DIVISION 08 00 00 OPENINGS DOORS A door is a movable structure used to open and close an entrance, typically consisting of a panel that

t swings on hinges or that slides or spins inside a space. When open, doors admit people, animal, ventilation, and light. The door is used to control the physical atmosphere within a space by enclosing the air drafts, so that interiors may be more effectively heated or cooled. Doors are significant in preventing the spread of fire. They act as a barrier to noise. Most doors are equipped with locking mechanisms to allow entrance to certain people and keep out others. Doors are used to screen areas of a building for aesthetics, keeping formal and utility areas separate. Doors also have an aesthetic role in creating an impression of what lies beyond. Doors are often symbolically endowed with ritual purposes, and the guarding or receiving of the keys to a door, or being granted access to a door can have special significance. Similarly, doors and doorways frequently appear in metaphorical or allegorical situations, literature and the arts, often as a portent of change. Design and Styles A Half Door or Dutch Door or stable door is divided in half horizontally. Traditionally the top half can be opened to allow a horse or other animal to be fed, while the bottom half remained closed to keep the animal inside. This style of door has been adapted for homes. Saloon Doors are a pair of lightweight swing doors often found in public bars, and especially associated with the American west. Saloon doors, also known as Caf Doors, often use bidirectional hinges which close the door regardless of which direction it is opened by incorporating springs. Saloon doors that only extend from knee-level to chest-level are known as batwing doors. A Blind Door or Gibb door is a door with no visible trim or operable components. It is designed to blend with the adjacent wall in all finishes, and visually to be a part of the wall, a disguised door. A Barn Door is a door characteristic of a barn. They are often/always found on barns, and because of a barn's immense size (often) doors are subsequently big for utility. A French Door is a door (installed singly or as one of a matching pair or series) consisting of a frame around one or more transparent and/or translucent panels (called lights or lites); it is also called a French window as it resembles a door-height casement window. A pair of French doors does not generally include a central mullion (as do some casement window pairs), thus allowing a wider unobstructed opening. The frame typically requires a weather strip at floor level and where the doors meet to prevent water ingress. An espagnolette bolt allows the head and foot of each door to be secured in one movement. The slender window joinery maximizes light though into the room and minimizes the visual impact of the doorway joinery when considered externally A Louvered Door has fixed or movable wooden fins (often called slats or louvers) which permit open ventilation while preserving privacy and preventing the passage of light to the interior. Being relatively weak structures, they are most commonly used for wardrobes and drying rooms, where security is of less importance than good ventilation, although a very similar structure is commonly used to form window shutters. A Composite Door is a single leaf door that can be solid or with glass, and is usually filled with high density foam. Most composite doors carry Secured by Design accreditation and PAS 23 and PAS 24. Design and Styles

A Flush Door is a completely smooth door, having plywood or MDF fixed over a light timber frame, the hollow parts of which are often filled with a cardboard core material. Skins can also be made out of hardboards, the first of which was invented by William H Mason in 1924. Called Masonite, its construction involved pressing and steaming wood chips into boards. Flush doors are most commonly employed in the interior of a dwelling, although slightly more substantial versions are occasionally used as exterior doors, especially within hotels and other buildings containing many independent dwellings. A Ledge and Brace Door is a door made from multiple vertical planks fixed together by two horizontal planks (the ledges) and kept square by a diagonal plank (the brace). Plank and batten doors - Plank and batten doors are an older design consisting primarily of vertical slats: Planks - Vertical boards that extend the full height of the door, and are placed side by side filling the door's width. Battens - Smaller slats that extend horizontally across the door which the planks are affixed to. The battens hold the planks together. Sometimes a long diagonal slat or two are also implemented to prevent the door from skewing. On some doors, especially antique ones, the battens are replaced with iron bars that are often built into the hinges as extensions of the doorside plates. A Wicket Door is a pedestrian door built into a much larger door allowing access without requiring the opening of the larger door. Examples might be found on the ceremonial door of a cathedral or in a large vehicle door in a garage or hangar. A Bifold Door is a door unit that has several sections, folding in pairs. Wood is the most common material, and doors may also be metal or glass. Bifolds are most commonly made for closets, but may also be used as units between rooms. A Sliding Glass Door, sometimes called an Arcadia door or a Patio door, is a door made of glass that slides open and sometimes has a screen (a removable metal mesh that covers the door). A Bypass Door is a door unit that has two or more sections. The doors can slide in either direction along one axis on parallel overhead tracks, sliding past each other. They are most commonly used in closets, in order to access one side of the closet at a time. The doors in a bypass unit will overlap slightly when viewed from the front, in order not to have a visible gap between them. Doors which slide between two wall panels are called Pocket Doors. Sliding glass doors are common in many houses, particularly as an entrance to the backyard. Such doors are also popular for use for the entrances to commercial structures. A Revolving Door normally has several wings/leaves that hang on a central shaft forming compartments which rotate one way about a vertical axis. Doors using four wings are most common, but there are also examples with two, three, or six wings. The door may be motorised, or pushed manually using pushbars. People can walk out of and into the building at the same time. Between the point of access and the point of exit the user walks through an airlock. Revolving doors therefore create a good seal from the outside and help to reduce A/C and heating costs climate control from the building. This type of door is also often seen as a mark of prestige and glamour for a building and it not unusual for neighbouring buildings to install their own revolving doors when a rival building gets one.

