the issue December 2009 - be communicated to the consumers at least one week before the change.
Rowsons Marketing Private Limited, Esennar The Board should also ascertain from each consumer the additional
Transformers, Wilsoll Power and Distribution demand and energy requirement for every month.
Technologies Private Limited, Voltec lt
Transformers Pvt. Ltd., Ashutosh Shivlal, IDe New Office Address of Electrical Inspector, Tuticorin
Technologies, Gopi Electricals, Universal N.P.S. Complex, 2
nd
Floor, Boipettai,Tuticorin-628 002.
Earthing Systems Pvt. Ltd., Easun Reyrolle
Limited, Geko Powertek (P) Ltd., Power Links,
SAR Energy Private Limited, Elmeasure India
Pvt. Ltd., Galaxy Earthing Electrodes (P) Ltd.,
Ashlok Safe Earthing Electrode Ltd.
T.M. BHlKKAJI,
Secretary
R. ADIKESAVAN,
Reti red Elecui call nlpcctor
OBITUARY
With regret and deep sorrow, we inform the death
of Mr. R. ADIKESAVAN, (retd.) on 20.12.2009.
May his soul rest in peace.
The Electrical Inspectorate and the members of
our Association are deeply regrets for his demi se
and pray for his sole to rest in peace.
One Unit Saved is Two Units Produced.
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - January 2010 5
Editor-in-Chief :
S. SITARAMAN
Editor:
T.M. BHIKKAJI
Printer:
M. VENKATARAMAN
Advisor:
S. MAHADEVAN
CONTENTS
PARTICULARS
Editorial
Difficult To Lift Two-Hour Load Shedding EB Chief
PAGE NO.
5
5
TNERC Nod for Levying Reliability Charge on HT Consumers 5
Contents 6
NEWSLETTER Tariff 6
Events Stress on Energy Conservation 7
Know Thy Power Network - 28 8-12
Open Ventilated Dry Type Transformers 14
Technical Bulletin - 012A Principles ofInsulation Testing 15-18
Revision of National Electrical Code Fundamental Principles 19-22
u 5 1 m ~ m ! ! l ur=f)WrTmlllLm ILruffilef.lL (Xrusml\l-wmru 23
UES Brand - Maintenance Free Earthing 24
Short-Circuit Current Supplied By An Alternator or An Inverter 25-26
Initial Verification, Periodic Inspection and Testing of Consumers
Electrical Installation 27-29
25% of Solar Power A Must For SEZs Soon 29
Efficient Drives with Speed Control
Electrical Energy Excellence Series - 8
Humour
Purchasing Procedure
Team Work
Successful Management Techniques
The Invaluable Contributions to the World of Indians
Amazing Facts of India
Vitamins and Their Importance in Health and Disease
Wisdom of Kural
What Great People Say About India
Book Price List
ADVERTISEMENTS
Ashlok Safe Earthing Electrode Ltd.
Ashutosh Shivlal
C & S Efacec MV India Pvt. Ltd.
Easun Reyrolle Limited
Elmeasure India Pvt. Ltd.
Esennar Transformers (P) Ltd.
Geko Powertek (P) Ltd.
Gopi Electricals
IDC Technologies Private Limited
Nagoba Switchgear
Power Links
Rowsons Marketing Private Limited
Supreme & Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Universal Earthing Systems Pvt. Ltd.
Wilson Power and Distribution Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
30-32
33-34
34
35-37
38
39
39
40
41-43
44
44
45
PAGE NO.
48
7
C4
C2
46
2
C3
26
13
4
12
1
47
CI
3
YOUR CONTRIBUTION
TOWARDS NEWS LETTER
(A) FOR BLACK &
WHITE ONLY
1. Full Page (Per Issue)
Rs.2000
(B) FOR FOUR
COLOUR PRINTING
1. Full Page only (Per Issue)
Rs. 4000
Same Size Positives
CDlZip
to be supplied
by the Advertiser
Demalld Draft be drawlI ill favour of
the "TNEIE Associatioll 'A' Grade"
payable at Che1l1lai.
Eleclricallnslallalion Engineer - Newsletter - January 2010 6
EVENTS STRESS ON ENERGY CONSERVATION
School students participate in a rally held as
part of the Energy Conservation Week on the
Marina on Saturday.
Rallies, elocution and essay contests were organised
as part of the Energy Conservation Week observed
by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board. Hundreds of
school and college students participated in various
events held across the city by various divisions of the
TNEB.
On the penultimate day of the celebrations on
Saturday, hundreds of school and college students
along with the TNEB employees participated in a rally
organised at the Marina Beach by the Chennai
Electricity Distribution Circle (North). The rally was
flagged off by N. Thiruvazhi Marpha Pillai, Chief
Electrical Inspector to the government.
Simi larly, hundreds of people partici pated in a human
chain in Chengalpet organised by the Chengalpet
Electricity Distribution Circle. Students from schools
in the area, TNEB officers and staff, led by the
Superintending Engineer of the Circle S.
Syedliyakath, and union office-bearers participated.
Winners of the elocution and essay competitions were
gi ven prizes at an event organised at Vallu var Kottam,
in which the TNEB chairman, c.P. Singh, and the
Chi ef Engineer (North) , K. Vishwanathan,
participated.
The Officials of the Adyar TNEB & Information
Technology Division also organised a part of the
Energy Conservation Week at Rajiv Gandhi Road
I Or! December 16
th
2009.
ASHUTOSH SHIVlAl
#166, Mint Street, Chennai - 600 079.
Tel: 25383871, 2538 2269, 4216 5808, 4216 1234
E-mail: dagacc@yahoo.co.in
AUTHORISED DISTRIBUTORS

[.
UN/STaR
t"\lJ'Ul
_lcaa
U,UIMI.
Delton
Ttllp. n. t IMe
Fidle ""
AN IS I 110 lOOt COIllPAHY
'H'liIM
'1CIUIIQ-FLEI" P.\t.C. .. CU ltS
Electrical Installation E!1gineer - NewsleHer - January 2010 7
"TO
1. Need for the study on Electrical Fires
1.1 Have you ever had an occasion to witness!
experience an "Electrical I had the
bitter of a close encounter with
initiated by an
overload. On an earlier
experience. It happened a few years back in my
These incidents prompted me to share some useful
information on "Electrical Fires and how to
it. "
1.2.1 You may be eager to leam about the encounters
I had with Fire. The first incident took
in the last week of Oct /09, when Chennai suburbs
intermittent Then on my switching,
the pump set motor in my Apartment Complex sparks
were suddenly emitted in the circuit the
motor It was noticed at a location
where a joint was made the
sparks, there was a sudden eruption of a big flame in
that and it spread to near circuits. Finally when
the fire was it was found that several feet of
the and the PVC enclosure the motor
circuit were the nearby circuit was also
impacted. It was to air conditioners
the flats in Apartment The
circuit did not blow
event is to the
poor repair work done earlier-an of
wires at that location; water entry was the main
contributing factor. Poor of wires had created
the way the
and neutral.
1.2.2 A few years back, the second incident occurred
on a hot summer Then the ambient
was hovering between 40-42 Celsius. Due to the
functioning of various devices at that
the loading was nearer to the designed
electrical circuits in my flat. Under this condition,
suddenly off in the control
board of the flat. Full load with
temperature was traced to be the chief cause
conductors in LT
circuit.
};;> Fault currents which produce maximum are
higher in low voltage circuits. When voltages are
the amperes are
};;> Electrical malfunctioning which are quite common
in low voltage always lead to over ..~ , ~ u , , ' "
and fires.
2.2 Possible causes
(a) All other than LT ...U)"",..,
2.2.1 The system
are most readily violated of all "safety rules".
Among the potential causes that may lead to electrical
fires in these LT are,
)P> Lack of
protection
circuits/earth faults
or continuous of
of and dirt on the protective
equipment/devices and
)P> ambient temperature; corrosive
dusty and contaminated
dirty surroundings.
};;> Poor quality wiring
equipment and
Improper/poor quality
};;> Poor H"'.rlnm
};;> Continuous functioning
Iron box, Heater and Hot albeit
(failure to switch off these devices in time)
the protective devices like fusesl
with the the
for this electrical fire.
1.3ft is important to note that on these events, we are
not able to see but we the results
only. Most of the have faced more severe
and bitter than I had with Electrical forces.
you may ill
knowledge on Though
electrical fires are quite common in our houses/flats,
they are more frequent in other LT installations
Industries and Commercial buildings. Hence
it becomes necessary to get a better on
this viz electrical fire and the methods to
prevent it with a special focus on LT circuits. To meet
"Nothing is permanent in this wicked
};;> Overloaded multiple sockets
};;>
Use of higher size for protection
};;> Presence of inflammable products/materials nearer
to electrical circuits devices
carried out.
not even our troubles." - Charlie
b) L T industries
2.2.2 Because of its special characteristic feat ure, the
electrical fires in LT industries are put on a separate
pedestal. The electrical fires in these services generally
involve
~ Big blazes
~ Large loss on hjgh cost losses
~ Larger down ti me
> Loss of input materials/finished goods, machineries
> Personnel injuries
Its importance is highl ighted in the pi e chart shown below
A Study on Industrial fires in USA
(Fig 1) Arson
Vandalism
(13%)
Electrical
origin(26
%
)
D Cutting and
weldin g(8 0/0)
D Friction and
molten metal
(15 0/0)
Fuel fire d
eq uip ment
(10
%
)
Miscell aneous
(28%)
2.2.3 Possible causes
Lack of maintenance (Nearly 75% of the electrical
fires are due to poorli nadequate maintenance of
electrical equipment and protecti on devices).
>Poor protective devices coordination
>Failures involving very high currents like Tum to
~ Internal faul ts in electrical equipment especially in
circuit breaker, transformer and motors
It occurs when protection does not protect. Kindly
note that a short circuit is one of the hottest things
on earth. It is next to nuclear reaction. It does not
melt metal it simply vaporizes it. Any steel material
or a large cubicle will be suddenly converted to
tum failure in motor winding
Inadequate grounding-in a neutral earthed system,
higb earth resistance leads to dangerously high
voltages on grounding circuit and at time makes the
circuit breakers inoperative. Under this condition
arcing, if occurs, will persist and cause explosions
and fires
Keeping welding circuits continuously in operating
condition for a longer period
superheated, expanding vapour which acts like an
explosive charge. In the case of cables, it can fuse
all the strands together.
Lightning-inadequate lightning protection
Loose connections, poor crimping- loose contacts
such parts normally show signs of overheating
Excess lubrication/dousing every movable part in
an electrical equipment with grease or oil. Such
excesses will lead to dust accumulation and finally
becomes a fire hazard.
"The Greatest discovery of all time is that a person can change his future by merely changing
his attitude." - Oprah Winfrey
Electricallnstaliation Engineer - Newsl etter - January 2010 9
~ Age deteriorated insulationlbroken insulation
process, the comparatively low fault currents
~ Hostile surroundings like Bad connections, moisture
created by the high impedance arcing faults in the
ingress, dirt, leakage of lubricating oil and storage
circuit, though enormously destructive, go almost
of other inflammable materials, chemical
unnoticed by such protective devices i.e the fault
contamination and corrosive atmosphere.
current remains far below the breaker trip level.
~ Hot spots caused by high contact resistance
When this kind of fault occurs the devasting arc
~ Overloading allowed by improper fuselbreaker
energy rises to a very high level and no one can go
condition or selection
near the equipment to take any corrective actions
~ Use of fuses of the wrong type or wrong ampere
rating
2.3 Electric arc
~ Overloads or relay settings that are not same in all 2.3.1 Having studied the cau.ses for the generation of
three phases electrical fires let us have a briefing on the epicentre
~ Not coordinating the Plant protection system ofthese fires viz electric arc. Please consider an arcing
properly with the fault level of feeding electrical fault in a 440 V switch board where the inter-space
system between the conductors could be 2-3 cm apart. Once
~ Enhancement of connected load without an arc is established across this space due to reasons
reengineering those electrical systems concerned. like dirt or Moisture Bridge or carbon tracking, the
~ Non compliance with the programmes like arc voltage will build in the order of 60-65 volts and
operational testing of circuit breakers and protection the corresponding arc current will be very high. It is
devices, calibration of protective devices because the phase impedance under this condition will
~ Existence of nearby vibrations equipment or a poor be low-in the order of one quarter ohm/phase (0.25
mounting structure which may contribute to severe ohm/ph). So the arc current will be (440-65)10.25=3751
vibration that can break wires or loosen relay 0.25=1500 Amp. The power content ofthis arc will be
contacts. 65 X 1500/1000=97.5 KW =100kW(approx). Ifthese
~ Occurrence of "Burn down faults" or high arcing faults persist even for 5 seconds, it can rise the
impedance arcing type faults. This kind of faults temperature of nearby conductors by 2500 degree
normally exists where high capacity equipment like Celsius. No wonder it will result on high cost losses.
motors is employed. In rush currents for these The arc's destructive power can be estimated from
equipment will be very high and the circuit breakers the relationship between length of arc and voltage
must permit these high currents at least for a few across it as shown below
cycles-the starting time ofthe equipment and in the
12 ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~
E
10 -
-
/
F... ""
(.)
,.F. - ~
c:: 8 -
/
' . ".
.... ~
.
.
..c::
6
- +---Arc Voltage Vs Arc
-Cl
./
length
c::
Q)
4
/
(.)
-
2
<t
/
0
40 100 150
Arc Voltage in volts
2.4 Preventive methods
~ Corroded or frozen bearings or linkages in Breaker
2.4.1 Everybody knows that the electrical malfunctions operating mechanisms
cause fire but a majority fails to understand that a ~ Broken springs
focused attention on proper installation methods, ~ Broken electrical wires
subsequent periodical inspections and sound ~ Loose corroded connections and fuse clips
maintenance will ward off most of these incidents. ~ Dust, dirt and moisture ingress
a) Prevention by inspection
~ Crushing of wire insulation while closing the doors/
2.4.2. Fortunately the most common causes that
normally lead to electrical fires are also the most
obvious upto close inspection. It is applicable to all
kind of services. As weak spots are visible, it is easy to
identify them and take timely correction action. It can
be considered as precautionary measures. The
potential causes which are commonly found by visible
inspection include
windows or by any other violent methods
~ Use of higher size fuses
~ Improper fuse- fuses of wrong type or wrong ampere
rating
~ Bad connections, poor crimping of wires
~ Age deteriorated insulation
~ Hot spots (parts that show evidence of overheating)
~ Spots with high contact resistance
"Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile." - Albert Einstein
~ Continuous functioning of electrical devices like
ii) Make sure all bolted, screwed, welded or soldered
heaters, hot plates and iron boxes
connections are tight. Areas showing evidences of
~ Overloads in electrical circuits
overheating need special attention. Without proper
~ When relays are used, the settings which are not
maintenance, no in service equipment, circuit breaker
uniform or same in all the three phases
operating mechanisms and fault protection system
>- Locations where vibrations are excessive. It will (Fuses, current transformers and relays) will stay
impact the relay settings or accelerate the effectivefor long Periodical inspection of mechanical
deterioration of circuit breaker contacts parts and electrical testing are essentially required.
b) Prevention by maintenance
Frequent inspection and testing are a must for the
equipment and devices located in highly corrosive and
2.4.3 This measure has two components contaminated areas. Following maintenance approach
i) Putting or placing the equipment/devices in proper
order i.e. get rid of dirt, moisture or chemical
is generally recommended to avert electrical fires
caused due to lack of maintenance.
contamination in electrical equipment like fuses,
switch, relays, bus works and breakers
a) LT Industrial Services
SI.
no.
EquipmenUdevice Recommended measure Schedule for maintenance
Transformers Inspection intervals vary widely depending on the type of
units used - dry type or liquid filled. Recommended checks
include oil level and its quality, oil seal and silica gel
container, bushing integrity, winding and temperature levels
Six months/one year
2 Motors Check equipment ground to ensure continuity of
connections, measure the insulation resistance of the stator;
compare this value with that of manufacturer's
recommended value. Check lubrication, starter and motor
control circuits. Clean the dirt and dust deposited on motor.
Observe frequently for heating at the bearings or windings
when the motor is in operation
Six months/one year
Once a week/fortnight
3 Main LT Feeder
cables
Inspect splices, supports and terminations for dust, moisture
tracking, pinching or cracking of insulation. Clean
terminations
Once a year
4 400-600 V Switch Wipe or blow off dirt, dust contaminants. Inspect visually
gears (which include for cleanliness, presence of vermin, rodents and water
MCCBs,OCBs) leaks, dash pot condition and space heater operating status.
Perform complete cleaning and detailed inspection
(overhaul). Conduct operating speed check, insulation
resistance test and over current trip calibration operational
testing or functional trip testing of breakers-primary
injection test if current transformers are used for protection.
Breaker contact resistance and simultaneous closing of
breaker contacts. Perform diagnostic tests on current
transformers and potential transformers in the circuit.
One yearltwo years
Depending upon the number
of operations-greater the
operations lower will be the
maintenance interval
Once in two years
5 200-600 V safety or Check by feel for overheating. If overheating is noticed,
control switches and check fuse clips, terminals and contacts for tightness.
panels Clean all joints and clips, lubricate metal parts; look for dirt
or moisture; test continuity and contact resistance, conduct
insulation, resistance test.
Once in three months
Once in a year
6 Motor controllers Check for tightness, cleanliness, contact burning and
overheated fuses. Perform complete cleaning and mega
ohm meter test and overload relay test
Once in a year
Once in two years
7 Protective relays/
fuses
Visual inspection
Check calibration and perform adjustment/functional testing.
Incase of silver alloy relay contacts, clean the whiskers or
fine filaments of silver oxides formed on the contact
surfaces
In case of fuses. Keep them free of dust and contamination.
Adopt correct size fuses. Incase of Fuse clips and ferrules,
clear oxides
Once in 6 months/year
Two/three years more often
when working area is
unusually dirty or having
severe vibrations or wide
temperature variations
One year
8 Grounding systems Inspect for loose connections or breaks; conduct ground
resistance test
One year
b. OTHER SERVICES
I Circuit breakers (As outlined under the head industrial serv ices)
2 Fuses and other protective
systems
Make them free of dust and contamination;
clean the oxides formed on the fuses; replace
the corroded clips; adopt correct sizes of fuse
wires/ cartridge fuses
Once in six months/year
3 Motors and its control panel
(starters, relays etc)
(As outlined under the head industrial services)
4 Electrical devices like
Heaters, Iron Boxes etc
Provide automatic switch off facility if it is
not provided earlier. Al ways purchase devices
with lSI mark
5 Grounding systems Check for poor bracingslbreaks/loose
connections.Test check the operation of Earth
leakage circuit breakers if provided
Once in six months/year
Once in a month
6
I
Insulation of installation
(as a whole)
Conduct inspection as stipulated in IE Rules
1956 (amended upto date)
Three/ five years
CONCLUDING REMARKS
This insightful and concise analysis on "Electrical Fires" not only explains the dangers associated with it but also provides
an understanding to what they mean to us and our properties. This will make a wakeup call and help us to initiate necessary
protective measures against possible electric arcs.
Kindly stay tuned for the next article.
(To be cOlltillued)
v. SankoranarayaDsn BE., FIE,
Former Add!. Chier EDgineerffNEB
e-mail: vsn_ 461 7@redi ffmail.com
Mobile: 98402 07703
in on)
ISO 9001
p
LI KS
94/95, Triplicane High Road,
Chennai - 600 005.
Ph : 28420695, Mobile: 9282 43549
HEAT SH I KAB E &
(j) EPOXY CO 0 D YPE
CAB EJO T GIS
From
I. I KV (LT) to 33 KV (HT)
FREE I STALl JION SERVICE
Electrical Installation Engineer' Newsletter - January 2010 12
Popular 2-day
courses f rom IDC
Traini n 8 {ha l W ork.s
JUST , Rs. 8824/
course /
each participant
Thank you for your support and your participation in our training programs throughout
2009. While 2009 has been a challenging year, we hope your organization has been
resilient and have staff readily trained to capitalize when the economy is expected to
recover in 2010.
In 2010, IDe kicks-off with the popular workshops on Power quality and Power
Distribution with our expert instructor Mr. G Vijayaraghavan.
Sol vi ng Power Quality Problems in Industrial Distribution Systems
27-28 Januar y, 2010 - CHENNAI
A Comprehensive I ntroduction to Power Di stribution systems
29-30 January, 2010 - CHENNAI
Please visit www.idc-online.com or contact us for more details:
Contact Us: 044-42089353/9940306163 or send an email toindia@idc-online.com
Tech nology Training tho , Wo r k.,
INTRINSIC SAFETY 8t HAZARDOUS AREA COURSE
AT CHENNAI
Don't miss this opportunity to learn from our expert. Mr. Ramaswamy Dy. GM (Retd.) Bhilai
Steel Plant (SAI L) who is an Instrumentation Engineer with decades of experience and has
worked as the head of plant I nst rumentation group. He has spearheaded the efforts for
modernization of the plant instrumentation systems. He has also served as the head of two of
the Captive Power Plants of the steel plant with an extremely good insight into O&M and the
control aspects of steam and power generat ing systems.
Advanced Techniques in Intrinsic Safety for Engi neers and Technicians (IS)
22-23 February, 20 10 - Chennai
Hazardous Areas for Engineers and Technicians (HZ)
22-23 February, 2010 - Chennai
Please visit www.idc-online.com or contact us for more details:
Contact Us: 044-42089353/9940306163 or send an email toindia@idc-online.com
OPEN VENTILATED DRY TYPE TRANSFORMERS
As society expands, we create more pressures on the
infrastructure with the need for more shopping districts,
subway stations, industrial complexes, business
districts and high-density residential areas, where large
numbers of people are present. This, in tum, requires
more complex electrical networks for distribution of
power, with improved safety for the people who live
and work in these areas. This has become particularly
important here in Asia, location of the greatest
population densities in the world.
Because of the superior safety over mineral oil filled
units and other inherent advantages, Open Ventilated
Dry Type transformers are becoming more and more
popular over the world for the distribution of energy
to shopping centers, hospitals, production plants,
laboratories, ships or other applications where the need
for a high degree of safety for people or equipment is
essential.
Of primary importance are their fire resistance and their
ability to operate in different environments. Growing
demands have resulted in new regulations and
standards for objective classification of equipment,
such as IEEE C57.12.56 and CENELEC Norm HD
464 in Europe.
Dry transformers need to have low noise levels, need
to be compact and have low weights to minimize the
use of space, which can be dedicated to productive
activities. Users and specifies in many countries have
turned to ventilated dry transformers as the solution to
these needs. In Europe, some manufacturers have
offered cast resin technology with class B or F
insulation systems. Many areas of Asia have adopted
this technology from Europe (without Dynagrid
Pri nciple), including China and Korea. However, after
more than ten years of experience with these units, the
inherent limitations of this approach are becoming of
greater concern to users. Increasingly heavy loads,
demands for environmentally safe materials, and long
term reliability have pointed to the shortcomings of
these lower temperature solutions. Severe demands can
lead to cracking of the large blocks of resin and
accelerated aging of the materials lead to early failures
in less than ten years.
When planning the purchase of a transformer, users
will choose the supplier capable of providing the
optimum solution to their needs. This normally
includes a reliable transformer with the requested
electrical performance specifications, environmental
and flame class, at the best price. Users usuall y do not
specify the insulation system because it is considered
an integral part of the equipment the manufacturer will
use to produce the best product for their needs.
However, it is becoming more important today that
the user, in order to obtain the most appropriate
transformer for their needs, underst and all the
alternatives, their technical merits, and how those
translate into advantages and disadvantages for their
operation. An increasingly important need is the ability
of the equipment to operate under a wide variety of
environmental conditions, and at temperatures which
often exceed the intended normal design conditions.
The most common problems are heavy, sometimes
unexpected, loads and high ambient temperature
conditions, such as exist in many parts of Asia,
including India.
Salient Features of Open Ventilated Dry Type
Transformer
RELIABILITY
The product meets or exceeds the international
standards of IEC60726 and ANSI C57.12. (50 to 52)
1998, and ANSI C57.12.91-2002.
The thermal and electrical insulation performances of
the product are designed and rated at thermal index
class H (operation up to 180C). But the major
insulating material is rated at thermal index class R
(temperature withstand up to 220C). Thus there is
large safety margin in the design of the product
increasing its reliability.
Able to operate under harsh weather and environment.
Able to operate in outdoor condition with proper
protection.
Able to better withstand over-load.
Has a good short-circuit capability.
Maintenance free under normal operation.
SAFETY
The product does not support combustion in air. There
is no possibility of explosion or the release of toxic
gas or substance when under an external fire.
The flame resistance of NOMEX insulation materials
have been certified by testing bodies around the world,
and given the highes t classification fo r flame
resistance,including: UL (USA) 94V-O, NF F16
101 / 102 (France) Ml / FI , CSE RF 2175A (Italy)
Class I .
ENVIRONMENT ALLY FRIENDL Y
No pollution is created during the manufacture,
transportation, storage and operation of the product.
The product can be recycled at the end of its life span
and does not pollute the environment.
The sound level of the product is low.
OTHERS
The NOMEX paper has a dielectric constant similar
to that of air. So, the windings produce a uniform
electric field in their surroundings and the risk of partial
discharge is very small. The product is highly heat
resistant, which helps reduce volume and weight.
By Dr.G.V.Rao, Ph.D.,
Chairman, IEEE-lAS (Madras Chapter)
Senior Member, IEEE (USA)
Chairman & Managing Director,
Rowsons Marketing Pvt Ltd, Chennai.
TECHNICAL BULLETIN 012A PRINCIPLES OF INSULATION TESTING
High Technology Solutions For the Producers,
*Note: that the current discussed in this paper are the
Distributors and Users of Electric Power
insulation currents NOT load currents.
Introduction
Insulation Current Flow (DC)
Probably 80% of all testing performed in electrical
When DC current is involved, insulation may be
power systems is related to the verification of
modeled in a slightly different way. Consider Figure
Insulation quality. This Cadick Corporation Technical
3. W hen switch S 1 is closed, the DC supply is
Bulletin briefly describes the fundamental concepts
connected to the insulation system. In the DC model
of insulation testing including- insulation behavior,
types of tests, and some test procedures.
an extra capacitor has been added (dashed lines) . The
current that flows through thjs new capacitor is called
AC or DC?
the dielectric absorption current (Ida) and will be
Most electrical equipment in utili ty industrial and
explained later. Figure 4 show the time relationship
commercial power systems uses either SO or 60 Hz
alternating current. Because of this, the use of an
for these three currents. The following paragraphs
alternating current source to test insulation would explain each of the three currents.
appear to be the logical choice. However, as win be
described a little later, insulation systems are extremely
capacitive. For this and other reasons, DC has found a
!t
large niche in the technology.
It
c:::=:>
~ ! r
J
n
1r
\J
Figure 1 - Insulation with an AC Voltage applied Figure 3 - Insulation DC voltage applied
Before we can really evaluate the value of one system
Capacitive Current (Ic)
as opposed to the other (e.g. AC vs DC), let us examine
how each type of voltage affects insulation
The capacitive current charge the capacitance in the
Insulation Current Flow (AC)*
system. It normally stops flowing a few seconds (at
Insulation may be simply modeled as a capacitor in
most) after the DC voltage is applied. The short burst
parallel with a resistor as shown in Figure 1. The
of capacitive current flow may put a rather substantial
current flow that results will comprise two
stress on any test equipment that is applied to very
components: the capacitive current (I) and the resistive
C
large insulation systems such as cables or large rotating
current (I ). Figure 2 shows the time domain graph of
the two cGrrents. For good insulation: machine.
Ie ~ 100 x Ir
Dielectric Absorption Current (Ida)
Ie leads Ir by close to 90
For marginal insulation:
The applied insulation voltage puts a stress on the
Ie ~ SO x Ir
molecules of the insulation. The positive side of the
Ic leads Ir by $ 80
--- _...... - ... _- - ---. _---- -:
molecules are attracted to the negative conductor and
the negative side of the molecules are attracted to the
positive conductor.
The result is an energy that is supplied to realign the
molecules much like force will realign a network of
rubber bands.
Like Ie, Ida usually dies off fairly quickly as the
I,
_ _.__
0
- __ _ _
n.
l..
molecules realign to their maximum extent.
Figure 2- Insulation current with AC voltage
applied
.
dam with too much water. If the insulation is
good, it will not fail during the test. Note that
.1
failure during an AC high potential test is
usually very rapid and the insulation is
completely destroyed. Because of this, the AC
Over-potential test is classed as a go-no go
h(x)
type of test.
[ 1d:(x)O
O.
Power Factor Testing
e ,
.
h(x) This approach evaluates the ratio of the
I
, ...:.. ..... -. -. - .-.-.
resistive current to the total current

