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Molecular Interactions
About this Chapter
0*Atoms, ions, and molecules 1*Types of chemical bonds 2*Biomolecules 3*Solutions, concentrations, and pH 4*Protein interactions
Atoms
5*Structure of an atom
6* Protons 7* Electrons 8* Neutrons
Elements
11* 12* 13* 14* Essential Trace Atomic number Atomic mass
Isotopes
15* Isotopes vary in mass
Neutrons Radioisotopes Unstable nuclei Emit energy radiation Medical uses as tracers
Ions
21* Ions are charged atoms
Cations Positively charged (+) Anions Negatively charged (-)
34*
39*
40*
Ionic bonds
Transfer an electron Opposite charges attract
41* 42*
44* 45*
46*
47*
49* 50*
51* 52*
Functional Groups
53* 54* Direct reactivity of a molecule Common examples in biosystems
Carbohydrates
59* Most abundant
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
63*
Simple
Monosaccharides (glucose, ribose)
64*
65*
Complex
Polysaccharides (glycogen, starch)
66*
Eicosanoids Steroids Phospholipids Triglycerides Glycerol Fatty acid chains Saturated and unsaturated
Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules Proteins
76* Amino acids
Essential Amino group Acid group
80*
Protein structure
Polypeptides Primary through quaternary
81* 82*
83*
Most versatile
Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules Proteins
84* 85* Fibrous Globular
Combination Biomolecules
86* Lipoproteins
Blood transport molecules
87*
88*
Glycoproteins
Membrane structure
89*
90*
Glycolipids
Membrane receptors
91*
93*
94*
95*
96* 97*
Nucleotides, DNA, and RNA Nucleotides, DNA, and RNA Aqueous Solutions
98* Aqueous
Water-based
99*
100* Solution
101* Solute dissolves in solvent
102* Solubility
103* Ease of dissolving
Aqueous Solubility
Sodium chloride dissolves in water
Concentrations
106* Amount of solute in a solution 107* Mole
108* 6.02 1023 units of substance
109* Molarity
110* One mole in one liter
111* Equivalents
112* Molarity multiplied by charge
Concentrations
113* Weight /volume
114* Grams solute/ml solvent
119* Base
120* Decreases H+ in solution
121* pH
122* - log [H+]
Protein Interactions
124* Soluble and insoluble 125* Binding
126* Selectivity
127* 128*
Specificity Affinity
Modulators Alter Binding or Activity Competitive Inhibition Allosteric Modulation Allosteric Modulation Physical Regulators
133* Temperature 134* pH 135* Concentration of protein 136* Concentration of ligand
Summary
137* Atoms in review 138* Four types of chemical bonds
139* Four kinds of biomolecules 140* Aqueous solutions and pH 141* Proteins in focus