Up-and-over or Overhead doors are often used in garages. Instead of hinges it has a mechanism, often counterbalanced or sprung, that allows it to be lifted so that it rests horizontally above the opening. A roller shutter or sectional overhead door is one variant of this type.

Tambour Door is an up-and-over door made of narrow horizontal slats and "rolls" up and down by sliding along vertical tracks and is typically found in entertainment centers and cabinets. Rebated Doors, a term chiefly used in Britain, are double doors having a lip (i.e. a Rabbet) on the vertical edge where they meet. Impact-resistant doors have rounded stile edges to dissipate energy and minimize edge chipping, scratching and denting. The formed edges are often made of an engineered material such as Acrovyn. Impact-resistant doors excel in high traffic areas such as hospitals, schools, and hotels.

Door Dimensions 600mm (bathroom), 700mm (service door), 800mm (bedroom), 900mm (main door) and add 100mm for frame on sides and more for any additional support height is 2100 mm add gap below 6mm and 50mm frame on top Door Components Panel doors Panel doors, also called stile and rail doors, are built with frame and panel construction: Stiles - Vertical boards that run the full height of a door and compose its right and left edges. The hinges are mounted to the fixed side (known as the "hanging stile"), and the handle, lock, bolt, and/or latch are mounted on the swinging side (known as the "latch stile"). Rails - Horizontal boards at the top, bottom, and optionally in the middle of a door that join the two stiles and split the door into two or more rows of panels. The "top rail" and "bottom rail" are named for their positions. The bottom rail is also known as "kick rail". A middle rail at the height of the bolt is known as the "lock rail", other middle rails are commonly known as "cross rails". Mullions - Smaller optional vertical boards that run between two rails, and split the door into two or more columns of panels, the term is used sometimes for verticals in doors, but more often (UK and Australia) it refers to verticals in windows. Muntin - Optional vertical members that divide the door into smaller panels. Panels - Large, wider boards used to fill the space between the stiles, rails, and mullions. The panels typically fit into grooves in the other pieces, and help to keep the door rigid. Panels may be flat, or in raised panel designs. Light or Lite - a piece of glass used in place of a panel, essentially giving the door a window. Lintel - A horizontal beam above a door that supports the wall above it. (Also known as a header) Jambs - The vertical posts that form the sides of a door frame, where the hinges are mounted, and with which the bolt interacts. Sill - A horizontal beam below the door that supports the frame Doorstop - a thin slat built inside the frame to prevent a door from swinging through when closed, which might break the hinges. Architrave - The decorative molding that outlines a door frame. (called an Archivolt if the door is arched). Called door casing or brickmold in North America.