- -.
I
r
.'" -..
- (powerfactor) or the ratio of the resistive
,I Ir ".
0.02 ii' ,
. .
I
,
, ".
I
,
, '.
-'.
-"
r
current to the capacitive current - --
oL ---L....!'----.J - - -- .- - - - ..! '.!)O
O 2 4
I
c
.1xl0-
3
, x 10
(dissi pation factor). Since the resisti ve curren t
Time
is very small, their ratio should be very small.
Figure 4 - DC current flow in good insulation
(Note that ideally the ratio would be zero since
Resistive (Leakage) Current (Ir)
ideally Ir =0). To perform this test the test
equipment must have rel atively sophisticated
is electron current fl ow that actually passes through
circuitry that is able to disti nguish among the
the IOsulatlOn. In good insulation the resisti ve current flow wi ll
three di ffer ent current t ype ' (resistive,
be relatively small and constant. In bad insulation the leakage
capaciti ve and total).
current may be fairly large and it may actually increase with
time.
Bad insulation will have a rel atively high
power or dis ipation fa ctor . Tables and
Testing Insulation Quality with AC (See Appendix for Test
references are available to compare the
Voltages)
measured val ues against other insulati on of
Limitations
tbe same type.
Testing with AC ha<; two significant problems
0.1 Hertz Test Set
1. Since a large percentage of insulation current in both good
This type of lest set uses a very low frequency
and marginal insulation is capacitive, good insulation will have
test signal. Because capacitors act like very
t. the amount of AC current flow as marginal
high impedances to very low fTequencies, the
In ulatlOn. It IS, therefore, not po ible to evaluate the quality
in ulation system draws relatively low current
of insulat ion by simply measuring the magnitude of current
and much of it will be the resistive Or leakage
fl.ow. an exception to this see the Power Factor Testi ng
current. Proponents of the 0.1 Hertz te t set
dISCUSSIOn below). Of COllr e we note that if the insulation is
identify at least two advantages
extremely bad or if it fai ls the current drawn will be high enough
over other types:
to clearly identify the problem.
I. Since the in ulation draw relatively low
2. The hi gh amount of current flow drawn by the insulation
current the 0.1 Hertz test set is much smaller
requi res a large test instrument to supply it. Thi cau es AC
than its 60 Hz counterparts.
test sets to be heavier and more difficulL to transport than
2. The 0. 1 Hertz signal tend to be less
equivalent capability DC test sets.
destructi ve than improperly applied DC test
In spite of these limitations man manufacturer specify that
voltages. For this reason many test personnel
AC be.u ed to test their equipment, and AC testing has a large
have moved away from DC over-potenti 1
foll owmg. At least four basic approaches are used for te tincr
testing (described later) in favour of the O. J
in ulation with AC. 0
Hz test.
AC High Potential Testing (Also called an Over-potential
Capacitive Canceling (Resonant) System
Test)
This method is normally applied on very high
In this test a high voltage AC is applied to the insulation. Usually
voltage systems of 230 kY and higher. The
two or more time the rated insulation current will be used.
test et adj usts its own internal inductance to
The concept here is somewhat equivalent to overloading tb
effectively cancel the insulation capaci tance.
Electri cal Install ation Engineer ' NewsleHer . January 2010 16
This leaves only the resistive (leakage) current to be Insulation Quality Tests
read.
There are three commonly used methods to evaluate
the quality of insulation using DC voltage - the so
called spot check, the polarization index test and the
step voltage test.
Spot Check
Table 1 - The insulation resistance Spot Check
2
1. Sudden application or removal of the voltage
dV
(creating a very large -) causes an abnonual
dt
Since Ic and Ida disappear in time, a true insulation
amount of stress. Whenever possible the test voltages
resistance value, called a spot check, can be read by
should be gradually applied and removed.
applying the DC and then simply waiting long enough
2. If a large over-voltage (on the order of 2 or more
for only Ir to remain. Unfortunately the time required
times normal) is applied to some insulation systems,
for the decay may be several minutes or more for very
the small air voids in the insulation will become
large insulation systems. To simplify the wait, and
charged. If the insulation is then suddenly re-connected
since comparison is the main purpose of such a test,
to the power system, it may fail due to the addition of
general industry practice has established the waiting
the system voltage to the still charged voids. Even if
time as one 0) minute. Table 1 summarizes the
the insulation does not immediately fail, it will be
method.
stressed and may lose life.
Table 2 - The Polarization Index Test
To avoid this problem insulation should always be
drained of DC test voltage for 1 to 5 times the length of ~ - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - r - - - - - - -
time that the test voltage was applied before it is re
Step # Description Comments
energized.
I Apply the DC Usually applied with a
Effects of Humidity and Temperature
Voltage megohmmeter or high
Temperature will change the measured insulation
potential test set
resistance. When the temperature goes up the resistance
2 Wait one minute for If using a high voltage
of insulation will go down and vice versa. Tables of
the Ie and Ida to test set, monitor current
correction factors are available fr om industry
publications to correct for temperature variations (See
decay. Read and closely for indications of
Appendix). If no table is available the fiel d rule of
record the insulation insulation failure
thumb may be used that the insulation resistance will
resistance (R
1
)
double of each lOoC drop in temperature and will halve
3 Wait nine (9) If using a high voltage
for each 10C rise in temperature.
additional minutes test set, monitor current
Humidity will not generally have much effect on
insulation resistance unless the temperature is very close
(10 minutes tOlal) and closely for indications of
to the dew point and condensation fonus on or in the
read the insulation insulation failure
insulation. Despite this, good practice calls for making
resistance again. (RI O)
measurements when insulation is clean and dry
whenever possible.
4 Calculate the
polarization index (P.I.)
RIO
PI.=
RI
Polarization Index
Appendix - Test Values and Temperature Tables
To avoid the uncertainties introduced by temperature
The following three tables are taken from the
correction, and to provide an even more diagnostic
International Testing Association's standard NETA
result, the polarization index may be calculated for an
insulation system. Table 2 lists the steps for performing
MTS2001.For more detail you should obtain a
the polarization index test. Table 3 shows how to copy of this stand ard directly from NETA
evaluate the results of the polarization index test.
(http://www.netaworld.org)
Table 3 Evaluation of the polarization index test
Table 4 - Temperature correction factors
RIO
i
(NETA Table 10-4)
Value P.I. [ -] Insulation Evaluation
R,
Temperature Multiplier
C
OF
Apparatus Apparatus
< 1 Dangerous
Containing Containing
< 1.5 Poor
Immersed on Solid
<2 Fair
3 to 4 Good
Insulations Insulations
>4 Excellent
0 32 0.25 0.40
If P.I is 5 or greater, insulation may be dry and brittle.
5 41 0.36 0.45
Step Voltage Test
10 50 0.50 0.50
Electrical resistance is a physi cal characteristics of a
15 59 0.75 0.75
material and, therefore, should not be changed by the
20 68 1. 00 1.00
voltage level that is used to measure it. 25 77 1.40 1.30
At higher voltages, however, cracks and other such
30 86 1.98 1.60
insulation faults will be stressed more. This means that 35 95 2.80 2.05
ionization may occur, ca us i ng an inc reased,
40 104 3.95 2.50
disproportionate current flow In other words, bad
45 113 5.60 3.25
insulation will tend to display a lower resi tance when
50 122 7.85 4.00
a higher voltage is applied.
55 131 11.20 5.20
The step voltage test is accomplished by performing a
60 140 15.85 6.40
spot check test at two or more voltages. Usually the
65 149 22.40 8.70
voltages are separated by at least 500 Volts and the
last step should be five (5) times the lowest voltage.
70 158 31.75 10.00
For example the first spot check is performed at 500
75 167 44.70 13.00
Volts with additional one minute checks at 1000, 1500, 80 176 63.50 16.00
2000 and 2500 Volts. *
*Although a megohmmeter is a low energy device,
Table5 Minimum test values for electrical a p p a r a h l ~ (NETA Table 101).
To be used for Megohmmeter type tests
avoid applying more than 3 to 4 times the insulation
rated voltage.
Maximum Minimum Recommended
Rating of Test Minimum Insulation
If R
HV
< 0.60 X R
LV
15%, the insulation should be
Equipment in Voltage, de Resistance in
investigated for possible failure.
Volts MegOhms
Summary
250 500 25
The effective electrical maintenance program must
600 1,000 100
incl ude periodic evaluation of the insul ation qUality.
5, 000 2,500 1,000
Technical Bulletin only scratches the surface of the
8,000 2,500 2,000
subject. For more information you can consult these
15.000 2, 500 5,000
resources:
A VO, International: http://www .avointl. com
25 ,000 5,000 20,000
Doble Engineering: http://wwwdoble.com
35,000 15,000 100,000
AEMC: hup:!/www.aemc.com
46,000 15, 000 100,000
If you have any questions or comments about thi s
69,000 15,000 100,000
tech n ical bull e ti n, pl e ase cont act us at
S. Subramanian Energy Consultant
info@cadickcorb.com former C81G, Ph : 044-2490 3086
Every Indian should help one another in creating better place for our future geenrations.
Electrical Install ation Engi neer - Newsletter - January 2010 18
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
REVISION OF NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE
PART I - GENERAL AND COMMON ASPECTS
CHAPTER 109 - FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
SECTION 1091- FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS AND PRINCIPLES
1091.0 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCU>LES FOR
SAFETY
This section does nul include detailed technical
requirements, which may be subject to modifications
on account of technical developments. This section
contains requirements Iimiting to FUNDAMENTAL
REQUIREMENTS AND PRINCIPLES which are not
subject to frequent modifications on account of
technical development.
1091.1 WORKMANSHIP AND MATERIALS
1091.1 . 1 Good workmanship and proper materials shall
be used .
1091.2 GENERAL
1091.2.1 All equipment shall be constructed, installed
and protected and shall be capable of being maintained,
inspected and tested, so as to prevent danger so far as
is reasonably practicable.
1091.2.2 All equipment shall be suitable for the
maximum power demanded by the current-using
equipment when it is functioning in its intended
manner.
1091.2.3 All electrical conductors shall be of sufficient
size and current-carrying capacity for the purposes for
which they are intended.
1091.2.4 All conductors shall either:
(i) be so insulated and where necessary further
effectively protected, or
(ii) be so placed and safeguarded,
to prevent danger, so far as is reasonably practicable.
1091.2.5 Every electrical joint and connection shall
be of proper construction as regards conductance,
insulation, mechanical strength and protection.
1091.3.0 PROTECTION FOR SAFETY
1091.3.0.1 The requirements stated in this sub clause
are intended to ensure the safety of persons, livestock
and property against dangers and damage which may
arise in the reasonable use of electrical installations .
Note: In electrical installations, two major types of
risk exist:
- shock currents;
- excessive temperatures likely to cause bums, fires
and other injurious effects.
1091.3.1 Protection against electric shock
1091.3.1.1 Protection against direct contact
Persons and livestock shall be protected against
dangers that may arise from contact with live parts of
the installation.
This protection can be achieved by one of the following
methods:
- preventing a current from passing through the body
of any person or any livestock;
- limiting the current which can pass through a body
to a value lower than the shock current.
1091.3.1.2.1 Protection against indirect contact
Persons and livestock shall be protected against
dangers that may arise from contact with exposed
conductive-parts in case of a fault.
This protection can be achieved by one of the following
methods:
- preventing a fault current from passing through the
body of any person or any livestock;
- limiting the current which can pass through a body
to a value lower than the shock current.
- Automatic disconnection of the supply in a
determined time on the occurrence of a fault likely to
cause a current to flow through a body in contact with
exposed-conductive-parts, where the value of that
current is equal to or greater than the shock current.
Note: In connection with the protection against indirect
contact, the application of the method of equipotential
bonding is one of the important principles for safety.
1091.3.1.2.2 PRECAUTIONS AGAINST EARTH
LEAKAGE AND EARTH FAULT CURRENTS
1091.3 . 1.2.2.1 Where metalwork of electrical
equipment, other than current-carrying conductors,
may become charged with electricity in such a manner
as to cause danger:
(i) the metalwork shall be connected with earth in
such a manner as will cause discharge of electrical
energy without danger, or
(ii) other equally effecti ve precautions shall be taken
to prev nt danger.
1091. 3.1.2.2.2 Every circuit shall be arranged so as to
prevent the persistence of dangerous earth leakage
currents.
1091. 3.1.2.2.3 Where metalwork is connected with
earth in accordance with 1091. 3.1.2.2.1 (i) the circuits
Electricity can be safe ifproperly respected
flectri callnslallalion Engineer - NewsleHer - January 201 0 19
concerned shall be protected against the persistence
(ii) are of adequate breaking capacity and, where
of an earth fault current by:
approp11ate, making capacity, and
(i) the overcurrent protective devices required by
(iii) are suitably located and are constructed so as to
1091.4.2.1, or
prevent danger from overheating, arcing or the
(ii) a residual current device or equally effective scattering of hot particles when they come into
device. operation and to permit ready restoration of the supply
without danger.
The method described in item (ii) above shall be used
whenever the prospective earth fault current is 1091.5.1 Protection against overvoltage
insufficient to cause prompt operation of the
1091.5.1.1 Persons or livestock shall be protected
overcurrent protecti ve devices.
against injury and property shall be protected against
1091. 3.1.2.2.4 Where metalwork of electrical any harmful effect s as a consequence of a fault
equipment is connected with earth in accordance with between live parts of circuits supplied at different
109] .3.1.2.2.1 (i) and is accessible simultaneously with voltages.
substantial exposed metal parts of other services, the
latter shall be effectively connected to the main
earthing terminal of the installation.
damage as a consequence of any excessive voltages
1091.3.1.2.2.5 Protection against fault currents likely to arise due to other causes (e. g. atmosphe11c
phenomena or switching overvoltages).
Conductors, other than live conductors, and any other
parts intended to carry a fault current shall be capable Protection against Voltage Disturbances and
of carrying that CUlTent without attaining an excessive Electromagnetic disturbances
temperature.
Protection against harms of Lightning - Electrical
Note 1: Particular attention should be given to earth and Electronic Systems
fault currents and leakage current.
1091.6 DESI GN
Note 2: For live conductors, compliance with 109 J.4. 1
1091.6.1 General
assures their protection against overcurrents caused
For the design of the eJectrical installation, the
by faults .
foll owing factors shall be taken into account to
1091.3.1.3 Protection against thermal effects
provide:
