1.(a) Why it is important to clear all sizing materials from fabrics in desizing process ? Ans.

It is important to clear all sizing materials from fabrics in desizing process to ensure the success of all the operations following desizing such as bleaching, dyeing,printing or finishing. (b)What faults will come from improper desizing ? Ans.Faults will come from improper desizing are given below : Lower degree of whiteness Insufficient absorbency Spots,reserves,unlevelness,moire of dyeing. Harsh handle Poor wetting out & low pickup (c)How can we test that desizing is completed ? Ans. With the help of Iodin test we can test that desizing is completed.TEGEWA Violet Scale is used in this test , which ranges from rating 1 to 9. Rating 9 represents a quantity of starch less than 0.04% ,rating 1 more than 2.5% starch.Rating 5,less than 0.2% is acceptable for dyeing . 2. What is Tampex Test ? Why it is done ? If result is not good what faults will come? Ans.Tampex test is a easy & fast way to establish the efficiency of wetting property of an auxiliary ( in a coloured solution ) to penetrate a pile of round swatches of grey cotton in 60 seconds contact.The more swatches are wet out (coloured) ,the more efficient is the wetting agent. It is done to show the ability of the wetting agen in a coloured solution ,which is necessary before processing. If the results is not good , that indicates the poor wetting ability of that wetting agent,which causes the poor penetration of dyes & other chemicals. 3.Write influencing parameters of Mercerization process.How can we know that mercerization is completed?What faults will come from improper mercerization ? Ans. Influencing parameters of Mercerization : a. The origin of the cotton. b. The concentration of caustic soda or alkali.The best effects

are obtained with a caustic soda concentration of 28 to 32 Beor 270 to 330 g/l NaOH solid. c.The temperature.The lower the temperature , the greater the brilliance because maximum swelling of the cellulose takes place between 12 & 15 c. d.Complete swelling of the cellulose takes place in 30-60s with NoOH.With liquid ammonia the time is reduced to 12-20s.Mercerizing wetting agent increases the swelling. e.The tension over the width & length of the fabric.Stabilization is essential to obtain the maximum effect & rinsing must be carried out under tension. completion of mercerization: The baryta index indicates the degree of mercerization.The index of a mercerized cotton sample can vary from 115 to 165 depending on the degree of mercerization.A baryta index above 150 indicates that mercerization is complete. Faults will come from improper mercerization: Reduction of suitability for finishing. Destraction of the brilliancy of color. Improper dimentional stability. No increase in tensile strength. Irregular geometry of the structure. Less affinity to dyestuffs & chemicals. Uneven shade Less lustrous effect. 4.What is catalytic damage ?How it is controlled in one bath scouring & bleaching? Ans.In case of peroxide bleaching iron,manganese,cobalt,copper & its oxides & irons act as catalyst for the direct breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to water & molecular oxygen. HO HO + O

As a result oxidation accelerates & produce oxycellulose in cotton which can cause fabric damage.However , if metal particles specially iron (Fe ) is enclosed in the fabic capable of reacting with molecular oxygen & forming Fe(OH) , which generate Fe + O Fe(OH) sufficient heat,can cause pinhole formation. This is called catalytic damage.

In one bath scouring & bleaching it is controlled by using stabilizer.Sodium silicate is the most effective stabilizer used now a days. 5.Write two faults of OBA treated softened fabrics. A. Uneven whiteness B. Silicone spot 6.How dye is transferred from print film to cotton fabric in printing process? What faults will come if improper dye is transferred? Ans. In cotton printing process, dye transferring from print film to fabric is aided by the steaming process .When the cold printed fabric is entered into superheated steam,a good amount of water is condensed ,which is then absorbed by the dry thickener film. This absorption of water is aided by the hygroscopic agent . The dyes & chemicals dissolves in the water which is in very small quantities.As a result a very concentrated dye solution is formed within the thickener film. In the mean time , the temperature of the cloth reaches at 95c to 100c. Due to high temperature & high concentration of the dye , the dye from the thickener film is rapidly transferred to the cotton fabric. If improper dye is transferred ,then the color yield will be low. 7.What is snapper ? What fault will come in printing if there is improper quantity of urea? Ans. Snapper : The effects of the double stripes of colour is called snapper.It is a fault of printing.When some foreign matters come under the colour doctor edge & lifting it off the engraved roller,then it permits a large amount of the paste to be transferred to the fabric.which creats the double stripe of colour effect In printing urea is generally used as hygroscopic agent. If urea is used in larger amount ,then the print sharpness is lost.On the other hand, it urea is used lower amount ,then lighter shade will be produced. So, optimum use of the urea should be ensured.

8.Write four faults of reactive printing with their causes & remedies. No. Faults 1. Snappers Causes When some foreign matters come under the colour doctor edge & lifting it off the engraved roller,then it permits a large amount of the paste to be transferred to the fabric.which creats the double stripe of colour effect Large amount of hygroscopic agent is used. Lower amount of hygroscopic agent is used. a.improper fixation . b.improper amount of alkali. c.improper dye stuff selection. Remedies Washing & cleaning the doctor blade , roller & stain the paste are some measures to prevent this defect

2. 3. 4.