Special Function Doors Sliding Industrial Door o For industrial purposes Fire and Service Sliding Doors o Mostly, for cases with connection to fire and for service ways Pharmaceutical Doors o Use in hospitals Cold Storage Doors o Swing Doors o Cold Storage Sliding Doors o Cold Storage Vertical Doors Hangar Doors o For airplanes Custom Hangar Doors Multi-directional Hangar Doors Bi-Parting Hangar Doors Slide To One Side Hangar Door Bi-fold Hangar Door Radiation Protector Door o Must be thick enough to protect us from radiation. Mostly used in hospitals. Thermal Shielding Doors o For protection from too much heat. Sound Control Doors o Mostly uses in studios, conference room so that any noises inside the room cant be heard from the outside. Smoke Containment Barrier and Curtain Wall Closet Doors Sliding Doors Bi-fold Doors Air Curtain Doors Folding Doors and Grilles Panel Doors Commercial Overhead Doors o Residential Garage Doors 3 panels 4 panels 5 panels 6 or more panels Flushing or no paneling o Vertical Lift Traffic Doors Pressure Resistant Doors Blast-Resistant Door Bullet-Resistant Door

Flood Barriers Hurricane-Resistant Door Curtain Walls A curtain wall system is an outer covering of a building in which the outer walls are non-structural, but merely keep out the weather. As the curtain wall is non-structural it can be made of a lightweight material reducing construction costs. When glass is used as the curtain wall, a great advantage is that natural light can penetrate deeper within the building Curtain Wall Systems are typically designed with extruded aluminum members, although the first curtain walls were made of steel. The aluminium frame is typically infilled with glass, which provides an architecturally pleasing building, as well as benefits such as daylighting

Curtain walls differ from store-front systems in that they are designed to span multiple floors. Systems and Principles Stick systems o The vast majority of curtain walls are installed long pieces (referred to as sticks) between floors vertically and between vertical members horizontally. Framing members may be fabricated in a shop, but all installation and glazing is typically performed at the jobsite. Unitized systems o Unitized curtain walls entail factory fabrication and assembly of panels and may include factory glazing. These completed units are hung on the building structure to form the building enclosure. Unitized curtain wall has the advantages of: speed; lower field installation costs; and quality control within an interior climate controlled environment. The economic benefits are typically realized on large projects or in areas of high field labor rates Rain-screen principle o A common feature in curtain wall technology, the rainscreen principle theorizes that equilibrium of air pressure between the outside and inside of the "rainscreen" prevents water penetration into the building itself Dual Airloop System/ TingWall o The dual airloop system improves on the performance of earlier unitized curtain walls employing the rainscreen principle of separating rain from wind to lessen reliance on "perfect" seals

Windows
An opening constructed in a wall or roof that functions to admit light or air to an enclosure and is often framed and spanned with glass mounted to permit opening and closing.

Window types: Single hung Double hung Casement Sliding

Hopper Awning Fixed Bay

Metal Windows Aluminum Windows o Advantages -Durability -Affordability -Design Flexibility -Lightweight -Recyclability -Highly fire resistant -Rust-resistant Bronze window o Advantages -Durable and long-lasting -Create an elegant, stylized apearance -Highly fire-resistant, weatherproof -Sound resistant Steel Windows o Advantages -Highly durable -Strength Level is High -Numerous Designs Available -Fire and Weather Resistant Stainless Steel windows o Advantages -High corrosion resistance, -Fire and heat resistance -Hygienic, non-porous, easy cleaning ability -Easily maintained -Resistance to impact even at extreme temperature variations. -Long-term value

Disadvantages -Prone to denting and scratching -Poor insulator. Readily conducts heat and cold easily

Disadvantages -Expensive -Deteriorate rapidly if exposed to moisture and chlorides or sulphides

Disadvantages -Heavy -Susceptible to corrosion -Expensive

Disadvantages -High Cost

Wood Windows

Advantages -Provide beauty, warmth and style -Environmental friendly -provide long life -Good insulator

Disadvantages -Expensive and costly material with a finite resource. -Prone to splintering, impact damage and denting -Burns readily -Prone to termite attack

Plastic Windows Vinyl Windows o Advantages -Maintenance free -Good insulator -Extremely weather resistant -Naturally impact resistant -Highly fire resistant -Economical