The electrical installation shall be so arranged that
- the protection of persons, Ii vestock and property in
there is no risk of ignition of flammable materi al due
accordance with clause 13 1;
to high temperature or electric arc. In addi ti on, during
- the proper functioning of the electrical installation
normal operation of the electrical equipment , there
for the use intended;
shall be no risk of persons or livestock sufferi ng burns.
The information required as a basis for desi gn is listed
1091.4.1 Protection against overcurrent
in 1091.6.2 to 1091. 6. 5.2. The requirements with
Persons or livestock shall be protected against injury
which the design should comply are stated in 1091.6.6
and property shall be protected against damage due to
to 1091.6.12.
excessive temperatures or electromechanical stresses
1091.6.2 Characteristics of available supply or
caused by any overcurrents likely to arise in li ve
supplies
conductors.
109l.6.2.1 Nature of current: a.c. and/or d.c.
This protection can be achieved by one of the
1091.6. 2.2 Nature and number of conductors:
following methods:
For a.c.: phase conductor(s) ;
- automatic disconnection on the occurrence of an
neutral conductor;
overcurrent before this overcurrent attains a dangerous
protective conductor.
value taking into account its duration;
- For d.c. : conductors equivalent to those li sted
- limiting the maximum overcurrent to a afe value
above.
and duration.
1091.6.2.3 Values and tolerances:
1091. 4. 2 OVERCURRE NT PROTECTI VE
voltage and voltage toierances;
DEVICES
frequency and frequency tolerances;
1091.4.2.1 Where necessary to prevent danger, every
- maxi mum current allowable;
installation and every circui t thereof shall be protected
prospective short-circuit current.
against overcurr nt by devices which: 1091 .6. 2.4 Protective measures inherent in the supply,
e.g. earlh d (grounded) neutral or mid-wire.
(1) will operate automatically at values of cun'ent
which are suitably related to the sat current rating of 1091.6.2.5 Particul ar requirements of the supply
the circuit, and undertaking
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newslener January 2010 20
concerned shall be protected against the persistence
(ii) are of adequate breaking capacity and, where
of an earth fault current by:
appropriate, making capacity, and
(i) the overcurrent protective devices required by
(iii) are suitably located and are constructed so as to
1091.4.2.1 , or
prevent danger from overheating, arcing or the
(ii) a residual current device or equally effective scattering of hot particles when they come into
device. operation and to permit ready restoration of the supply
without danger.
The method described in item (ii) above shall be used
whenever the prospective earth fault current is 1091.5.1 Protection against overvoltage
insufficient to cause prompt operation of the
overcurrent protective devices.
109l.3.1.2.2.4 Where metalwork of electrical any harmful effects as a consequence of a fault
equipment is connected with earth in accordance with between live parts of circuits supplied at different
1091.3.1.2.2.1 (i) and is accessible simultaneously with voltages.
substantial exposed metal parts of other services, the
1091.5. 1.2 Persons or livestock shall be protected
latter shall be effectively connected to the main
earthing terminal of the installation.
damage as a consequence of any excessive voltages
1091.3.1.2.2.5 Protection against fault currents likely to ari se due to other causes (e.g. atmospheric
phenomena or switching overvoJtages).
Conductors, other than live conductors, and any other
parts intended to carry a fault current shall be capable Protection against Voltage Disturbances and
of carrying that current without attaining an excessive Electromagnetic disturbances
temperature.
Protection against ham1s of Lightning - Electrical
Note 1: Particular attention should be given to earth and Electronic Systems
fault currents and leakage current.
1091.6 DESIGN
Note 2: For live conductors, compliance wi th 1091.4.1
1091.6.1 General
assures their protection against overcurrents caused
For the design of the electrical installation, the
by faults.
following factors shall be taken into account to
1091.3.1.3 Protection against thermal effects
provide:
The electrical installation shall be so arranged that
- the protection of persons, livestock and property in
there is no risk of ignition of fl ammable materi als due
accordance with clause 13 1;
to high temperature or electric arc . In addition, during
- the proper functioning of the electrical installation
normal operation of the electrical equipment there
for the use intended;
shall be no risk of persons or livestock suffering burns.
The information required as a basis for design is listed
1091.4.1 Protection against overcurrent
in 109 1.6.2 to 1091. 6.5.2. The requirements with
Persons or livestock shall be protected against injury
which the design should comply are stated in 1091.6.6
and property shall be protected against damage due to
to 1091.6.12.
excessive temperatures or electromechanical stresses
1091.6.2 Characteristics of available supply or
caused by any overcurrents likely to arise in live
supplies
conductors.
1091.6.2.1 Nature of current: a.c. and/or d.c.
This protection can be achieved by one of the
109] .6.2.2 Nature and number of conductors :
following methods:
- For a.c.: phase conductor(s);
- automatic disconnection on the occurrence of an
neutral conductor;
overcurrent befor this overcurrent attains a dangerous
protective conductor.
val ue taking into account its duration;
For d. c.: conductors equivalent to those listed
- limiting the maximum overcurrent to a safe value
above.
and duration.
1091.6.2.3 Values and tolerances:
1091. 4.2 OVERCURRENT PROTECTI VE
voltage and volrage tolerances;
DEVICES
- frequency and frequency tolerances;
1091.4.2.1 Where necessary to prevent danger, every
maximum current allowable;
installation and every circuit thereof shall be protected
prospective short-circuiL current.
against overcurrent by devices which: 1091 .6.2.4 Protective measures inherent in the supply,
e.g. earthed (grounded) neutral or mid-wire.
(i) will operate automatically at values of current
which are suitably related to th saf current rating of ] 091.6. 2.5 Particular requ irements of the supply
the circuit, and undertaking
ElectricaI Installation Engineer - Newsletter January 2010 20
I
1091.6.3 Nature of demand
1091.6.8 Protective equipment - PROTECTIVE
The number and type of circuits required for
DEVICES AND SWITCHES
lighting, heating, power, control, signalling,
1091.6.8.1 The characteristics of protective equipment
telecommunication, etc., are to be determined by:
shall be determined with respect to their function which
location of points of power demand:
may be, e.g., protection against the effects of:
loads to be expected on the various circuits;
- over current (overload, short-circuit);
daily and yearly variation of demand;
earth-fault current;
any special conditions;
over voltage;
requirement s for control , signalling,
under voltage and no-voltage.
telecommunication, etc.
The protective devices shall operate at values of
1091.6.4 Emergency supply or supplies current, voltage and time which are suitably related to
- Source of supply (nature, characteristics)/
the characteristics of the circuits and to the possibilities
of danger.
- Circuits to be supplied by the emergency source.
1091.6.8.2 A single-pole fuse, switch or circuit-breaker
1091.6.5 Environmental conditions
shall be inserted in the phase conductor only.
PRECAUTIONS IN ADVERSE CONDITIONS
1091.6.8.3 No switch or circuit-breaker, excepting
1091.6.5.1 All equipment likely to be exposed to
where linked, or fu se, shall be inserted in an earthed
weather, corrosive atmospheres or other adverse
neutral conductor and any linked switch or linked
conditions, shall be so constructed or protected as may
circuit-breaker inserted in an earthed neutral conductor
be necessary to prevent danger ari sing from such
shall be arranged to break all the related phase
exposure.
conductors.
109] .6.5.2 All equipment in surroundings susceptible
1091.6.9 Emergency control
to ri sk of fire or explosion shall be so constructed or
protected and such. other special precautions shall be
Where, in case of danger, there is necessity for
taken, as may be necessary to prevent danger.
immediate interruption of supply, an interrupting
device shall be installed in such a way that it can be
1091.6.6 Cross-section of conductors
easily recognized and effectively and rapidly operated.
The cross-section of conductors shall be determined
1091.6.10 Disconnecting devices (ISOLATION
according to:
AND SWITCH ING)
a) their admissible maximum temperature;
Disconnecting devices shall be provided so as to permit
b) the admissible voltage drop;
disconnection of the electrical installation, circuits or
c) the electromechanical stresses likely to occur due
indi vidual items of apparatus as required for
to short-circuits;
maintenance, testing, fault detection or repair.
d) other mechanical stresses to which the conductors
1091.6.10.1 Effective means, suitably placed forready
can be exposed;
operation, shall be provided so that all voltage may be
e) the maximum impedance with respect to the cut off from every installation, from every circuit
functioning of the short-circuit protection. thereof and from all equipment, as may be necessary
to prevent or remove danger.
Note: The above-listed items concern primarily the
safety of electrical installations. Cross-sectional areas 109l.6.10.2 Every fixed electric motor shall be
greater than those required for safety may be desirable provided with an efficient means of switching off,
for economic operation. readiJy accessible: easily operated and so placed as to
prevent danger.
1091.6.7 Type of wi ring and methods of installation
1091.6.11 Prevention of mutual influence
The choice of the type of wiring and the methods of
installation depend on: The electri cal installation shall be arranged in such a
way that no mutuaJ detrimental influence will occur
the nature of the locations;
between the electrical installation and non-electrical
the nature of the walls or other pmts of the building
install ations of the buil djng.
supporting the wiring;
1091.6.12 Accessibility of electr ical equipment
accessibility of wiring to persons and livestock;
The electrical equi pment shall be arranged so as to
voltage;
afford as may be necessary:
- the electromechanical stresses lik ly to occur due
- suffici ent space for the initial installation and later
to short-circuits;
replacement of individual items of el ectrical
other stresses to which the wiring can be exposed
equipment:
during the erection of the electrical installation or
- accessibility for operation, testi ng, inspection,
in service.
maintenance and repai r.
Electrical Installation Engineer Newsletter - January 2010
21
Note: Every piece of equipment which requires
the supply during nonnal service including switching
operation or attention by a person shall be so installed
operations. In this context, the factors which can have
that adequate and safe means of access and worki ng
an influence include
space are afforded for such operation or attention.
- power factor;
1091.7 Selection Of Rlectrical Equipment
- inrush current;
1091.7.1 General - asymmetrical load;
- hannonics.
Every item of electrical equipment used in electrical
installations shall comply with such Indian standards
1091.S ERECTION AND INITIAL VERIFICATION
as are appropriate.
OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
1091.7.2 Characteristics
1091.8.1 Erection
Every item of electrical equipment selected shall have
109 J.8.1 .1 For the erection of the electrical installation,
suitable characteristics appropriate to the values and
good workmanship by suitably qualified personnel and
condi ti ons on which the design of the electrical
the use of proper materials shall be provided for.
installation (see clause 109l.6) is based and shall, in
1091.8.1.2 The characteristics of the electrical
particular, fulfil the following requir ments.
equipment, as determined in accordance with clause
1091.7.2.1 Voltage
1091.7 shall not be impaired in the process of erection.
Electrical equipment shall be suitable wit h respect to
J09 1. 8. 1.3 Conductors shall be i denti fied i n
the maximum steady voltage (r.m.s. val ue for a.c.)
accordance with relavant Indi an Standard section 106 1,
likely to be applied, as well as over voltages likely to
Chapter 106, Part 1 of the code.
occur.
1091 .8. 1.4 Connections between conductors, between
Note: For certain equjpment, it may be necessary to
conductors and other electrical equipment shall be
take account of the lowest voltage likely to occur.
made in such a way that safe and reli able contact is
ensured.
1091.7.2.2 Current
1091 .8. 1. 5 All electrical equipment shal l be installed
All electrical equipment shall be selected with respect
in such a manner that the designed cool ing condi tions
to the maximum steady current (r. m.s. value for a.c.)
are not impaired.
which it has to carry in Donnal service, and wi th respect
to the current l ikely to be carried in ab normal
109 1.8.1.6 All electrical equipment tik ly to cause high
conditions and the period (e.g. operating ti me of
temperatures or electric arcs shaU be placed or guarded
protective devices, if any) during which it may be
so as to eliminate the risk of ignition of flammable
expected to flow.
materials. Where the temperature of any exposed parts
of el ectrical equipment is likely to cause inj ury to
1091.7.2.3 Frequency
person , those parts shall be so located or guarded as
If frequency has an influence on the characteristics of
to prevent accidental contact therewith.
electrical equipment, the rated frequenc y of the
1091.8.2 Additions and alterations to an installation
e uipment shall correspond t the frequency li kely to
occur in the circuit.
No addition or alteration, temporary or permanent,
shall be made to an existing instalJation, unless it has
1091.7.2.4 Power
been ascertained that the rating and the condition of
All electrical equ ipment which is selected on the ba is
any existing equipment, including that of the supplier,
of its power characteri, tics, shall be suitable for the
which will have to carry any additional load is adequate
duty demanded of the equipment, taking into account
f or the alt ered c ircumstances and the earthi ng
the load factor and the normal service conditions .
arrangement is also adequate.
1091.7.3 Conditions of installation
1091.8.3 Initial verification
All electrical equi pment shall be selected so as to
Electrical install ations ball be tested and inspected
withstand safely the stresses and the environmental
before being placed in service and after any important
conditions (see 1091. 6.5. 1 and 109) .6.5 .2)
modification to verify proper execulion of the work in
characleristic of its iocation and to which it may be
accordance with this standard.
exposed. If, however, an item of equipment does not
1091.8.4 PERIODIC I NSPECTION AND
have by design the properties corresponding to its
TESTING
location, it may be used on condition that adequate
addit ional protecti on is provided as part of the
PERIODIC INSPECTION AND TESTING SHOULD
completed electrical installation.
BE CARRIED OUT AS RECOMMENDED IN THE
APPLICABLE CODES OF PRACTICES FOR
1091.7.4 Prevention of harmful effects
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS OF BUREAU OF
All electrical equipment shall be elected so that it will
INDIAN STANDARDS.
not cause harmful effects on other equipment or impair
Electrical Installation Engineer Newsletter January 2010 22
1. Q:PmrDul1&\) uSim<'frrlJ @mmrru4 cr.wU1cr.mm @mmrrfficr.fficrn...Lrr@.
2. uSim<'frrlJw UrD!!51w UulljJJ1 QUrDrDruT uSim<'frrlJ ufTlTffiffi6l.Jw.
urflJ6\lm6lJT Q<'fwUJ6\1W
3. arum6\l QCfW14 Waurr@ Urr@cr.rrU4 QU&\)L (Safety Belt) aruJffi(9W.
4. uSim<'frrlJ @UJr!ilw ( 6lUJfr) rfil6\l @mmrrU4 cr.wU1cr.m rIl&\)6\l
arumir0W.
5. ()Jmrrt aLD&\) arum6\l Q<'fWllJ waurr@. ()Jmrrt Qcr.rrmm arumir(9w.
6. uSim<'frrlJw Q:Pm 4 l!>&\)6\l acr.U\ircr.m