Print sharpness is lost Lighter shade Back staining of undyed area

Optimum use of hygroscopic agent Optimum use of hygroscopic agent a. ensure proper fixation. b.ensure proper amount of alkali. c.should be use cold brand dyes. (high reactivity ,affinity dyes)

9.What are process control parameters in exhaust reactive dyeing ?what are their roles for fault free dyeing? Ans.The process control parameters in exhaust reactive dyeing with their roles for fault free dyeing are given below : Nature of the dye : Dyes of higher affinity give better colour yield but low affinity dyes are preffered since the hydrolysed by product remains largely in the dye bath & any residue in the fibre can be washed out easily after dyeing. Liquor ratio : The liquor ratio , better is the efficiency of fixation of reactive dye & greater economy. Electrolyte concentration : Neutral electrolyte have a strong influence on reactive dye absorption .In the absence of salt, the reactive dyes

show very little substantivity.The quantity concentration & liquor ratio.

of

salt

depends on the dye

pH of the dye bath :The reactive absorption phase takes place at neutral pH ,as the raising of the pH provokes the dye reaction with the fiber or water & if the dye has not been absorbed into the fibre ,hydrolysis is increased. Temperature : The affinity of the dye for the fiber decreases with the increase in temperature.However the rate of diffusion of the dye in the fiber increases with increased temperature. Time of dyeing :Generally the dye may be added in two portions.The salt may also be added in two lots.The depth of the shade & reactivity of the dye decide the time of dyeing. Amount of Alkali :The amount of alkali used for fixing depends on the depth of shade dyed & the liquor ratio employed. 10.What is blocking effect?why it is occurred? Ans. Incase of dyeing of combination shade, when one dyes inhibit the fixation of another dyes is called blocking effect. Due to the wrong ternary selection ,there will be incompatibility of exhaustion,fixation properties among the dyes,which creats the blocking effect. 11.Define off shade, patchy dyeing,colour spot,oil spot, poor washing & rubbing fastness , uneven dyeing in exhaust reactive dyeing? Ans. Off shade : It can be defined as ,not obtaining the required shade.Due to improper storage reactive dyes can be hydrolysed,that is why it can be happened. Patchy dyeing : Patchy dyeing occurs due to the improper fixation of dye stuffs,uneven heating arrangement in the m/c.To avoid this problem, it is necessary to use proper leveling agent,good washing off agent & to ensure uniform heating arrangement in the m/c. colour spot: Due to the presence of hardwater(Ca,Mg) colour spot can be produced on the fabric surface.To avoid this problem proper sequestering agent should be used.

oil spot: During manufacturing oil spot can be produced ,specially during knitting. To remove the oil spot proper detergent should be used which have excellent emulsifying properties. poor washing & rubbing fastness : It can be happened due to the improper washing off or, poor quality of fabric.To avoid this problem proper fixative should be selected for deep shades, good quality fabric should be selected & proper washing off should be ensured. uneven dyeing in exhaust reactive dyeing: There are many reasons for uneven dyeing in exhaust reactive dyeing, which are given below: Improper ternary selection. Selection of dyes with poor migration values for light shades. Incorrect dyeing method. Uneven pretreatment. Improper color dissolution. Adopt proper color dissolution method. 12.What fault will come for poor migration values reactive dyes?Define migration test of reactive dyes. Ans.Uneven dyeing will be occurred if poor migration values reactive dyes is selected for light shade. Migration test of reactive dyes: For any shade percent ( say 2 % ) this experiment is done. A standard sample is used for comparison. Three same size fabric samples( A,B,C ) are dyed according to the following dyeing curve : 60c 30min 30 min

A+B

B+C

50 g/l common salt +dye stuff

After dyeing observation is made with respect to the standard sample.

 Standard sample & A should be as close as possible. B & C should be as close as possible

Standard

If there is poor migration of the dyes , then the sample C will remain almost white in color.Because due to the poor migration dyes will not migrate from B to C. From the sample A , we can get the information about the substantivity of that dyes.

13.What fault will come for improper ternary dyes selection.What is remedy? Ans.Due to improper ternary dyes selection uneven dyeing, blocking effect ,Incorrect shade can be occurred. To avoid these problem ternary dyes should be selected according to their exhaustion ,fixation behavior. 14.What are causes for uneven dyeing of cold pad batch method?In this process need any salt ? Ans :Causes for uneven dyeing of cold pad batch method are given below : Improper absorbency of the fabric. Improper whiteness of the fabric. Improper pH No, there is no need salt in this process.Because, the fabric remains dry before entering into the dye bath in this process. 15.What is tailing effect ?How can you overcome this effect? Ans.It is a dyeing fault consisting of a gradual change in colour along a length of material to which colorant has been applied by padding or other continuous techniques. Remedies to overcome this effect: Select similar substantivity dyes.

similar fabric affinity for light shades. Proper ternary selection Use proper amount alkali Temp. should be low as possible Faster exchange rate Smaller fouland size

16.What fault will you face with using improper quantity of Glaubers /common salt in below process: i)Exhaust method in reactive dyeing . ii)Pad dry chemical pad steam method. Ans. Exhaust method in reactive dyeing : Using improper quantity of Glaubers salt or commont salt cause improper exhaustion of dyestuffs. Which can produce improper shade of the dyed fabric. Pad dry chemical pad steam method. Using improper quantity of Glaubers salt or common salt can cause unlevel dyeing.because in this process salt acts as an anti migrating agent. 17.Draw exhaustion , fixation curve of Hot brand reactive dye. What fault will come of improper washing off of this dye? 100 75 50 25 0 30 60 90 120

Due to the improper washing off this dye , there will be poor wash & rubbing fastness.