Disadvantages -Need an occasional round of window cleaning -Colors for vinyl windows are mostly limited -Not particularly strong or rigid -Have the tendency to discolor over time

Composite windows Fiberglass Windows o Advantages -Structural Strength -Climate Durability -Design Flexibility -Low Maintenance -Resistance to Rotting, Splitting, Warping, Corroding Disadvantages -Availability may be an issue -Expensive -May be available only in limited colors -Difficult to repair -Color Fading

Special Function Windows Basement Well -A device installed outside of a window in a foundation to allow grading and not cover the window with earth. A window well works like a dam to hold soil away from a window that is located partially below grade Storm windows are windows which are mounted outside or inside of the main glass windows of a house. Can be made of glass, rigid plastic panels, or flexible plastic sheets; and may be permanently or temporarily mounted Impact Resistant Windows Impact windows are what you want if you want your house to have a better chance of surviving a hurricane. Sound Control windows act as a sound barrier and eliminate noise problem. Glass Blocks are a versatile building material you can use for windows, stairwells, shower screens, paving, interior and exterior walls. It allows up to 79% of natural light to pass through and reduce noise by up to 45 db Detention window- A narrow, metal awning window manufactured especially for the security of prisons and mental institutions. Blast resistant windows are special type of window that resist explosive threats in the environment Pass-through windows are windows in a wall that allow items to be passed back and forth. Usually, they are between a kitchen and a dining area A drive-through window- is a type of service window provided by a business that allows customers to purchase products without leaving their cars.

ROOF WINDOWS operable windows incorporated at part of the design of a roof a good option when there is a desire to allow both light and fresh air into the space tends to be larger than a skylight it is possible to retract a portion of the glazed panes to allow in fresh air as well as enjoy the natural light normally included in the original construction of the building possible to add the design feature to an existing structure can be installed by a professional in a matter of hours considered when it is within the reach of the occupants

Skylights are light transmitting fenestration forming all, or a portion of, the roof of a building space are used to convey abundant daylight or toplighting provide a connection to the outdoor environment to occupants often to help fresh outside air enter the space below the most effective source of daylight on a unit area basis

 Style and functionality FIXED SKYLIGHT- is one that doesn't move or open. It's sole purpose is to allow light into a room. UNIT SKYLIGHTS are standard factory assembled products ready for installation come complete with glazing, retainer caps, battens, trim, gutters, flashing, gaskets, sealants, and fasteners may be either non-operable or operable to allow for ventilation typically used for areas where more natural light is desired than can be achieved with windows add drama to a space while reducing the need for artificial light

TUBULAR SKYLIGHTS allow natural sunlight to be directed from the rooftop down through a highly reflective tube, and then diffused at the ceiling level capture direct and ambient light, providing exceptional illumination, even on cloudy days and in early morning or late afternoon when the sun is low in the sky the inside of this tube is covered in a highly reflective metal coating, which sends the light bouncing off the metal and into the small room or hallway that is at the other end of the tube prevents carpeting and furniture from experiencing the sun damage that other skylights can cause

VENTILATING SKYLIGHTS (OPERABLE) controlled by a remote, hand crank, or automatically by the temperature inside your house have the ability to open and allow air to pass through are great for homes that need a little extra breeze and circulation are typically hinged on one end and open and close on command SOLAR-TRACKING SKYLIGHTS designed to maximize the use of sunlight for indoor lighting can result in significant energy savings, as well as more uniform distribution of daylight throughout your home or business essentially use mirrors to track the sun's course during the day does not require an external power source, which creates further energy savings up to four times the light levels in the space below compared with conventional skylights

FIBER-OPTIC SKYLIGHTS

are made of PMMA (PolyMethylMethAcrylate) and sheeted with Megolon, a halogenfree thermoplastic resin a system as this however is quite expensive requires a parabolic collector to track the sun and concentrate its light intended for light transport need to propagate as much light as possible within the core; in contrast, optical fibers intended for light distribution are designed to let part of the light leak through their cladding

DAYLIGHTING the practice of placing windows or other openings and reflective surfaces so that during the day natural light provides effective internal lighting when the aim is to maximize visual comfort or to reduce energy use

SKYLIGHT MATERIALS Acrylic. Acrylic is the most common and economical synthetic glazing available. It allows you to choose from a variety of tints, UV resistance levels and between single or double glazed applications. Lexan. Lexan is a synthetic glazing material similar to acrylic that is impact resistant against airborne debris. Lexan is used on skylights in hurricane-prone regions.