7. uSim<'frrlJw @5"IJ?fTllfficr.uULL U1m6lJTalJ aurrw uSim cr.wU1mUJ

8. U1mffiffil6l51r!>@ @Q!lfficr.fficrn...Lrr@.
9. uSim (Wiring Circuit) UJrralJWW umrrt Qcr.rrmITll-ffimcr.ul1&\)
Cfumm crn...Lrr@.
10. uSim (fuse wire) Q:Pm
l!>6\lLD.
11. rfil6\l @mmrrU4ffi a:.wU1 (Eat1hing) rIlmrDrrcr. @fficr. l!>w urr@cr.rruU1rD
Q:PffiffilUJw. l!>&\)6\l arumir(9w.
12. uSima6lJTrrLLQ:Pmm cr.wU1 (aU6T\) @mmrrffia:.uuL
arumir0W.
13. uSim cr.6lJ1, QULll- QCfuulilIT10waurr@
uSili1ir rfiffi ffilmL arumir(9w.
ffiro1L m<'f

14. uSima:!i>!Dl&\) (Wiring Circuit) rfiffiffi B'n.Lrr@.
15. uSiffi ()JrDuL0 @ruT a:.wU1mUJ (line wire)
@uU'1ffi supply (or) uSim<'frrl1
6'UJJf16l51r!>@ mruffiffi cr.w4 , U6\)ma:.,
cr.tU\ot arusm-(9w. cr.LmL l1uUlil&\)
rfilffiroJ
a6US"lJlir(9w. ffiwurr60

16. tEim (Wiring Circuit) ()JrDUll-m
rIlWmw (Main Switch)
roL wmrr60 (Carbon-di-Oxide fire Extinguisher, Dry Power Fire
Extinguisher) (Soda Acid Extinguisher)

17. uSimcr.6\) (Battery Charge) QCJ'!.Ul4 w !!lffirDrrffi
@ffiffi (Accumulator) QffifTmi-G
Q<'f&\)6\l
18. tEiffiu G'lurrm (Electrolight) QCJ'!.UllJ GCffrM

Electricallnslallation Engineer - Newsletter - January 2010 23
~ .
;'
/ BRAND
E
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - . ~
MAINTENANCE FREE EARTHING
"DES" Earthing Electrodes are literally maintenance
free with a long life span, which results in saving on
servicing of the earth pit, Savings in replenishing
the earth pit with Salt & Charcoal, and replacement
Registered Design
of earthing electrodes is out of question for a very
long period of time. These UES brand Safe Earthing
Electrodes are an advantage as weI! a great saver of
Resources, Labour & Money for the consumer and
most importantly to the NATION as a whole.
The design of this UES Safe Earthing Electrode is
unique in construction to sustain the normal wear &
tear of the corrosion for a very long period of time.
The details, advantages & the specialty are described
hereunder.
Details of our "UES" brand Earthing Electrodes
& Mineral Filling Compound.
(1 )The outer shell is made of high quality lSI G. 1.
Pipe, which is galvanized from outside & inside. This
is the Secondary Elect rode.
(2) The Primary Ear thing elect rode is inserted inside
the Secondary elect rode in the form of hot dipped
galvanized STRIP, which would yield a very high
cross sect ional primary conducting area & more
surface area.
(3)The Secondary elect rode is filled with a highly
conducti ve & non-corrosive compound; which is our
INNOVATION, which safeguards the primary
Electrode even if the outer shell corrodes, the inner
elect rode functions in a normal way protected by
the special compound.
(4) The bottom is sealed with the help of hot dipped
galvanized solid base. The top is sealed with a sealant
& metal cap; the entire unit is sealed so that the
corrosion does not seep through.
Specific Advantages of "UES" Earthing
Electrodes & Mineral Filling Compound:
~ Advanced Strip technology implemented as is
even recommended by BIS page no 21 heading 9.2.3.
As these strips are solid conductors unlike pipe
electrodes which are hollow and only the surface of
the pipe is used for the flow of current. The cross
sectional primary conducting area is high and as
well in our twin strip models the surface conducting
area is very high to withstand high volume offault
current and dissipate the same instantaneously into
the ground.
~ As Strips have sharp edges the electrons tend to
flow through them under actual fault conditions to
increase the speed of dissipation even
the conical solid base of the unit is
designed for the instantaneous flow into
the ground, the minimum Strip size
used is 25rnm X 6mm.
~ Only lSI grade G. 1. Pipes starting
from 40 mm dia are used for the
manufacture of our Earthing Electrodes
to manage the quality and uniformity
of the production and as well satisfy the
requirement of BIS in maintaining the
quality & minimum size of 38 mm
specified.
~ Hot dipped galvanized solid base of
apprx 2" thick is used so as to safe guard
the unit from the corrosion to reach the
inner strips.
~ Based on the above construction the
"UES" earthing electrode has long
service life; performance is consistent
without regular maintenance.
Apart from the Safe Earthing Electrodes
we have also developed a MINERAL
FILLING COMPOUND, which is to be
used surrounding the UES to retain
moisture in lieu of Salt & Charcoal.
This MFC enables good electrode to
surrounding soil interface that creates
a highly charged zone around the
electrode reducing the surge
impedance. This enables the electrode
to maintain constant contact with the
surrounding soil and ensure instant and
proper fault current dissipation into the
earth mass; it also effectively helps in
delaying the corrosion of the outer shell
while retaining the absorbed moisture
for a long period of time.
"UES" Brand Earthing Electrodes :
The Symbol of Safety & Protection.
Safe Guards for ever.
Longer Life & Consistent Performance.
Note: Please Check the Product for
our "UES" Hologram for its
Originality.
OUR MOTTO: QUALITY & SATISFACTION
Please feel free to contact us for further clarification and details if required.
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - January 201 0 24
The Symbol of Protection ...
Protection to Life, Property & Equipment
Re . tered Desi
Vlslt us at
aELECRAMA-2010
~ 2()..24 Ja111ml)', :lO10. 80100111 E.dnbltiun Cenlrv, Mwnblij, India.
longer life Easy to Install Maintenance Free Space Saving
Consistent Performance More Reliable Single Product Solution
UES Brand Earthing Electrode & Mineral Filling Compound are tested & accepted by:
(PRI - Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore. BHEl - Bharat Heavy Eledricals ltd.
(EIG - (hief EJedrital lnspedor to Government. DEB - Delhi Electricity Board (Reliance)
(PWD . Central Public Works Deportment. TNEB Tamilnadu Electricity Board.
RlY - Indian Rai lways. MPEB - Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board.
BSNl - Bharat Santhar Nigam limited. APEB - Andhra Pradesh Electricity Board.
PWD . Public Works Departmenl. IChennai , Tamilnadu) GETCO Gujarat Electricity Transmission (0.
PWD Public Works Department. IMumbai, Maharaslra) Rajasthan Electricity Board
PWD - Public Works Department. (Ra jasthan) ARDE - Armament Research &Development Estd., Pune
All India Radio BOC BOC India ltd.
Universal Earthing Systems Pvt. Ltd.
Mfrs. of Safe Earthing Electrodes & Chemical Mineral Filling Compound
1-12, Vyasarpadi Co-Op. Indl. Estate, Erukkencherry High Road, Sharma Nagar, Vyasarpadi, Chennai-39.
Tel : 044 - 2551 3481 Visit us at : www.ues.in E.mail : ueschennai @yahoo.com / info@ues .in

Reliable sentinels of your
power
. n
tO
rnatlO
p...\.\
Uncompromised protection isj ust one ofthe critical areas that Easun Reyroll e providcs expel1i se for its customer's power needs.
Wi th cutt ing edge. state-of-the-art technology and backed by solitl ell tomer support, Easun Reyroll c is rapidly oaring to ncw
heights in the Held of power management .
Be it protection. cont rol. metering. automati on or switching, Easli n Reyroll e offers solution wi th "One-Touch" access in power
generation, tran mi ssion. distribution and industrial sector.
( See you at'
oELECRAMA:2010
20-24 January. 20 I O. Bombay Exhibition Centre, Mumbai, India.
EA REYRQLLE LIMITED.
CurpO'rBle Offif!e: "RA8I)kumaki ", Jlllhma'lt'u. lI obli. Iloiltl . Hangalore 560 076
Ttl : +91 Fa.c +9 1 BOl>7 177002
Row,'nul om.",,: BUJI[I*I".. (UIlO! Bhopal (0755) 208<1221 .hc,m.i 111<1..1)
KolkKIIA 22855 U Nold. (0121)1 21115741 H:lJ43 S",, "nol ...h.d (eJ.\!I) 27')(\7847
W\\ w.dUUnrTyroUe..coul
EASUN REYROLLE
yeo leetroncs
Raychem Indoor and Out door
Cable Joints I Termination Kits
terns India
PRODUCT RANGES
Main Distribution Boxes
Bimetallic friction welded
crimped lugs
Fired Boltless Wedge Connectors
Polymeric lightning Arresters
ItGeko" Range of Battery Chargers
Manufactured By:
II Switch / Variac controlled battery
chargers - Rugged applications .
Standard Range : 12V to 220V. up to 30Amps.
II SCR Controlled battery chargers - precise
voltage and current controls.
Standard Range : 12V to 220V. Up to 100
Amps.
'" SMPS battery chargers - high efficiency,
Compact & highly rel i abl e.
Standard Range : 12V to 48V , 120Amps.
II Any Range of battery chargers are supplied
against specific Customer Requirements.
Our Valued Customers:
TNEB, Vestas, Enercon, L&T-ECC
Gamesa, Suzlon & Lucas TVS
Geko Powertek (P) Ltd
Plot No : 3, Kaliamman Koil Street, Koyambedu,
Chennai - 600 107, Ph No : 044 - 24798502,2503,2504.
Cell No : 9841025705, 9841061872. E-mail: geko555k@yahoo.com.
Visit LIS at:
o ruCRAMA-2010
Q
20-24 January 2010
SOfl\brt h ,.;mbAJ, lIld
Hall tlo. 1 Stall No. H1N11P12
efacec
Medium Voltage Switchgear
Switchgear for primary distribution
-
NORMACEL, melalclad swilchgear
cBN7 Metal cl ad switchgear with
wilh draw-oul vacuum circuit breaker OIVAC Vacuum Circuit Breaker
draw-<lul circuit oraaker
up to 17.SkV I 24kV up to 36kV
up 10 36kV
up 10 3150A I 2000A up to 31S0A
up 10 2500A
up 10 40kA I 25kA up t o 40kA
up 10 25kA
Switchgear for secondary distribution
SIG outdoor pole mounted
swit ch dlsconnector IATS
up to 36kV. up 10 63DA
up to 16kA
FLUOFIX Cle. SF6 insulat ed compacl FlUOFI XGC.T. SFe Insulatod outdoor
distribut ion Ring Main Unit compact Ring Mwn Unit
up to 24kV. up to 630A up to 15kV, up to 630A
up to 25kA up to 21 kA
Works: D 14, Si te-IV. SuraJPur Industrial Area, Kasna Road. Greater NOlda - 201306 DtA
Tel: ..9101 204710000 30. Fax !- 91 01204710034 E mell : tnfc cs I c
www.csefacec.com ! www.cselectric.co.in I www.efacec.pt
Branch Office
N-607. North 8 10tk. Rea r Wing. Manipal Centre. fll . O\ckenson Road 8i1nealore 560042
Tel: +Ilt 80 25584839, 25586147, +9180 25594930
Ce ll : 00632246561
E-mail . karthik@csl1facl'c.cam
Q.,..... ....""
E .. .. .!....
'- 0 '
...
1 1
I II 0 to r I <> C&S Eleotrlc Ltd.
Sub&ldl I All lal & JOinl Vonlu,.
EON
.111 11 ,. VlrltdtVUl
jJt'\ld
C,\ rltt" Mv I"dl.
M l in
cas Efacec MV India Pvt. ltd.
SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT SUPPLIED BY AN
ALTERNATOR OR AN INVERTER
1.0 A major difficulty encountered when an installation
either, because safety systems are involved
may be supplied from alternative sources (e.g. a HV/
(emergency lighting, automatic fire-protection
LV transformer or a LV generator) is the provision of
equipment, smoke dispersal fans, alarms and
electrical protection which operates satisfactorily on
signalization and so on ... ) or:
either source. The crux of the problem is the great
difference in the source impedances; that of the
because it concerns priority circuits, such as certain
generator being much higher than that of the
equipment, the stoppage of which would entail a loss
transformer, resulting in a corresponding difference
of production, or the destruction of a machine tool
in the magnitudes of fault currents.
etc.
Most industrial and large commercial electrical
One of the current means of maintaining a supply to
installations include certain impo11ant loads for which
the so called "essential" loads. In the event that other
a power supply must be maintained, in the event that
sources fail, is to install a diesel-generator set
the public electricity supply fails:
connected, via a changeover switch, to an emergency
power standby switch-board, from which the essential
services are fed, (figure 1)
1 v - t ) i,----t,
non ___~ ~ I c . t a
Figure 1 Example of Circuits supplied from a transformer or from an alternator.
1.1 An alternator on short circuit stabilize in about 0.5 seconds, or more, at a value which
1.1.1. The establishment of short-circuit current (figure
depends mainly on the type of excitation system, Viz:
2) * depending on the characteristics of the particular
machine
Apart from the limited magnitude of fault current from
standby alternator, a further difficulty (from the
manual:
electrical-protection point of view) is that during the
automatic (see figure 2)
period in which LV circuit breakers are normally Almost all modern generator sets have automatic
intended to operate, the value of short-circuit current
voltage regulators, compounded to maintain the
changes drastically. terminal voltage sensibly constant, by overcoming the
For example, on the occurrence of a short-circuit at
synchronous impedance of the machine as reactive
the three phase terminals of an alternator, the r.m.s.
current demand changes.
value of current will immediately ri e to a value of 3
This results in an increase in the level of fault current
In to 5 In*. An interval of 10 IllS to _0 ms following
during the transient period to give a steady fault current
the instant of short-circuit is referred t the .. ub
in the order of 2.5 In to 4 In. (figure I)
transient" period, in which the current d re es In the (rare) case of manual control of the excitation,
rapidly from its initial value. The current conti nue ro the ynchronous impedance of the machine will reduce
decrease during the ensuing "transient'" interval whi h the hOI1-circuit current to a value which can be as
may last for 80 ms to 280 ms depending on the rna hine 10\ as 0.3 In, but is often close to In*.
type, size etc. The overall phenomenon is referred to
* depending on the characteristics of the particular
as the "a.c. decrement". The current will finally
machine
"If there is anyone secret of success, it lies in the ability to get the other person's point of view and
see things from that person's angle as well as from your own." - Henry ford.
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter January 2010 25
r.tn.I.