Laminated Glass. Also used in hurricane-prone areas, laminated glass is available in both monolithic and insulated performance glass and can be used with Low E coatings, reflective coatings, and numerous tints and inert glass fillings. Laminated glass is not available in dome skylights.

Benefits of daylighting with skylights The concept is simple; more daylighting means less artificial light and fewer square feet of necessary glazing, thus saving significant energy and resulting in lower financial and environmental costs. Toplighting is able to bring light into centralized areas of a building. Daylight is available throughout the day from both ambient lighting from the sky and direct exposure to the sun. modern transparent and/or translucent glazing can be utilized to avoid glare, aid in capturing sunlight at low angles and diffuse light to wider areas of floor space Even on a cloudy day, toplighting is three to ten times more efficient than sidelighting. mainly intended to increase thermal performance, some are focused on preserving and utilizing daylight potential and some are designed to enhance strength, durability, fire resistance and other performance measures.

CAUTION Light from skylights can fade carpeting and furniture in its direct path.

GLAZING This section specifies glass, plastic, related glazing materials and accessories. Glazing products specified apply to factory or field glazed items. Glass Types of Glass Float Glass gets its name from the modern process used to create large, thin, flat panels from molten glass. The molten glass is passed onto a pool of molten tin. This process produces a very smooth piece of glass with a highly consistent thickness. Annealed Glass is a piece of float glass that has been cooled in a slow and controlled manner. This slow cooling process reduces the internal stresses within the sheet of glass so that it becomes stronger. Float glass is generally annealed. Annealed glass will break into large and sharp shards or pieces. Due to safety concerns, annealed glass is rarely used in buildings. Heat Strengthened Glass - The glass is only about twice as strong as annealed glass. Heat strengthened glass will break into smaller pieces than annealed glass. Heat strengthened glass is rarely used in buildings except when it is laminated. Fully Tempered Glass Fully tempered glass is a safety glass that will shatter into small granular pieces, which reduces the risk of injury. It is ideally used as a safety glass where the glazing may need to be broken out of the frame in an emergency. Laminated Glass Laminated glass is made by fusing two or more layers of glass with inter-layers of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) through the use of heat and pressure. The process creates a safety glass. Laminated glass is best used as a safety glass where the glazing must remain intact if it is broken - either for safety or security. Wire Glass Wire glass is actually less strong than annealed glass because the integrated wire disrupts the continuity of the glass structure. Wire glass is not considered to be safety glass. Wire glass is most often used as a fire resistant glass. In addition, the wire holds the broken glass in place under pressure from a fire hose. Insulated Glass Unit (IGU) Insulated glass units (IGU) are double or triple glass window panes separated by an air or other gas filled space to reduce heat transfer across a part of the building envelope The sheets of glass are tempered or laminated for safety, and are generally 1/4" thick with a 1/2" air space.

Low-Emissivity Glass is glass that has a special coating that reflects the infrared portions of light, while letting the visible light spectrum through. This is beneficial because the infrared heat from the sun is reflected away from the building in the summer and during the winter the infrared heat that is already inside a building is reflected back into the space.

Glass Surface Glass surfaces are identified by number starting with the exterior surface, which is always Surface Number 1. Each pane of glass has two surfaces, so there are always an even number of glass surfaces in any glazing unit. Single Pane - Glass Surface Numbers Double Pane - Glass Surface Numbers Triple Pane - Glass Surface Numbers

Decorative Glass Glazing Textured Colored-Laminated Decorative Painted Acid-etched

Mirrors an object that reflects light or sound in a way that preserves much of its original quality subsequent to its contact with the mirror. A reflective surface, glass coated with a metal amalgam, that reflects a clear image.

Types of Mirrors Plane mirrors are simple straight up mirrors. In a plane mirror, the image is always virtual and the same size as the object.

Convex mirror reflects light outward.The images it produces are distorted. They are smaller than the actual object reflected and are always upright. makes objects look smaller, it is able to reflect a larger area than a plane mirror.

Concave has a reflecting surface that bulges inward. It reflects light inward to one focal point. They are used to focus light. It shows different image types depending on the distance between the object and the mirror.

Mirrored Glass Glazing designed to create privacy effect during daylight hours, You can see out and prying eyes cannot see in.

Mirrored Plastic Glazing shatter resistant with extensive design flexibility. Safer than glass with ten times the break resistance, acrylic mirror lends itself to many different applications. a highly reflective material.

Plastic Glazing an ideal replacement for glass glazing. Clear Cast Acrylic is easier to fabricate and will not melt when cutting or fabricating. is 10 times stronger than glass and half the weight It is clearer than glass and will not yellow under normal exposure will withstand exposure to blazing sun, extreme cold, sudden temperature changes, salt water spray, etc.

Clear Extruded Acrylic it has a very hard surface making it slightly more resistant to scuffing or scratching has a lower molecular mass which makes it extremely formable and is therefore suitable for vacuum forming. used for temporary glazing panels due to its low cost and relatively high impact strength

Clear Polycarbonate are made from polycarbonate which will give you an idea of the incredible strength of this material has the resistance of up to 200 times better than glass these sheets are the basis of good protective screening for situations where safety is paramount, whether it be the passive safety of a balcony screen or an active safety barrier around "at risk" personnel.

Clear Rigid PVC Low cost Excellent chemical resistance Good resistance to stress cracking Good impact strength Good weatherability Flame retardant Low coefficient of linear thermal expansion Excellent electrical insulation Ease of processing - Can be machined - Can be hot formed - Can be welded - Suitable for hot shaping - Suitable for vacuum forming - Can be glued

Decorated Plastic Glazing Decorative Acrylic Sheets PVC Window Film Decorative Polycarbonate Sheet

Glazing Accessories Flat Glass Packer Wedge Glass Packer Bridge Packers Frame Packers Drain Hole Covers Locking Wedges Handle Wedges Cill End Caps Internal Cill Cover Run Up Blocks Glazing Shovels Corner Protectors Screw Hole Covers Fixing Lugs Corner Glazing Blocks

Glazing Surface Films Solar Control Films a micro-thin film made of polyester(PET) and metalized coating bonded by adhesives that is installed on the glass surface to provide significant solar protection. screens out the solar heat, harmful ultraviolet rays(UV) and uncomfortable glare.

Safety Films designed with layers of polyester, which provides a protective barrier against external conditions. These also offers protection from the sun's rays by reducing interior damage caused by fading and provides energy improve indoor comfort like solar control film.

Security Film prevents thieves from breaking the glass and stealing your displayed items this film can work almost as well as bulletproof glass, but at half the cost

Special Function Glazing Hurricane-Resistant Glazing it can stand the high wind pressure and impact of severe storms and hurricanes.

Cable Suspended Glazing Transparent Mirrored Glazing a mineral glass that has been coated on both sides with an optical interference coating which enables a degree of both reflection and transparency in the material.

Radiation-Resistant Glazing used for windows and protective screens at medical facilities, where X-rays and radioactive materials are often employed.

Ballistics Resistant Glazing a type of strong but optically transparent material that is particularly resistant to being penetrated when struck by bullets, but like all other known materials, is not completely impenetrable.

Vents and Louvers Vents a small opening that allows fresh air to enter or stale air, gas, smoke, or steam to escape Wall Vents are typically used for air intake or exhaust applications. Soffit Vent Prefabricated soffit material with perforated or slotted openings created for the purpose of providing and enhancing intake roof ventilation. Louvers Each of a set of angled slats or flat strips fixed or hung at regular intervals in a door, shutter, or screen to allow air or light to pass through. Wall Louvers An external venting piece on a side wall of the home that connects to the duct on the range hood. Motorized Wall Louvers Operable Wall Louvers

Fixed Louvers Louvers that are fastened in a frame in one position only, and can not have their pitch altered

Door Louvers