In wIIII...mm.dc

m
.. 0.3 1- --+---4--------+-----..........;=- -=--n oonImI
In
10111
2D1Ia
0.110
1}.3,
Figure 2 Establishment of short-circuit current for a three phase
short circuit at the terminals of an alternator.
Figure 2 shows the r.m.s . values of current, on the onl y on the a.c. components, as indicated below, will
assumption that no d.c. transient components exist. In be conservative i.e. the actual currents will always be
practice, d.c. components of current are always present either equal to or higher than those calculated.
to some degree in at least two phases, being maximum
The further the point of short-circuit f rom the generator
when the short circuit occurs at the alternator terminals.
the lower the fault current, and the more rapidly the
This feature would appear to complicate still further transient d.c. components disappear. Furthermore, the
the matter of electrical protection, but, in fact the d.c. a.c. decrement also becomes negligible when the
component in each phase simply increases the r.m. s. network impedance to the fault position attains ohmic
values already mentioned, so that calculations and values which are high compared with the reactance
tripping-current settings for protecti ve devices based values of the alternator (since the overall change in
impedance is then relatively small)
H ITECH JOINTS
Heat Shrinkable Type Cable Joint Kit
Indoor Termination Kit
Right angle Boot
.:. Range:
1.1 111 122 I 33 KV
.:. HT & L T Straight Through
Joint.
.:. End Termination:
Indoor & Outdoor.
GOPI ELECTRICALS
(Round The Clock Service)
Outdoor Termination Kit
/I
/ 1
I::
. E t
Cable Repair Kit
Eleclricallnslallation Engineer - NewsleHer - January 2010 26
(1) INITIAL VERIFICATION (Namely & Initial Inspection And
Testing) BEFORE COMMISSIONING
(2) PERIODIC INSPECTION AND TESTING OF
CONSUMERS ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
1) The most commonly used guide to good electrical
installation practice of consumer' s installation is,
BRITISH STANDARD:
BS 7671 - 1992 - REQUIREMENTS FOR
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS (lEE WIRING
16
lh
REGULATIONS EDI TION AND
INTERNATIONAL ELECTRICAL COMMISSION
DOCUMENT) IE.60634: (all parts and sections of
IEC 60634). BS 7671 & IEC 60634 are more or less
one and the same.
2) Before an installation ofconsumer is commissioned
it is essential that a full range of tests is carried out as
described In part 7 of the lEE WIRING
REGULATION or part 6 of I S 60 364. In it ial
verification, Periodic Inspection and Testing.
3) THE TESTER: Testing Engineer / Testing
Electrician.
The Person who conducts the test and inspection must
be competent to do so, and must be able to ensure his
own safety and that of others in the vicinity. He must
be skilled and have experience of the type of
installation to be inspected and tested so that there
will be no accidents during the process to people, to
li ve stock or to property. The competent person shall
generally mean a qualified competent electrical
engi neer.
4) Why do we need inspection and testing ?
There is little point in setting up Rules and Regulations
to control the way in which electrical installations are
designed and installed, if it is not verified that they
have been followed. For example, the measurements
of earth-fault loop impedance, which is an important
item for the protection of electrical installation users
against the dang r of fatal electric shock due to indirect
contact can be made only when the supply system is
connected to users work afrerfidl completion.
Hence initial verification - namely initial ill peetion
and testing of User electrical ill stallarioll a derailed
out in part 6 of IEC 60364-6 is ne ary and any
relaxati on from compliance is ruled out.
S) INSPECTION:
Bef ore test ing begi ns il is important lhal a full
inspecti on of the complete in tallation j arrie.d out
with the supply disconnected. The word "inspect ion:"
has been repl aced by "Visual in pection' , indicating
that all the senses (touch, hearing, and smell as well
as sight) must be used. The main purpose of inspections
is to conform that the equipment installed:
(i) Is not obviously damaged or defective so that
safety is reduced.
(ii) Has been correctly selected and erected.
6) INITIAL VERIFICATION:
The term "Initial Verification" has replaced "Initial
inspection and Testing" in IEC 60364-6 with the
meaning that "every installation shall during erection
and/or completion before being put into service by the
user, be visually inspected and tested to verify, as for
as practicable, that the requirements of IEC 60 364 of
standard have been met.
Where the installation is an extension or alteration of
an exi sting installation, it shall be verified that the
extension or alteration shall comply with this standard
and does not impair the safety of the existing
install ation - Verification shall be made by a skilled
person competent in verification. On completion of
the verification a report shall be prepared (Note:
Precautions shall be taken to avoid danger to persons
and to avoid damage to property and installed
equipment during inspection and testing)
7) PERIODIC INSPECTION:
No electrical installation; no matter how carefully
designed and erected, can be expected to last forever.
Deterioration will take place due to age as well as due
to normal wear and tear. With this in mind both
IEEWIRING REGULATIONS (BS7671 -. 1992) as
well as IEC 60364 require regular inspection and
testing to take place, so that the installation can be
maintained in a good and safe condi tion. Hence the
installation user should be informed of the need for
periodic testing, and the date on which the next test is
due.
THE TIME INTERVAL CONCERNED WILL,
OF COURSE, DEPEND ON THE TYPE OF
INSTALLATION AND ON THE WAY IN
WHICH IT IS USED.
) The ba ie. fu ndamental requirement of the tester is
be must be skilled per on competent in verification,
generally m aning a QUALIFIED PROFESSIONAL
ELECTRICIAN ENGA GED IN TESTING OR
QUALIFIED PROFESSIONAL ELECTRI CAL
ENGINEER ENGAGED IN TESTING. THE
IMPORTANT CHARA CTERISTIC OR QUA LIFIED
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter - January 2010
27
PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN OR QUALIFIED
PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEER IS THAT
HE SHALL BE THIRD-PARTY. There cannot be legal
compulsion that the Testing PersonaL shaLL onLy be the
ELectricaL Inspectors appointed by Government. Any
such statutory ruLe could onLy be against naturaL justice
and only lead to mechanical application of mind and
irrational reasoning. Based on the analysis of statistics
of very huge population of users of electricity, the
practice of issue of completion and inspection
certificate on completion of inspection and testing of
users electrical installations by chartered Electrical
Engineers or professional Electrical Engineers
accredited by Electricity Regulatory Authority is the
solution which methodology is adopted in UK, USA,
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, AUSTRALIA ,
SINGAPORE, SRILANKA, MALAYSIA AND
ALMOST EVERY WHERE.
9) The importance or reguLar periodic inspection and
testing of electrical installation cannot be over stated.
It is an aspect of electricaL safety which cannot be
overlooked. The professional Engineer must tell the
user of the need for periodic inspector and test and the
date on which such attention is necessary. The periodic
inspection and testing must be carried out with the same
degree of care as is required for a new installati on. It
must be clearly understood that a retest of a worki ng
installation may not be as full as that canied out efore
the installation was put into service. On completion of
a full periodic inspection and testing, certificate must
be provided and the report should include the
following,
(i) Full test results to enable comparison with earlier
tests, from which the rate of deterioration of the
installation (if any) can be assessed.
(ii) The full extent of the parts of the system tested
notes of Commissions may be very important.
(iii)Any restrictions which may have been imposed on
the TESTER and which may have limited his
ability to report fully.
(iv)Any dangerous conditions found during testing and
inspection, non-compliance with the Regulations,
or any Variations, which are likely to arise in the
future.
10) The concept of "Initial Verifi cation" namely
"Initial Inspection and Testing" has been covered under
the present rule 47 of Indian Electricity Rules 1956.
Rule 47 stipulates that initial inspection and testing
has to be carried out by supplier in all "voltage - class
- users" electrical installations and Rule 63 stipulates
additionally that in the case of high voltage and extra
high voltage electrical installations of users and Electric
supply utilities the Government - appointed Electrical
Inspector has to accord approval for energizations.
With very large number of GENERATING
STATIONS) EHV AND HV SUB STATIONS, EHV
AND HV TRANSMISSION, SUB-TRANSMISSION
AND DISTRIB UTION LINES AND ALSO
SEVERAL TEN THOUSANDS OF HV
CONSUMER'S ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS,
the approval by Government - appointed Electrical
inspector will not practically work out. Hence the
concept of acceptance o.lthird - party certification by
accredited chartered Engineers/accredited
professional Engineers wouLd only be the possible
practical solution.
11) The periodical inspection and testing of Consumers
installation has been stated in Rule 46 of Indian
Electricity Rules, 1956. The concept of periodical
inspection and testing of Consumers install ati on had
been derived from 13th edition of IEE WIRING
Regulations (Issued in 1955) and Indian standard IS
732-1958 issued in 1958. We are now in 2009 and 54
years have passed. The 13th edition of lEE WIRING
Regulations have been replaced by 16th edition of IEE
WIRING REGULATIONS and IS 732-1958 has been
replaced by IS 732-1987.
A (i) The present concept is consultants/design
eng ine ers are responsi ble for t he design of
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS.
(il) The accredit del tri al omractor. e -ecute the
electrical work as per the bill of quantities and his
responsibility is to carryout the installation as per the
contract scheme awarded to him.
(iii) Pre commissioning inspection and testing on
completion of the electrical installation by the
qualified, competent TESTING ELECTRICIANS /
TESTING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS.
The CHARTERED ENGINEER / PROFESSIONAL I
ENGINEER is responsible for the entire above
activities and issues completion and inspection
certificate for new installations, addi t ions
modifications, changes affecting characteristics of
existing installation. Based on the completion and
inspection certificate, Electric Service nnection is
effected to the fac il ity by utilities.
B (i) Regarding PERIODIC 1. TSPECTION &
TESTING the lEE WIRING REGUL nONS (l6
TH
Edition) States as foll ow.
THE FREQUENCY OF PERlODIC INSPECTION
AND TESTING OF . ' ST ALLATION SHALL
BE DETER 1L ED BY THE TYPE OF
INSTALLATIOJ . rrs USE ND OPERATION, THE
FREQUE C Y O F M INTENANCE AND THE
EXTER AL I FL fENCES TO WHICH IT IS
SUBJECTED .
Eleclricallnstailation Engineer - Newsletter - January 2010 28
(ii) What is stated in IEC 60364-6 relating to periodic
FOR DWELLING, LONGER PERIODS MAY BE
inspection and testing is given below,
APPROPRIATE.
PERIODIC INSPECTION AND TESTING
Note 2
1. General:
PERIODIC INSPECTION AND TESTING MAY BE
Periodic inspection and testing of the electrical
REPLACED IN CASE OF EXTENDED ELECTRICAL
installations is carried out to determine if the
INSTALLATION (example in large industries) by AN
installations and parts of the installations have not
ADEQUATE SAFETY REGIME OF CONTINUOUS
deteriorated to the extent that renders them unsafe to
MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE OF
use and is incompliance with the installation rules,
EQUIPMENT AND INSTALLATION BY SKILLED
unless otherwise required by National rules or by
PERSONS.
National statutory requirements.
3. Extent of the periodic inspections and testing:
In addition, it includes the examination of the effects
The periodic inspection and testing should include at
of any change in use of the premises from that for
least
which the installation was previously provided.
Visual inspection, including the protection against
Note: The guidance information given for initial
verification is in principle valid also for periodic
inspection and testing.
direct contact and protection against fire
Test of the insulation resistance
Test for the continuity of the protective conductors
Tests for the protection against indirect contact
2. Interval between periodic inspection and testing:
Functional test of RCDs
After the initial verification, the periodic inspection - Functional test of SPDs
and testing of the electrical installation should be - Functional test of ICMs, MCBs, RCCBs
carried out with a minimal interval, which is
4. REPORT:
determined by the characteristics of the installations
On the, occasion of every periodic inspection and
usage and environment. The maximum period between
testing a report must be prepared, which should incl ude
inspections may be laid down by national statutory
in addition to all informations concerning the visual
requirements.
inspections and the tests made, records of the relevant
Note 1
results information about any modification or
The interval may be,jor instance, three years with the extensions and any compliance with the rules
exception of the following cases where a higher risk specifying the parts of the installation concerned.
may exist and shorter periods may be required.
C. Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) is a member of
- Working places or locations where risks of
IEC and BIS adopts IEC standards with dual number.
degradations, fire or explosion exist.
Hence the provisions of IEC60364 standard relating
- Working places or locations where both high - and
to regulations of electrical installation are applicable
low - voltage installation exist.
to Indian conditions also very well.
- Communal facilities.
Construction sites.
Lo ations where portable equipment is used.
25% OF SOLAR POWER A MUST FOR SEZs SOON
In a quiet move for greening its rapid The draft proposals and guidelines intend to make
industrialisation plan, the government is making it aJl new and existing SEZs green as the government
mandatory for all SEZs (special economic zones) wants existing SEZs to go for green certification.
to power at least a quarter of their lighting needs
"At least 25% of the instal1ed external lighting load
with solar energy. The government also wants at
shou ld be solar powered," say the draft guidelines
least half of the lighting requirements for billboards
for green SEZ . The draft proposals also want them
to be solar-powered.
to have a minimum f 2% estimated energy
The move on greening f SEZs comes close on the consumption for each zone from solar or other
heels of the government lining up a propo al to forms of renewable energy and scale it up gradually
float market -linked trading tools to incenti vis to a minimum of20% ofthe total estimated energy
energy efficiency of commercial bui ldings and con umption in 10 years.
establishments.
Eleclricallnstallalion Engineer' Newsletter - January 2010
29
EFFICIENT DRIVES WITH SPEED CONTROL
(Slip Power Recovery System)
The need for smooth starting, accelerating and speed
control of electric drives has become a necessity in heavy
industries with the advancement of production
technologies.
Some of the systems devised and put in to use were quite
successful, but were characterized by high losses, such
as eddy-current coupling, hydraulic coupling, fixed
speed drive with damping, throttling or by-pass of the
pump or fan.
With the day by day escalation of the cost of power, the
losses have become too expensive to be taken lightly
and the cost of additional energy and space needed for
the ventilation system required to clear the heat produced
by these losses have also become quite significant.
Because of their efficiency and versatility, the variable
speed drive systems employing variable frequency for
squirrel cage motors and slip ring motors are finding more
and more applications.
Though variable frequency dri ves which are efficient are
finding an important place in industrial drives, due to
the constraint on the torque development against speed,
their application is generally limited to loads like fans,
pumps etc. which follow a square law; further these
drives are manufactured for low voltage applications
only.
Because of the very good torque / speed characteristi cs
A.C slip ring motors are extensi vel y u d in many
industrial drives, HV AC system paper, cement. steel
mills and heavy industries. But the main draw back of
the slip ring drive system is the huge \vastage of electrical
energy in the slip ring resistor circuits. Many improved
methods were devised to recover this energy.
Slip power recovery system
Slip power recovery drives only load the supply line with
the power needed by the prevailing mechanical load, as
the power flowing from the slip ring is recovered and
fed back to the power system itself.
The power supplied to the motor terminals is transferred
across the air gap and partly delivered as mechanical
shaft power and partly extracted as electrical secondary
power at the slip rings. The secondary power also known
as rotor power or slip power is recovered and returned
to the line through the slip recovery system. The result
is good speed control without the attendant losses and
heat problems associated with the more rudimentary
control using variable resistors in the rotor circuit.
In the group of variable - speed drives known as slip
recovery drives, the slip dependent rotor power from the
motor slip rings is recovered and delivered back to the
drive.
A complete drive, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, consists of:
Slip ring induction motor
Primary equipment with circuit-breaker and
protective relays
Starting equipment
Recovery equipment
Recovery transformer
Control equipment
In the recovery equipment the rotor power is first rectified
by means of a static rectifier and then converted to line
frequency by a thyristor converter working in the inverter
mode.
In the conventional system (Fig. 1) the control equipment
is designed to meet speed and torque requirements during
normal operation. There are some draw backs, however,
with this simple control configuration, which results in
imperfect control of the slip power,
Further improvements were made on this drive system
and in this new drive system (Fig. 2) the control of the
slip power has been improved so that these draw backs
are eliminated. The new drive:
Can withstand fault situations caused by supply
disturbances
Requires the least space and cost for control and
auxiliary equipment
Is easy to maintain
Offers improved efficiency
Besides these outstanding qualities this dri ve also
exhibits the many advantages of the conventional
slip recovery system:
The motor is smaller and lighter than an equivalent
drive motor
The motor can withstand severe environment
conditions
The motor can be . upplied from a high voltage
' our e
The slip recovery con verter need only be
dimensioned for a small portion of the motor rated
power
Insensitive to power supply disturbances
The control system has been designed to control a short
power failure in the same manner as that expected of a
fixed-speed motor, This is seen as a major breakthrough
for slip recovery drive technology.
This system uses a patented technique of controlling the
power delivered to the d.c link by the rectifier, Should
the inverter lose control the d.c link power and current
can be shut off and then after a short time has elapsed to
allow the inverter to recover the power and once again
allowed into the d.c link.
The shut-off time is typically 250 ms and during this
time the drive coasts. The shutoff and rest art are
controlled by an automatic restart unit and are bump and
transient - free with respect to the rotor and stator
windings.
With this system tripping and shutdowns caused by short
supply failures are avoided.
The conventional solid- tat , Up recovery drive has a
poor reputation for reliability in the face of power system
disturbances.
A fixed speed ac motor wi ll carryon despite severe
supply up ets la ting a cycle or two. A good d.c. drive
and most variabl -frequency drives supplied by reputable
manufacturers will behave similarly.
This desirable characteristic is difficult to achieve in a
slip recovery drive, because the rotor power is inverted
back into the supply with a thyristor converter, lL is well
EFFICIENT DRIVES WITH SPEED CONTROL
(Slip Power Recovery System)
The need for smooth starting, accelerating and speed
control of electric drives has become a necessity in heavy
industries with the advancement of production
technologies.
Some of the systems devised and put in to use were quite
successful, but were characterized by high losses, such
as eddy-current coupling, hydraulic coupling, fixed
speed drive with damping, throttling or by-pass of the
pump or fan.
With the day by day escalation of the cost of power, the
losses have become too expensive to be taken lightly
and the cost of additional energy and space needed for
the ventilation system required to clear the heat produced
by these losses have also become quite significant.
Because of their efficiency and versatility, the variable
speed drive systems employing variable frequency for
squirrel cage motors and slip ring motors are finding more
and more applications.
Though variable frequency dri ves which are efficient are
finding an important place in industrial drives, due to
the constraint on the torque development against speed,
their application is generally limited to loads like fans,
pumps etc. which follow a square law; further these
drives are manufactured for low voltage applications
only.
Because of the very good torque / speed characteri lics
A.C slip ring motors are extensively used in many
industrial drives, HV AC system paper, cement. teel
mills and heavy industries. But the main dra\\ ba k of
the slip ring drive system is the huge wa tage of eleclrical
energy in the slip ring resistor circuits. Many improved
methods were devised to recover this energy.
Slip power recovery system
Slip power recovery drives only load the supply line with
the power needed by the prevailing mechanical load, as
the power flowing from the slip ring is recovered and
fed back to the power system itself.
The power supplied to the motor terminals is transferred
across the air gap and partly delivered as mechanical
shaft power and partly extracted as electrical secondary
power at the slip rings. The secondary power also known
as rotor power or slip power is recovered and returned
to the line through the slip recovery system. The result
is good speed control without the attendant losses and
heat problems associated with the more rudimentary
control using variable resistors in the rotor circuit.
In the group of variable - speed drives known as slip
recovery drives, the slip dependent rotor power from the
motor slip rings is recovered and delivered back to the
drive.
A complete drive, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, consists of:
Slip ring induction motor
Primary equipment with circuit-breaker and
protective relays
Starting equipment
Recovery equipment
Recovery transformer
Control equipment
In the recovery equipment the rotor power is first rectified
by means of a static rectifier and then converted to line
frequency by a thyristor converter working in the inverter
mode.
In the conventional system (Fig. I) the control equipment
is designed to meet speed and torque requirements during
normal operation. There are some draw backs, however,
with this simple control configuration, which results in
imperfect control of the slip power.
Further improvements were made on this drive system
and in this new drive system (Fig. 2) the control of the
slip power has been improved so that these draw backs
are eliminated. The new drive:
Can withstand fault situations caused by supply
disturbances
Requires the least space and cost for control and
auxiliary equipment
Is easy to maintain
Offers improved efficiency
Besides these outstanding qualities this drive also
exhibits the many advantages of the conventional
slip recovery system:
The motor is smaller and lighter than an equivalent
drive motor
The motor can withstand severe environment
conditions
The motor can be . upplied from a high voltage
our e
The ' l ip re co ver y converter need only be
dimensioned for a small portion of the motor rated
power
Insensitive to power supply disturbances
The control system has been designed to control a short
power failure in the same manner as that expected of a
fixed-speed motor. This is seen as a major breakthrough
for slip recovery drive technology.
This system uses a patented technique of controlling the
power delivered to the d.c link by the recti fier. Should
the inverter lose control the d.c link power and current
can be shut off and then after a short time has elapsed to
allow the inverter to recover the power and once again
allowed into the d.c link.
The shut-off time is typically 250 ms and during this
time the drive coast s. The shutoff and re tart are
controlled by an automatic restart unit and are bump and
transient - free with respect to the rotor and stator
windings.
With this system tripping and shutdo'< ns caused by short
supply failures are avoided.
The conventional soli d-state slip recovery drive has a
poor reputation for reliabi li t; in the face of power system
disturbances.
A fixed speed ac motor 'ill carryon despite severe
supply upsets lasting a cycle or two. A good d.c. drive
and most variable- freq uency dlives supplied by reputable
manufacturers will behave similarly.
This desirable characteri stic is difficult to achieve in a
sl ip recovery dri ve, because the rotor power is inverted
back into the supply with a thyristor converter. Ir is well
Electrical Installation Engineer Newsl eHer - January 2010 30
known that an inverter cannot accept even half-cycle
Since the thyristor converter is an expensive part of the
disturbances on the supply without a severe upset often
system, the new system is more competitive than other
damaging thyristors, blowing fuses or atleast forcing a
speed controlled high-efficiency drives in applications
trip.
with limited controlled speed ranges . For loads with
Various efforts to solve this problem have been tried in
pump or fan characteristics the speed range can be
conventional slip recovery drives. Several manufacturers
increased by use of an auto-transformer.
have claimed that their slip recovery drives will not blow
APPLICABILITY OF VARIABLE FREQUENCY
fuses when such a disturbance occurs but the drive is
CONTROL IS NOT A GENERAL STATEMENT
still tripped and production is lost or produce is spoiled.
ABSTRACT: Not every motor that runs at partial loads
Circulating currents eliminated
is a good candidate for variable frequency control (VFC)
In the new system no current circulates in the d.c link
drives to save energy with a reasonable payback period.
without passing through the rotor winding of the motor. An economic evaluation of VFC was done by Oregon
A special control facility eliminates the circulating current Department of Energy. This project consisted of metering
electronically. the electrical demand of four induction motors driving
conveyors ranging in size from 40 to 400 horse power.
The d.c link inductor required in the conventional slip
The data was analysed to determine if VFC will pay for
recovery drives has been excluded.
itself if less than three years. Results indicate that of the
In the old conventional solution circulating current in
four motors metered, a 250 hp motor was a good
the d.c link is a typical characteristic. The reason for this
candidate for VFC.
is that the diode rectifier will short-circuit the inverter
INTRODUCTION
during certain control angles.
The variable frequency converters, which act as an
The rating of converter, transformer and switch gear
interface between the ac power supply and the induction
components as regards extra losses because of the
motor, must achieve the following basic requirement (1):
circulating current.
l. Ability to adjust the frequency according to the
Available maximum speed with respect to the extra
desired output speed.
rotor voltage drop due to the extra inductance and
cunent. 2. Ability to adjust the output voltage so as to maintain
a constant air-gap flux in the constant torque region.
The classical slip recovery drive has to be over
dimensioned in terms of rectifier and inverter rating to 3. Ability to supply a rated current on a continuous
allow for this non torque-producing circulating current basis at any frequency .
in the d.c link. As the drive approaches top speed, this
Fig. 1 illustrates the basic concept where the ac power
circulating current typically reaches 20 per cent of the
input is converted into dc by means of either a controlled
torque - producing cunent.
or an uncontrolled rectifier. The dc link filter the ripple
As already mentioned the circulating current and thus at the output of the rectifier and the combination of the
the d.c link inductor have been excluded in the new controlled rectifier and filter provides a variable dc
system with consequent savings in size, cost, losses and voltage to the inverter. The inverter convert dc to variable
reactive power consumption. frequency ac. An inverter belongs to the voltage source.
Similarly, an inverter which behaves as a current source
Low starting current unloads supply line
at its tenuinal is called a current source inverter.
In common with other fonus of speed controlled drives,
Because of a low internal impedance, the terminal
the starting cunent drawn from the line is no more than
voltage of a voltage source inverter remains substantially
the p.u figure for the torque required by the load. In some
constant with variations in load. It is therefore equally
cases this low starting current compared to the DOL
suitable to single - motor and multi motor drives.
tarti ng of induction motor is enough to justify the drive
system. Because of a large internal impedance, the terminal
voltage of a current source inverter changes substantially
The new drive system may be started and run up to the
with a change in load.
lower limit of the controlled speed range using resistors.
At this mi nimum speed, the thyri tor converter takes over
the control. See Fig. 2.
The rotor starter incorporate resi tors, c ntactors and 4C
0 10
~ protection against too long starti ng time.
A( 0 OC
The rotor starter is normaLly ratcd for starting up to the NltI.R IIflJT 0
( O O [ ~ l l J I
rated asynchronous speed of the motor. This gi ves the
possibility to run the motor at fixed speed independent
rIL Il M
f-
of the slip recovery system. The selection bet I.'. een the
Fig. 1. Variable Frequency Converter
normal speed control mode and back-up op ratioll i
made by a selector switch provided in the ' on verter
VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER
cubicle.
The power circuit of a three-phase voltage source
Excellent for pump and fan loads
inverter (VSI) is shown in Fig. 2. It consists of six
A slip recovery 'drive is ideally suited for a centrifugal
elf-commutation switches SI to S6 with the anti
pump or fan load, where the torque increases as the square
parallel diodes D1 to D6 The switches need not to have
of the speed. The max i m um slip of the drive is
reverse voltage blocking capability. They may be
proportional to the power rating of the converters used
realised using power transistors, GTOs, MOSFETS,
in the new system.
Eleclricallnslali ation Engineer - Newsletter - January 2010 31
or inverter grade thyristors with forced commutation
circuits. For diodes DI to D
6
, fast recovery diodes are
employed. A sunbber is required for each switch-diode
pair. The motor, which is connected across terminal
A, B, and C may have wye or delta connection. The
inverter may be operated as a square - wave inverter
or as a pUlse-width modulated (PWM) inverter.
Square - Wave VSI Drives
The inverter operates in a square-wave mode which
results in phase-to-motor-neutral voltage as shown in
Fig. 2b. With the square-wave inverter operation, each
inverter switch is on for 180 degree and a total of three
switches are on at any instant of time. The resulting
motor current waveform is also shown in Fig. 2b.
Because of the inverter operating in a square-wave
mode, the magnitude of the motor voltage is controlled
by controlling Vd in Fig. 2a by means of a line
frequency phase - controlled converter.
0,.
I
'J===-1 ,.
'JL-L---'--'-_--'---'-__ :1-_

":IL

'::n, _El." ___
'---b 1, -,
D
PWM - VSI DRIVES
Figure 3 shows the schematic of a pulse-width
modulated PWM- VSI drive, assuming a three-phase
utility input, a PWM inverter controls both the
frequency and the magnitude of the voltage output.
Therefore, at the input, an uncontrolled diode bridge
rectifier is generally used. In a PWM inverter, the
harmonics in the output voltage appear as sidebands
of the switching frequency and its multiples. Therefore,
a high switching frequency results in an essentially
sinusoidal current in the motor.
Since the ripple current through the dc-bus capacitor
is at the switching frequency, the "input dc source"
impedance seen by the inverter would be smaller at
higher switching frequencies. Therefore, a small value
of capacitance suffices in PWM inverters, but this
capacitor must be able to carry the ripple current. A
small capacitance across the diode recti fier also results
in a better input current wavefonn drawn from the
utility source. However . care hould be taken in not
letting the voltage ripple in the dc-bus voltage become
too large, which would cause a ditional harmonics in
the voltage applied to th motor.
1M
Fig. 2 - q, Voltage Source Inverter
Voltage harmonics in the inverter output decrease as
V/h with h = 5,6, 11, 13, etc., 2 where VI' is the
fundamental frequency phase-to-neutral voltage.
Because of substantial magnitudes of low-order
harmonics, these currents result in large torque ripple,
which can produce troublesome speed ripple at low
operating speeds.
Fig. 3. PWM-VSI a) schematic b) waveforms
The Westinghouse Accutrol 300 consists of a family
of IlP based static high efficiency, adjustable frequency
motor controllers in the power range from 7.5 to 500
HP constant torque, 600 HP variable torque designed
to operate from a three phase, 460 volt, 50/60 Hz supply
to provide continuous speed adjustment ofthree phase
ac motors. The Accutrol 300 is well suited to most
industrial applications where speed control is desired,
such as conveyors, machine tools, pumps and air
handling systems.
"We make a living by what we get, we make a life by what we give."
- Sir Winston Churchill
Electrical Installation Engineer - Newsletter January 2010 32
Dwelling on some more details and merits of Solar
Thermal Technology and the status in Indian
context can help provide direction for urgent
further work as the Conversion Efficiencies can
be 'Double' or more compared to Solar PV.
Solar Technology is the only long term sustainable
and inexhaustible alternate energy. Technology for
harnessing the solar energy is DOW well proven and
estabhshed.
Sterling Engine or Heat Engines with the latest
developments and Technological improvements
with unitized construction of 25KW Capacity, as
mentioned in the earlier part could be of great
relevance to India, as we can plan and have
multiples of 25KW Capacities depending on the
areas of Sun Light available. In my genera] survey
I found that VIT, Vellore and ANERT, Palghat
have some old 'Sterling Engines' and it should be
possible for further work and studies. Some of the
Renewable Energy Companies could also look for
Technology Transfer if available from USA or
Europe, as the Potential is substantial.
Fig. 1 A View of Sterling Engine Installation
ELECTRICAL ENERGY EXCELLENCE SERIES - 8
Fig. 2 - View of Sterling Engine.
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) - Solar tower
technology for Solar Power Projects.
CSP - Solar tower technology works on a point
focus technology consisting of proven system
such as steam turbines and has high potential for
cost reduction. It is eco-friendly and reduces green
house gases which contribute to global warming.
Electricallnslallation Engineer - NewsleHer - January 2010 33
- -
Working Principle:
A field of sun-tracking heliostats reflects solar heat to a
thermal receiver mounted on to of a tower.
The focused heat boils water within the thermal receiver
and produces steam.
The plant pipes the steam from each thermal receiver and
aggregates it at the turbine.
The steam powers a standard turbine and generator to
produce solar electricity.
The steam then reverts back to water through cooling, and
the process repeats.
For a 50 MW Plant, there will be 16 solar models
Lowest cost per MW power produced.
Advantages of Solar Tower technology
Both in Gujarat and Rajasthan, Power Plants of
Solar Thennal Technology is more suitable for high
Capacities ranging from 10 to 50 MW are being
ambient temperature
planned at present and there can be more in future to
Direct Steam Generation
tap the Potential available.
More efficient generation of electricity from steam due
to higher temperature steam production
(To be continued)
S.Mahadenn, BE, FIE, MBA,
Higher capacity factor- more megawatt hours produced
Consultant, Energ,v and Energy Efficiency
per megawatt of installed power equipment
*Don't cross your bridges before you come to them. BUT
Forewarned is forearmed.
HUMOUR
*Doubt is the beginning of wisdom. BUT
Paradoxical Proverbs
Faith will move mountains.
*Silence is golden. BUT
*Too many cooks spoil the broth. BUT
The squeaky wheel gets the grease.
Many hands make light work.
*You're never too old to learn. BUT
*Hold fast to the words of your ancestors. BUT
You can't teach an old dog new tricks
Wise men make proverbs and fools repeat them.
PURCHASING PROCEDURE
By procedure, in this context, we refer to the way in
which a purchase transaction is carried through from
its inception to its conclusion. Company policies and
purchasing department policies outline the broad
objectives to be accomplished and the guidelines
within which the procedures must accomplish the
desired results . Procedures outline in detail the
functions to be performed by the people involved in
the purchasing operation. Forms and records are the
tools used to implement procedures and policies.
Steps of Purchasing
Since there are wide variations among industries,
companies, products, and personnel, it would not be
feasible to establish a single set of procedures that
would apply to all cases. The following steps, however,
must be taken, in one way or another, to complete a
purchasing transaction. These may be called the basic
..
steps of the operation .
1. Recogni tion of need.
2. Description of requirement. \
3. Selection of possible sources of supply.
4. Determination of price and availability.
S. Placing the order.
6. Follow-up and expediting of the order.
7. Checking the invoice.
8. Processing discrepancies and rejections.
9. Closing completed orders.
10. Maintenance of records and files.
This list might be criticized as incomplete, since related
activities such as receiving, storekeeping, or inspection
are often a part of the purchasing procedure,
particularly in smaller companies. However, it was
considered advisable to restrict the list to the functions
performed by the purchasing departments in a large
majority of industrial concerns.
Recognition of Need
The recognition of need refers to the means by which
a needed item is officially brought to the attention of
the purchasing department. Two procedures are
foll owed. One involves the issuance of requisitions
by the using department or the stores department. The
other involves the issuance of a bill of materials.
A purchase requisition (see Figure 1) describes the
needed item and becomes the basis for action by the
purchasing department. This form is usually prepared
in duplicate, with the carbon copy being ret ained by
the issuing department as a record of its action.
Requisitions must be signed by authorized individuals
in order to avoid irresponsible purchase requests. In
some companies, requisitions for inventory items, as
opposed to immediate-use items, are initiated in the
department responsible for maintaining inventory.
Such requisitions are issued when stocks diminish to
the reorder point and are . eot to the purchasing
department for action.
THE HOWADORE COMPANY
PUNCHASE REQUISmON _ ..___ _
11"0'___ '0_
FIGURE 1. Purchase requisition form.
Requisitions from using departments are commonly
routed through the stores department, and if the item
is in inventory, it is supplied from stock instead of
being purchased. Requisition for items not in inventory
are sent on to the purchasing department for action. In
governmental agencies and institutions that operate on
a budget, the requisition is generally routed to the
purchasing department through the financial officer
in order to ensure that funds are available.
A bill of materials is a list of all items to be
incorporated into a finished product that the company
produces. Such bills are generally prepared at the time,
engineering blueprints for the item are made. Under
this method of establishing need, the purchasing
department is notified of the manufacturing schedule
by the production planning department. The buyer then
multiplies the items listed in the bill of materials by
the total units planned for production to deterrrune total
requirement. After the total needs have been adjusted
to make use of existing inventories, the quantity to be
purchased is known. The bill of materials procedure
is primarily applicable to the purchase of standard parts
and small expendable tools . Supplies and similar needs
are usually handled by the requisition procedure.
Description of Requirement
The requisition describes the required item. Sound
procedure provides a standardized requisition form
which indicates the amount of detail to be used in
stating the requirement.
In order to assure complete and accurate information
for ordering, the requisition must include all necessary
information in a form that can be readily checked and
verified. Since a bill of materials is usually prepared
by the engineering department as a part of the original
plan for the product. it contains a description that is
adequate for ordering purposes.
Th buyer mu t check a requisition carefully on the
basis of his own nowledge of the item, records of
past purchases, and vendor catalogs. The buyer should
not change an inadequate requisition, interpret sketchy
descriptions, or in any way make judgments about a
"The three great essentials to achieve anything worth while are: Hard work, Stick-to-itiveness
and Common Sense." - Thomas Edison
Eleclricallnslallalion Engineer Newsletter January 2010 35
I
questionable requisition. He should refer it back to the
party originating the requisition. Even what appear to
be obvious errors should be checked with the using
department, because production can be delayed if the
user wanted an item for some purpose different from
that assumed by the buyer, and such delays can be
very costly.
Selection of Possible Sources of Supply
After a need has been recognized and described, the
buyer must select the sources of supply from whom to
secure prices. Selecting the source, as the term is used
here, is the process of narrowing down a large list of
potential suppliers to a relatively few. The final choice
is made from this short list. The process consists of
selecting the desired number of suppliers. in
accordance with established guidelines, from whom
quotations will be requested.
For items that are purchased frequently or that are
obtained through distributors, the purchasing agent
usually has a few preferred suppliers from whom he
buys regularly. In such cases, he merely picks one,
frequently on a rather arbitrary basis, as the source for
the requested purchase.
For nonroutine purchases, the procedure involves a
careful survey of potential sources of supply. The
extent and thoroughness of the survey should be
determined by the cost of the item and its possible
effect on production. The more important the item,
the more careful should be the survey of the potenti al
suppliers of that item.
The second step consists of narrowing the list of
potential suppliers to the few with whom negotiations
are to be conducted. The buyer consults many sources
of information during this stage of the purchase
transaction. He reviews his records of supplier
performance; he may visit and inspect the prospective
supplier's plant; he talks to the supplier's salesmen,
and may check with fellow purchasing agents who
have had dealings with the supplier in question. The
procedures of industrial and governmental purchasing
departments are quite different on this point. In most
cases, governmental purchasers are required by law
or regulation to grant all qualified suppliers an
opportunity to bid for the business. The industrial buyer
chooses from the many suppliers only the ones with
whom he wishes to negotiate.
Determination of Price and Availability
The next step in the purchasing transaction is to secure
the price for the items to be purchased. This may be
accomplished in several ways. For standard items,
suppliers' catalogs and price lists are available and
for such items the buyer need only check current
listings to obtain the price.
Negotiation is a second method of establishing price.
Negotiation implies bargaining between buyer and
seller. No one technique of negotiating can be used
for all types of transactions. The buyer should approach
the process of negotiation with an open mind and with
as much information as possible about the commodity
under consideration-his rate of use, the production
facilities of the supplier, market conditions, and any
other factors that may bear on the outcome of the
negotiations.
The third method of securing price is through a request
for bids. Governmental purchasing agents must allow
bi dding by all qualified suppliers, but industrial
purchasing agents may restrict the number of bidding
finns in any way they see fit. It is standard practice to
solicit bids from prospective suppliers by means of a
"bid request" or some similar form that specifies the
requirements. At the end of a period of time, usually
stated on the bid requests, the bidding is closed and
the bids are analyzed and compared. The purchase
order is then issued to the chosen bidder.
Bids are generally opened at a specified ti me and a
tabulation of the bids is prepared. In governmental
purchasing it frequently is required that thi s be done
publicly, with the award to be made to the lowest
qualified bidder. In purchasing for industry there is no
such requirement. However, if the buyer has carefully
selected the suppliers from whom bids are requested,
and the bids are responsive to the specifications, there
is no economic reason why he should not accept the
lowest bid. Practice varies a to whether un. uccessful
bidders are notified and the notification procedure
used.
Placing the Order
The legal order is placed with the supplier on a form
known as a purchase order. Most companies insist that
every purchase be placed in this manner. When an
order is placed by telephone or telegraph, it is the
practice to confirm the order by sending the supplier a
regular purchase order. Such an order should be clearly
marked "confirming" to avoid the possibility of the
supplier assuming that the order form represents a
second order. Occasionally a supplier may insist that
the buyer sign a sales order form instead of his own
purchase order, but this is an exception ordi narily
reserved for large contracts.
It is typical procedure for the buyer to record on the
original requisition the name of the company to receive
the order, the price, the quantity, and other pertinent
data. This annotated requisition then goes to an order
writing clerk who prepares the purchase order for the
signature of the authorized indi vidual in the purchasing
department.
Companies vary in their practice as to the number of
copies of a purchase order prepared. Variation from
two to eighteen copies have been found. The number
of copies depends largely on the complexity of the
purchaser's organization as well as a company's
ingenuity in developing an efficient system. Invariably,
the original copy is sent to the supplier. This may be
accompanied by one carbon known as the
acknowledgment copy. On this copy, the vendor is
"It's lack offaith that makes people afraid of meeting challenges,
and I believed in myself." - Mohammed Ali.
Electrical Installation Engineer Newsletter - January 2010 36
Processing Discrepancies and Rejections
expected to signify his acceptance of the order and the
date on which delivery is to be made. Copies may al so If discrepancies are found, the buyer who initiated the
be sent to the receiving department, the accounting order is notified and he takes appropriate action. If
department, the using department, the inspection the invoice is in error, the buyer usually returns it to
department, the stores department, and the follow-up the vendor for correction. In such a case, it is normal
section of the purchasing department. One copy is to insist that the invoice date for discount purposes be
always retained for the files of the purchasing changed to the date on which the corrected invoi ce is
department. Some companies make an even wider received.
internal distribution of copi es than indicated above.
When material is rejected, it is necessary for the buyer
Follow-Up and Expediting of Order to get the vendor 's authorizat ion for return and
repl acement. It usually is necessary to issue a replacing
The method employed in following up an order' also
order to the seller and a debit slip to the accounting
varies widely from one company to another. The
department for the defective material. Ifthe production
following description is a si mple routine used by a
department needs the material urgently, the buyer may
small machine-tool manufacturer in the East.
subject it to 100% inspection and reject only that part
Purchase orders are prepared in quadruplicate. Two
which fails to pass inspection.
copies, the offi cial copy and an ackno 1 dgment copy,
Closing Completed Orders
are sent to the vendor (both white). A pink copy is
placed in a loose-leaf folder in chronological sequence. Since most purchasing departments mai ntain a file
The fourth copy (blue) is fil ed alphabeticall y by vendor copy of unfi lled orders, it is necessary to have a
in an unfilled order file. The fil e of pink copie is procedure for closing orders when they are completed.
checked weekly. and if the acknowledgment copy has Before an order is closed the purchase order must be
not been received after the lap,'e of a short period of checked against both the receiving reports and the
time, a reminder is sent to the supplier. vendor's invoice. The checking of invoic s has already
been des 'ribed. There may be only one receiving
When the acknowledgment copy i received, it is filed
report to check. However, when partial shipments are
in a loose-leaf folder of unfilled orders which are
invol ved, there may be sever 1 receivi ng reports. All
arranged chronologically. At this time the pink copy
except the last one should be marked "parti al," and
of the purchase order is removed from the folder and
the last one, which completes the shipments on the
pennanently filed as a record of purchase orders placed.
order, should be marked "final. "
At regular intervals the folder of acknowledgment
copies is reviewed and, if the buyer think it necessary, After the invoices and receivi ng reports have been
past due orders are followed up by furt her checked against the fil e copy of the order, a notation
communication with the supplier. of thi fact should be mad on it. It should then be
removed and stored in the fi le of closed orders. In
Follow-up procedures may be ill re elaborate than the
most depart ments closed orders are filed according to
one just described, but the basic lements are the rune.
the purchase order number sequence so that they may
First, it i necessary to secure an acceptance and a
be readily located if reference is requi red.
promise of delivery. Then, it is necessary to review
o utstanding orders at regular interval and to Maintenance of Records and Files
communicate with suppliers as required. There is
The fmal step in the purchasi ng process consi ts of
considerable variation in the method of filing and
fi li ng the records of the transaction. This step is routine
reviewing purchase orders on which delivery has not
in nature and, once the method is established, it
been made, and in the methods of securing acti on on
becomes the responsibility of a lerical employee of
unshipped orders.
the department.
Checking the Invoices
Many companies maintain a fi le of completed
Invoi e checking consists of veri fying the data on the purchase orders in addition to the closed order fil e
seller's in voice again t the buyer's records. The seller' s mentioned in the preceding paragraph. The second file
invoice must be ompared with the original order and is arranged according to vendors. With this copy of
the receiving slip that is made out when the material is the purchase order may be fil ed uch records as the
received. original requisition. the receiving slip, and inspection
or rejection reports.
The invoice quantity is checked against the quantity
specified on t he purchase order and the quantit y Decisions concerning the records to be maintained in
indicated as received by the receiving slip. Terms and the purchasing department, how long they are to be
prices are checked against the purchase order. maintained, and the form in w hich they are to be kept
Description of the goods is veri fied with both forms. are policy matters to be determined by general
It is common practice at this time to check extensions management OD the bas is of legal as well as
and footings to avoid over- or underpayments resulting management prin ciples. The guideposts in such
from clerical errors, although in some companie thi deci ion will be a balancing of the cost of maintaining
step is left to the accounts payable department. [f an the fi les and the legal and business risks involved in
invoice is correct in all respects, it is given to the not having access to historical records.
accounti ng department for payment.
"Always turn a negative situation into a positive situation." - Michael Jordan.
Electrical Installation Engineer - NewsleUer - January 2010 37
TEAMWORK
Once upon a time a tortoise and a hare had an argument
The hare and the tortoise, by this time, had become
about who was faster.
pretty good friends and they did some thinking
They decided to settle the argument with a race. They together.
agreed on a route and started off the race.
Both realized that the last race could have been run
The hare shot ahead and ran briskly for some time.
Then seeing that he was far ahead of the tortoise, he
thought he'd sit under a tree for some time and relax
much better, so they decided to do the last race again,
but to run as a team this time.
before continuing the race. He sat under the tree and They started off, and this time the hare canied the
soon fell asleep.
tortoise till the riverbank. There, the tortoise took over
The tortoise plodding on overtook him and soon and swam across with the hare on his back. On the
finished the race, emerging as the undisputed champ. opposite bank, the hare again carried the tortoise and
The hare woke up and realized that he'd lost the race.
they reached the finishing line together. They both
The moral - "Slow and steady wins the race. This is
felt a greater sense of satisfaction than they'd felt
the version ofthe story that we've all grown up with."
earlier.
THE STORY DOESN'T END HERE
There are few more interesting things .... .it continues
The moral - "It's good to be individually brilliant
as follows ..... .
and to have stron!? core competencies; but unless
The hare was disappointed at losing the race and he
did some soul-searching. He realized that he'd lost the
race only because he had been overconfident, careless
you're able to work in a team and harness each
other's core competencies, you'll always perform
below par because there will always be situations at
and lax. If he had not taken things for granted, there's
which you 'll do poorly and someone else does
no way the tortoise could have beaten him. So he
well. "
challenged the tortoise to another race.
The tortoise agreed. This time, the hare went all out
Teamwork is mainly about situational leadership,
and ran without stopping from start to finish. He won
letting the person \ ith the relevant core competency
by several miles.
for a situation take leadership.
The moral - "Fast and consistent will always beat
the slow and steady. It's good to be slow and steady;
but it's better to be fast and reliable. "
Note that neither the hare nor the tortoise gave up after
failures. The hare decided to work harder and put in
more effort after his failure. The tortoise changed his
THE STORY DOESN'T END HERE
strategy because he was already working as hard as
The tortoise did some thinking tills time, and realized
he could."
that there's no way it can beat the hare in a race the
way it was currently formatted.
In life, when faced with failure, sometimes it is
appropriate to work harder and put in more effort.
It thought for a while, and then challenged the hare to
another race, but on a slightly different route. The hare
agreed. They started off. In keeping with his self-made
commitment to be consistently fast, the hare took off
Sometimes it is appropriate to change strategy and try
something different. And sometimes it is appropriate
to do both.
and ran at top speed until he came to a broad river. The hare and the tortoise also learnt another vital
The finishing line was a couple of kilometres on the lesson. When we stop competing against a rival and
other side of the river.
instead start competing against the situation, we
The hare sat there wondering what to do. In the perform far better.
meantime the tortoise trundled along, got into the river,
To sum up - the story of the hare and tortoise has
swam to the opposite bank, continued walking and
finished the race.
much to say: Chief among them are that fast and
consistent will always beat slow and steady; work to
The moral - "First identify your core competency
your competencies; pooling resources and working
and then change the playing field to suit your core
as a team will always beat individual performers;
competency. "
never give up when faced with failure; & finally,
THE STORY STILL HASN'T ENDED compete against the situation - not against a rival.
BEHA VIORAL PRINCIPLES TO LIVE BY TO NURTURE
CHILDREN AND TEACH THEM, VERBALLY AND BY EXAMPLE,
TO FOLLOW THE PATH OF DHARMA
GOOD CONDUCT
Loving fathers and mothers, knowing they are the greatest influence in a child's life, behave the way their
dear children should when adults. They never anger or argue before young ones. Father in a dhoti, Mother in
a sari at home, all sing to God, Gods and guru.
Eleclricallnslallalion Engineer - NewsleHer - January 2010 38

SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
'Chief', 'first', 'example', 'lead' are all important
words in the dictionary of management. If one
should really see advancement, the leaders/
managers of the organisation should be role models
and stand for what these words really mean.
There are even more advantages in being the first
to arrive at the office. The earlier we start a task
the better will be the output because the mind and
thinking will be at its optimum capacity during
the morning hours. Early arrival will be helpful in
taking correct decisions and explaining the tasks
to others.
This is the golden age when the computer and
internet have become indispensable in office work.
Accessing the informationihelp provided by the
computer before commencing work in the office
is as important as extracting work out of the
employees as soon as the office starts functioning.
If your company is a manufacturing unit, then the
activities necessary to set the production units in
motion should be commenced before the regular
office hours by opening your computer, going over
all that will have to be done on that particular day
and if necessary take a print-out of all such details.
Instead of having an inquisition of your employees
on various matters with questions like, 'What is
the position in the department' or 'what happened
here?' and trying to establish your authority as an
employer, if you get all those prelirninmies sorted
out on the computer beforehand, it would be easy
to set them on their various tasks immediately.
It is said of some managers that they have all the
details at their finger-tips. In this age when
computers are so widespread, knowing important
details of your work is possible not only to clever
managers, but to anyone of us. To achieve this
expertise we have to learn and practice to access
relevant matter from our computers.
The entire office and the entire organisation will
benefit when the employees become aware of the
fact that their boss comes to the office much before
they do and without hassling them keeps all the
data ready and they will also spread the message
through the entire office.
by Dr. G.V. Rao
THE INVALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE
WORLD OF INDIANS - Lived Thousands of Years Ago
BHASKARACHARYA II - (1114-1183 CE) GENIUS IN ALGEBRA
Born in the obscure village of Vijjadit (Jalgaon) in
Maharastra, Bhaskaracharya' s work in Algebra,
Arithmetic and Geometry catapulted him to fame and
immortality. His renowned mathematical works called
'Lilavati' and 'Bijaganita' are considered to be
unparalled and a memorial to his profound intelligence.
Its translation in several languages of the world bear
testimony to its eminence. In his treatise 'Siddhant
Shiromani' he writes on planetary positions, eclipses,
cosmography, mathematical techniques and
astronomical equipment. In the 'Surya Siddhant' he
makes a note on the force of gravity: 'Objects fall on
earth due to a force of attraction by the earth. Therefore,
the earth, planets, constellations, moon, and sun are held
in orbit due to this attraction.' Bhaskaracharya was the
fIrst to discover gravity, 500 years before Sir Isaac
Newton. He was the champion among mathematicians
of ancient and medieval India. His works fired the
imagination of Persian and European scholars, who
through research on his works earned fame and
populari ty.
AMAZING FACTS OF INDIA
India is the world ' s largest, oldest,
Hindus used numbers as big as lO
s3
worthwhile scientific discovery
contin uous ci vili zati on . India
with specific names as early as coul d have been made.
never invaded any countr y in her
last 10000 years of hi story. India is
the world's largest democracy.
5000 BCE during the Vedic period.
Eve n today, the larges t used
number is Tera 10
12
.
Mark T wain said: India is, the
cradle of the human race, t he
bi rthplace of human speech, the
Varanasi, also known as Benares,
IEEE has proved what has been a mother of hislOry, the grandmother
was called "the ancient city" when
century old suspicion in the world of lege nd, and the great gr and
Lord Buddha visited it in 500 B.C.E,
sc ientific communi t y that t he mother of t rad it ion. OUf most
and is the oldest, conti nuousl y
pioneer of wireless communication valuable and most i nslructive
inhabiled city in the world today.
was Pr of. Jagdish Bose and not material s in the history of man are
India invented the Number System .
Marconi . treasured up in India only.
Zero was invented by Aryabhatta.
The earli est reservoir and dam for F r ench scholar Romain RoUand
The World's first univer ity, was
irrigation was built in Saurashtra. said: If there is one place on the face
esta bli shed in T a kshas h .la in
Accordi ng to Saka King
of ear th where all the dreams of
700BC. More than 10, 500 students
Rudrad aman I of 150 CE a
li ving men have found a home from
from all over the world studied more
beautiful lake called Sudarshana
the very earliest days when man
than 60 subj ects. The Uni versity of
was constructed on the hills of
began the dream of existence, it is
Nalanda built in the 4th century BC
Raivataka during Chandragupta
I ndia.
was one of t he g reatest
Maurya' s time. B u Shih, former Ambassador of
achievements of ancient India in the
field of education.
Chess (Shataranja or AshtaPada)
was invented in Indi a.
China to USA ai d: Indi a
conquered and dominated China
Sanskrit is the mother of all the
European languages. Sanskri t is the
most suitable language f r computer
software - a report in Forbes
magazine, July 1987.
Sushruta is the father of surgery.
2600 years ago he and he alth
scientists of hi s ti me conducted
compl icated urgeries like
cesareans, cataract, artificial limbs,
culturally for 20 centuries without
ever having to send a single sol dier
across her border .
FACTS TO MAKE EVER Y
INDIAN PROUD
Ayur veda is the earl iest school of
fractures, urinary stones and even T he co-f ounder of Sun
medi c ine known to humans.
plastic surgery and brain surgery. Microsystems - Vinod Khosla
Charaka, the father of medid ne
consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years
ago. Today Ayurve da is fa st
regaining it ri ghtful place in our
civilization.
Although modern images of Indi a
often show poverty and l ack of
development, India was the richest
country on earth until the time of
British invasion in the early 17th
Century. Chri stopher Columbus
Usage of anes the ia was wel l
known in ancient India. Over 125
surgi cal equi pment were used.
Dee{, knowl edge of anatomy,
phYSIOlogy, etiology, embryolosy,
digestion, metabolism, genetIcs
and immunity is al so found in
many texts.
When many cultures were only
nomadic forest dwellers over 5000
years ago, Indians established
The creator of Penti um chip (needs
no introduction as 90% of the
today' s computers run on it) -
Vinod Dabm
The third richest man on the world
- According to the latest report on
Fortu ne M agazine, i t is Aziz
Premji - CEO of Wipro Industries
The Sultan of Brunei - is at 6
th
positi on now.
was attracted by India's wealth.
Harappan culture in Sindhu
The founder and creator of Hotmail
The art of Navigation was born in
Valley (Indus Valley Civilization).
(Hotmail is worl d' No. 1 web
the river Sindhu 6000 years ago.
The very word Navigation i s
The four religions born in India,
Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism,
based emai l program) - Sa beer
Bhatia
derived from the Sanskrit word
and Sikhism, are followed by 25%
The president of AT & T -Bell Labs
NAVGATIH. The word navy is also
of the world's population.
(AT & T-Bell Labs is the creator
derived from Sanskrit 'Nou'.
Bhaskaracharya calculated the
time taken by the earth to orbit the
The place value system, the
decimal system was developed in
India in 100 BC
of program languages such as C,
C++, Unix to name a few) - Arun
Netravalli
sun hundreds of years before the
astronomer Smart. Time taken by
earth to orbit the sun: (5th century)
365.258756484 days.
The value of pi was first calculated
by Budhayana, and he explained the
concept of what is known as the
Pythagorean Theorem. He
discovered this in the 6th century
India is one of the few countries in
the World, which gained
independence without violence.
India has the second largest pool
of Scientists and Engineers in the
World.
India is the largest English
speaking nation in the world.
The GM of Hewlett Packard -
Rajiv Gupta
The new MTD (Microsoft Testing
Director ) of Wi ndows 2000,
responsible to iron out all initial
problems - Sanjay Tejwrika
The Chief Executives of CitiBank,
Mckensey & Stanchart - Victor
Menezes, Rajat Gupta, and Rana
long before the European India is the only country other than
Talwar.
mathematicians.
Algebra, trigonometry and
US and Japan, to have built a super I
computer indigenously.
We Indians are the wealthiest
among all ethnic groups in
calculus came from India. Famous Quotes on India (by non
America, even faring better than the
Quadratic equations were by Indians)
whites and the natives.
Sridharacharya in the 11th century.
The largest numbers the Greeks and
the Romans used were 106 whereas
Albert Einstein said: We owe a lot
to the Indians, who taught us how
to count, without which no
There are 3.22 millions of Indians
in USA (1.5% of popUlation).
AMAZING FACTS OF INDIA
Indi a i the world' s largest, oldest,
Hindus used numbers as big as 10
53
worthwhil e scientifi c discovery
continuous civili zation. India
with specific names as early as could have been made.
never invaded any country in her
last 10000 years of history. India is
the world's largest democracy.
5000 BCE duri ng the Vedic period.
Even today, the large. t used
number is Tera 10
12

Mark Twain said: India is, the
cradle of the human race, the
birthplace of human speech, the
Varanasi, also known as Benares,
IEEE has proved what has been a mother of history, the grandmother
was called "the ancient city" when
century old suspicion in the world of legend, and the great grand
Lord Buddha visited it in 500 B.e. E,
sc ientific community that the mother of tradi tion. Our most
and is the oldest, conti nuously
pioneer of wireless communication val uab le and most instructive
inhabited city in lhe world today.
was Prof. Jagdish Bose and not material in the history of man are
India invented the Number System.
Marconi. treasured up in India only.
Zero was invented by Aryabhatta.
The earliest reservoir and dam for French scholar Romain Rolland
The World's first uni versity, was
irrigation was built in Saurashtra. said: If there is one place on the face
&sUlv}iBhea in Tak shashrla i iI
According [0 Saka King
u{ earch where ail (he dreams of
700BC. More than 10,500 students
Ru dradaman I of J 50 CE a
li ving men have fOWld a home from
from all over the worl d studied more
beautiful lake called Sudarshana
the very earliest days when man
than 60 subjects. The University of
was constructed on the hills of
began the dream of exi tence, it is
NaJanda bUIlt in the 4th century BC
Raivataka during Chandragupta
India.
was one of the greates t
Maurya's time. Bu hlb, former Ambassador of
achievements of ancient India in the
field of education.
Chess (Shataranj a or AshtaPada)
was invented in India.
Chi na to USA said : I ndia
conquered and dominated China
Sanskrit is the mother of all the
European languages. Sanskrit is the
most suitable language for computer
software - a report in Forbes
magazine, July 1987.
Sushruta is the father of surgery.
2600 years ago he and health
scienti sts of his ti me conducted
compli cated surgeries li ke
cesareans, cataract, artificial li mb ,
culturally for 20 centuries without
ever to send a single soldier
across ber border.
FACTS TO MAKE EVERY
INDIAN PROUD
Ayurveda is the earliest school of
fractures urinary stones and even The co-fou nder of Sun
medicine kn own to humans.
plastic surgery and brain surgery. Microsy tems - Vinod Khosla
Charaka, the father of medi cin
consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years
ago. Today Ayurveda is fast
regaining its rightful place in our
civilization.
Although modem images of India
often show poverty and lack of
development, India was the richest
country on earth until the time of
British invasion in the early 17th
Century. Christopher Columbus
Usage o f ane sthesia wa. we ll
Imowll in ancient India. Over 125
surgi cal equipment were used.
Dee/? knowledge of anatomy,
physIology, etiology, embryology,
digestion, metabolism, genetics
and immunity is al so found in
many texts.
When many cultures were only
nomadic forest dwellers over 5000
years ago, Indians established
The creator of Pentium chip (needs
no introduction a 90% of the
today' s computers run on it) -
Vinod Dahm
The third richest man on the world
- According to the latest report on
Fortune Magazine, it is Aziz
Premji - CEO of Wipro Industries
The Sultan of Brunei - is at 6
th
position now.
was attracted by India's wealth.
Harappan culture in Sindhu
The founder and creator of Hotrnail
The art of Navigation was born in
Valley (Indus Valley Civilization).
(Hot mail is worl d ' s No. 1 web
the river Sindhu 6000 years ago.
The very word Navigation is
The four religions born in India,
Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism,
based email program) - Sabeer
Bhatia
derived from the Sanskrit word
and Sikhism, are followed by 25%
The president of AT & T -Bell Labs
NA VGA TIH. The word navy is also
of the world's population.
(AT & T-Bell Labs i the creator
derived from Sanskrit 'Nou'.
Bhaskaracharya calculated the
time taken by the earth to orbit the
The place value system, the
decimal system was developed in
India in 100 Be.
of program languages such as C,
C++, Unix to name a few) - Arun
Netravalli
sun hundreds of years before the
astronomer Smart. Time taken by
earth to orbit the sun: (5th century)
365.258756484 days.
The value of pi was first calculated
by Budhayana, and he explained the
concept of what is known as the
Pythagorean Theorem. He
discovered this in the 6th century
long the European
India is one of the few countries in
the World, whic h gained
independence without violence.
India has the second largest pool
of Scientists and Engineers in the
World.
India is the largest English
speaking nation in the world.
India is the only country other than
The GM of Hewlett Packard -
R ajiv Gupta
The new MTD (Micro oft Testing
Director) of Windows 2000,
responsible to iron out all initial
problems - Sanjay Tejwrika
The Chief Executi ves of CitiBank,
Mckensey & Stanchart Victor
Menezes, Rajat Gupta, and Rana
Talwar.
mathematicIans.
Algebra, trigonometry and
calculus came from India.
Quadratic equations were by
US and Japan, to have built a super
computer indigenously.
Famous Quotes on India (by non
Indians)
We Indians are the wealthiest
among all ethnic groups in
America, even faring better than the
whites and the natives.
Sridharacharya in the 11th century.
The largest numbers the Greeks and
the Romans used were 106 whereas
Albert Einstein said: We owe a lot
to the Indians, who taught us how
to count, without which no
There are 3.22 millions of Indians
in USA (1.5% of population).
VITAMINS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
The word 'Vitamine' meaning a vital amine was
proposed by a Poli sh Researcher, Dr. Cacimir
Funk, in 1911 to designate a new food substance
which cured beri-beri. Other terms were proposed
as new factors were discovered. But the word
vitamin, with the final 'e' dropped, met with
popular favour.
Vitamins are potent organic compounds which are
found in small concentrations in foods. They
peIform specific and vital functions in the body
chemistry. They are like electric sparks which help
to run human motors. Except for a few exceptions,
they cannot be manufactured or synthesized by the
organism and their absence or improper absorption
results in specific deficiency disea 'e. It is not
possible to sustain life without all the essential
vitamins. In their natural state they are found in
minute quantities in organic foods. We must obtain
them from these foods or in dietary supplements.
Vitamins, which are of several kinds, differ from
each other in physiological function, in chemical
structure and in their distribution in food. They are
broadly divided into two categories, namely, fat
soluble and water-soluble. Vitamins A, D, E and
K are all soluble in fat and fat solvents and are
therefore, known as fat-soluble. They are not easily
lost by ordinary cooking methods and they can be
stored in the body to some extent, mostly in the
liver. They are measured in international units.
Vitamin B Complex and C are water soluble. They
are dissolved easily in cooking water. A portion
of these vitamins may actually be destroyed by
heating.
They cannot be stored in body and hence they have
to be taken daily in foods. Any extra quantity taken
in anyone day is eliminated as waste. Their values
are given in milligrams and micrograms, whichever
is appropriate.
Vitamins, used therapeutically, can be of immense
help in fighting disease and speeding recovery.
They can be used in two ways, namely, correcting
deficiencies and treating disease in place of drugs.
Latest researches indicate that many vitamins taken
in large doses far above the actual nutritional needs,
can have a miraculous healing effect in a wide
range of common complaints and illnesses.
Vitamin therapy has a distinct advantage over drug
therapy. While drugs are always toxic and have
many undesirable side effects, vitamins, as a rule
are non-toxic and safe.
The various functions of common vitamins, their
deficiency symptoms, natural sources, daily
requirements and their therapeutic us es are
discussed in brief as follows:
Vitamin A
Known as anti-opathalmic, vitamin A is essential
for growth and vitality. It buil ds up resistance to
respiratory and other infections and works mainly
on the eyes, lungs, stomach and intestines. It
prevents eye diseases and plays a vital role in
nourishing the skin and hair. It helps to prevent
premature ageing and senillity, increases life
expectancy and extends youthfulness. The main
sources of this vitamin are fish liver oil, li ver,
whole milk, curds, pure ghee, butter, cheese, cream
and egg yolk, green leafy and certain yellow root
vegetables such as spinach, lettuce, turnip, beets,
carrot, cabbage and tomato and ripe fruits such as
prunes, mangoes, pappaya, apricots, peaches,
almonds and other dry fruits. A prolonged
deficiency of vitamin A may result in inflammation
of the eyes, poor vision, frequent colds, night
blindness and increased susceptibility to infections,
lack of appetite and vigour, defective teeth and
gums and skin disorders.
The recommended daily allowance of vitamin A
is 5,000 international units for adults and 2,600 to
4,000 international units for children. When taken
in large therapeutic doses, which are usuall y
25,000 to 50,000 units a day, it is highly beneficial
in the treatment of head and chest colds, sinus
trouble, influenza and other infectious diseases. It
is also valuable in curing night blindness and other
eye diseases as well as many stubborn skin
disorders. This vitamin can be given upto 1,00,000
units a day for a limited period of four weeks under
doctor' s supervision. In a recent year-long study,
huge doses of vitamin A given twice a year reduced
death by about 30 per cent among Indonesian
children. This has raised the hope in the fight
against a significant cause of childhood mortality
in developing countries.
B COMPLEX VITAMINS
There are a large variety of vitamins in the B group,
the more important being B 1 or thiamine, B2 or
riboflavin, B3 or niacin or nicotinic acid, B6 or
pyridoxine, B9 or folic acid, B 12 and B5 or
pantothenic acid. B vitamins are synergistic. They
are more potent toge ther than when used
separately.
TIDAMINE
Known as anti-beberi, anti-neuritic and anti-ageing
vitamin, thiamine plays an important role in the
normal functioning of the nervous system, the
regulation of carbohydrates and good digestion. It
protects heart muscle, stimulates brain action and
helps prevent constipation. It has a mild diuretic
effect. Valuable sources of this vitamin are wheat
germ, yeast, the outer layer of whole grains,
cereals, pulses, nuts, peas, legumes, dark green
leaf y vegetables, milk, egg, banana and apple. The
defi ciency of thiamine can cause seri ous
impairment of the digestive system and chronic
consti pation, loss of weight, diabetes, mental
Electricallnstallalion Engi neer - NewsleHer - January 2010 41
depression, nervous exhaustion and weakness of
pyridoxamine - that are closely related and function
the heart.
together. It helps in the absorpti on of fats and
The recommended daily allowance for this vitamin proteins, prevents nervous and skin disorders and
is about two milligrams for adults and 1.2 mg. for protects against degenerative diseases. The main
children. The need for this vitamin increases during sources of this vitamin are yeast, wheat, bran,
illness, stress and surgery as well as during wheat germ, pulses, cereals, banana, walnuts,
pregnancy and lactation. When taken in a large soyabeans , milk, egg, liver, meat and fresh
quantity, say upto 50 mg., it is benefi cial in the vegetables. Deficiency can lead to dermatitis,
treatment of digestive disorders, neuritis and other conjuctivitis, anaemia, depression, skin disorders,
nervous troubles as well as mental depression. For nervousness, insomnia, migraine headaches and
best results, all other vitami ns of B group should heart diseases.
be administered simultaneously. Prolonged
The recommended daily requirement is 2.0 mg.
ingestion of large doses of anyone of the isolated
for adults and 0.2 mg. for children. This vitamin
B complex vitamins may result in high uri nary
used therapeuticlly from 100 to 150 mg. daily can
losses of other B-vitamins and lead to deficiencies
relieve painful jonts and the discomforts of
of these vitamins.
pregnancy and pre-menstrual symptoms. Vitamin
Rffi OFLAVIN B6 is now the most intensively studied of all
vitamins. Researches are on the threshold of a
Vitamin B2 or riboflavin, also known as vitamin
number of promising developments invol ving
G, is essential for growth and general health as
treatments of various ailments with this vitamin.
also for healthy eyes, skin, nails and hair. It helps
They include hyperactivity in children, asthma,
eliminate sore mouth, lips and tongue. It also
arthritis, kidney stones, blood clots in heart attack
functions with other substances to metabolis
victims and nervous disorders.
carbohydrates, fats, and protein. The main sources
of this vitamin are green leafy vegetables, milk, FOLIC ACID
cheese, wheat germ, egg, almonds, sunflower,
Vitamin B9 or folic acid, along with vitamin B 12
seeds, citrus fruits and tomatoes. Its deficiency can
is necessary for the formation of red blood cells. It
cause a burning sensation in the legs, lips and
is essential for the growth and division of all body
tongue, oily skin, premature wrinkles on face and
ce ll s for healing processes. It aids protein
arm and eczema.
metabolism and helps prevent premature greying.
The recommended daily allowance for this vitamin Valuable sources of this vitamin are deep green
is 1.6 to 2.6 mg. for adults and 0.6 to one mg for leafy vegetables such as spinach, lettuce, brewers
children. Its use in larger quantities, say from 25 yeast, mushrooms, nuts, peanuts and liver. A
to 50 mg. is beneficial in the treatment of nutritional deficiency can result in certain types of anaemia,
cataracts and other eye ailments, digestive serious skin disorders, loss of hair, impaired
disturbances, nervous depression, general debility, circulation, fatigue and mental depression.
and certain types of high blood pressure.
The minimum daily requirement of this vitamin is
NIACIN 0.4 mg. To correct anaemia and deficiencies 5 mg
or more are needed daily. Some authorities believe
Vitamin B3 or niacin or nicotinic acid is essential
that folic acid is contraindicated in leukemia and
for proper circulation, healthy functioning of the
cancer.
nervous system and proper protein and
carbohydrate metabolism. It is essential for PANTOTHENIC ACID
synthesis of sex hormones, cartisone, thyroxin and
Vitamin B5 or pantothenic acid helps in cell
insulin. It is contained in liver, fish, poultry, peanut,
building, maintaining normal growth and
whole wheat, green leafy vegetables, dates, figs,
development of the central nervous system. It
prunes and tomato. A deficiency can lead to skin
stimulates the adrenal glands and increases the
eruptions, frequent stools, mental depression,
production of cortisone and other adrenal
insomnia, chronic headaches, digestives disorders
hormones. It is essential for conversion of fatty
and anaemia.
and sugar to energy. It also helps guard against
The recommended daily allowance is 12 to 20 mg. most physical and mental stresses and toxins and
for adults and 4.8 to 12 mg. for children. Large increases vitality. The main sources ofthis vitamin
doses of this vitamin say upto 100 mg. with each are whole grain bread and cereals, green
meal, preferably together with other B group vegetables, peas, beans, peanuts and egg yolk. It
vitamins, affords relief in case of migraine and high can be synthesised in the body by intestinal
blood pressure caused by nervousness, high bacteria. A deficiency can cause chronic fatigue,
cholesterol and arteriosclerosis. hypoglycemia, greying and loss of hair, mental
depression, stomach disorders, blood and skin
PYRIDOXINE
disorders.
Vitamin B 6 or pyridoxine is actually a group of
The minimum daily requirement of this vitamin
substance - pyridoxine, pyridoxinal and
has not been established, but is estimated to be

1 Jan10

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

1 Jan10

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

TAMILNADUELECTRICALINSTALLATION ENGINEERS'ASSOCIATION'A'GRADE (Regn.No.

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen